数字电视外文翻译文献

数字电视外文翻译文献数字电视外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：GingaMiddlewareandDigitalTVinLatinAmericaGabrielBaum,UniversidadNacionaldeLaPlataLuizFernandoG.Soares,PontificalCatholicUniversityofRiodeJaneiroIn2005,BrazillauncheditsdigitalTV(DTV)agenda.Itsmainpremisewastoreducethedigitaldividepresentinthecountry,givingthelowersocialclassestherighttoaccess,produce,anddistributeinformation.Asanaturalconsequence,asecondpremisestressedthegenerationoflocalITjobsandcompaniestosupporttheentireeffort.TobringthebenefitsofDTVtothemasses,BrazildevisedtheJapanese-BrazilianterrestrialDTV(ISDB-T—theInternationalStandardforDigitalBroadcasting),takingtheearlierISDBJapanesestandardasabase(withsomevideoandaudiocodingupdates)andintroducingtheinnovativeBrazilianmiddlewaresystem,calledGinga.ArgentinaadoptedISDB-Tin2009withsimilarobjectivestothoseofBrazil.Sincethen,Gingahasbeenadoptedin12Latin-Americancountries.SeveralothercountriesinCentralAmericaandAfricaaretestingitaswell.GingaMiddlewareThemiddlewareliesbetweentheapplicationcodeandruntimeinfrastructuretoenablefastandeasydevelopmentofTVapplications.In2007,theBrazilianterrestrialDTVstandard2adoptedtheNestedContextLanguage3asitsdeclarativelanguage.Inthebeginningof2009,NCLanditsuseragent,Ginga-NCL,becamepartofISDB-TstandardsandoftheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU-R)BT1699Recommendation.Alsoin2009,NCLandGinga-NCLbecameanITU-TRecommendationforIPTVservices.4GingawasthefirstfreeDTVmiddleware.Ginga-NCLandNCLspecificationsareopensourceandroyaltyfree,independentofthedistributionnetworkused.NCLandGinga-NCLwereconceivedattheTeleMediaLabatPontificalCatholicUniversityofRiodeJaneiro(PUC-Rio)/Brazilandhavebeendesignedasajointeffort,includingLIFIALabatNationalUniversityofLaPlata(UNLP)/Argentina.RequirementsAimingatsocialinclusion,amiddlewaremustsupportTV(“T”)applicationssuchasT-learning,T-government,andT-health.However,socialinclusionisreachednotonlybyofferingaccesstoinformationbutalsobyprovidingknowledgeabouthowtogenerateinformation.Therefore,aDTVsystemshouldofferauser-friendlylanguagefordesigningapplicationsandservices.Thislanguageshouldbesimpleenoughtobeunderstoodandlearnedbynonexperts.Moreover,itshouldbelightweight,becauseitsinterpretermustruninlow-costreceiverswithlimitedresources.However,itshouldalsobepowerfulenoughtosupportcreativity.Thisneedforasimple,lightweight,andexpressivelanguageledtoadeclarativedomain-specificlanguage(DSL)forTVapplicationdesign,inwhichthecomplexalgorithmicstepstoaccomplishataskarelefttothemachineandaren’tunderuserresponsibility.Thefocusonmediasynchronization(initsgeneralaspect—havinginteractivityasaparticularcase),contentandpresentationadaptability,supportformultipledeviceexhibitions,andsupportthatwouldalsoallowforgeneratingliveDTVapplications,weretherequirementsthatguidedtheNCLdesign.ArchitectureGingawasinitiallyproposedforterrestrialtems,butthesamearchitectureandfacilitieswerelaterappliedtoIPTV.Figure1.TheGingaarchitecture:(a)thegeneralarchitectureand(b)optionalextensions.Furthermore,themodulararchitectureofGingaalsoallowsforitsusewithothertransportsystems(suchassatelliteandcableTV),dependingonlyonitsGingaCommonCore(Ginga-CC)subsystem.Figure1adepictstheGingacomponentsandhowtheyrelatewithothercomponentsofageneralDTVarchitecture.TheGinga-CCsubsystemdeliversapplicationstoGinga-NCL.TheGinga-NCLpresentationengineisthelogicalsubsystemresponsibleforrunningNCLapplications.TheGingaarchitecturealsooffersoptionalextensions(seeFigure1b).Forexample,forterrestrialDTVsystems,theGinga-Jexecutionengine(requiredforfixedreceiversandoptionalforportablereceiversinBrazil;andoptionalforallkindofreceiversinArgentina)isresponsibleforrunningJavaDTVapplications.ConnectedorBroadbandTVmightalsodefinesomeextensionstoimplementservices,suchasElectronicProgramGuidesandwidgets.IPTVspecificservices,suchasvideoondemand,datacasting,andsoon,areexamplesofotherpossibleextensions.GingaoffersNCLservicestoallextensionsthroughawell-definedAPI.Ginga-NCLhasanopensourceGPLreferenceimplementation(www.sof.br)recognizedbyITU-T.Someopensourceproductshavebeenderivedfromthisimplementation,includingLIFIAmiddleware(ginga.ar)forset-topboxes(http://.ar/ginga.ar)andNokiamiddlewareformobilephones(/content/48850?clickSource=search&pos=2).TherearealsosomeotherproprietaryGingaimplementations.AlthoughtherearemanyGingaimplementations,somestillworrythatamonopolycouldbecreatedforthemarketofGinga,mainlyresultingfromitspossibleextensions.Thisshouldbestronglyopposed.ImpactGingahashelpedcreatemanyjobsandITcompaniesinBrazil—atleast13smallandmedium-sizesoftwarecompaniesand60serviceproviders.TVmanufacturershavebeenmerelyassemblersofmultinationalcompaniesinthecountry,butnowthey’reobligedtoestablishlocaldevelopmentsectionstoincorporatethetechnologicalinnovationsbeingcreated.AsforBrazilianprivate(commercial)broadcasters,they’renotcommittedtosocialinclusion.Ofcourse,thisscenariocausessometensions,whichcanonlybeovercomewithastrongandresponsiblegovernmentpolicyandstrongtechnicalsupportfromacademia.InArgentina,aroundadozencompanieshaveshowninterestindevelopingapplicationsorservicesbasedonGinga,andsomehavedevelopedproducts.Inaddition,someacademiclaboratories—mainlyLIFIAandtheUniversityof3deFebrero,withthesupportoftheMinistryofFederalPlanning—havedevelopedtechnologicalinnovationsandinteractiveapplicationsbasedonGinga.IfArgentinacanturnLIFIA’s“ginga.ar”freeimplementation(basedonthePUC-Rio’sreferenceimplementation)intoadefactoproduct,thenitcanprovideaplatformonwhichITcompaniescoulddevelopnewproductsandservices.ContentDistributionTherighttodistributecontentisanimportantcomponentofsocialinclusion,yetprivate(commercial)broadcasterswon’ttransmitsocialthird-partycontentforfree.Perhapsstateandfederalgovernmentscouldpayforsometransmissionsoflarge-scaleinterest,butindependentproducers,suchascommunityTVprogrammers,can’taffordtodistributetheircontent.Publicbroadcastingcouldbeasolution.AlthoughtheprocessofdigitalizationforpublicbroadcastersinBrazilisbehindschedule,theprocesshascurrentlystarted,sothere’shope.TheArgentinianprogramisheavilybasedonpublicmedia,suchasPublicTVandotherchannelslike“Encuentro”and“INCAATV.”Althoughseveralprivatebroadcastershavejoinedtheinitiative,theproductionofcontentisbeingledbythefederalgovernment,promotingtheproductionofcontenttostrengthenanddemocratizecommunication.Nevertheless,anotheralternativefordemocratizingcontentdistributioncomesfromIPnetworks—inparticular,theInternet(seewww.iptv.brinitiative).GingaisaninternationalstandardnotonlyforterrestrialDTVbutalsoforIPTVservicesandthusforhybridDTV.Ginga-NCLcanembedlanguageplayersbutcanalsobeembeddedinotherlanguageplayers—forexample,actingasaplug-inforHTML-5browsers.AnNCLapplicationcanbeembeddedinanHTMLapplicationand,atthesametime,itcanembedanotherHTMLapplication.AworkinthisdirectionhasjustbeenfinishedforFirefoxandChrome;andhasalreadybeenstartedforHBBTV(HybridBroadcastBroadbandTV)andLIME/BML(LightweightInteractiveMultimediaEnvironment).SeveralissuesareunderconsiderationforthenextgenerationoftheNCLlanguage,suchashigh-levelabstractionsfordefiningrelationships,bettersupportforcontext-awareapplications,andsupportformultimodalinteractionsand3Dobjects.NovelissuesforGinga-CCarealsobeingconsideredtokeepGingaasacompetitiveDTVmiddlewareintheworldmarket.References1.L.F.G.Soares,R.F.Rodrigues,andM.F.Moreno,“Ginga-NCL:TheDeclarativeEnvironmentoftheBrazilianDigitalTVSystem,”J.BrazilianComputerSoc.,vol.12,no.4,2007,pp.37–46.2.ABNTNBR15606-2,Ginga-NCLforFixedandMobileReceivers—XMLApplicationLanguageforApplicationCoding,2nded.,BrazilianNat’lStandardsOrganization,2011.3.L.F.G.Soaresetal.,“Ginga-NCL:DeclarativeMiddlewareforMultimediaIPTVServices,”IEEEComm.Magazine,vol.48,no.6,2010,pp.74–81.4.NestedContextLanguage(NCL)andGinga-NCLforIPTVServices,ITU-TRecommendationH.761,Apr.2009.GabrielBaumisaprofessorofinformaticsattheUniversidadNacionaldeLaPlata.Contacthimatgbaum@sol..ar.LuizFernandoGomesSoaresisafullprofessoratthePontificalCatholicUniversityofRiodeJaneiro.He’salsothemainarchitectofGinga,co-editoroftheITU-TH.761RecommendationforIPTVServices,andchairoftheBrazilian译文：银河中间件和在拉美地区的数字电视Gabriel鲍姆大学国立deLaPlataLuizFernandoG.Soares，教廷天主教大学的里约热内卢2005年，巴西推出数字电视（DTV）议程。其主要的前提是减少数字鸿沟存在于该国，给有权访问，生产，和分发信息的更低的社会阶层。作为一个自然的后果，第二个前提强调代当地就业机会和公司支持的整个努力。为了给群众带来数字电视的好处，巴西制定日本巴西地面数字电视(ISDB-T——国际标准针对数字广播）、以早些时候ISDB日本标准作为基础（与某些视频和音频的编码更新）和引进创新的巴西中间件系统，称为银河。阿根廷通过与目标类似于那些巴西ISDB-T2009年。从那时起，银河已在12个拉丁美洲国家。几个中美洲和非洲其他国家以及正在测试它。银河中间件中间件介于应用程序代码和运行时基础结构，使电视应用程序快速、简单地开发。2007年，巴西的地面数字电视standard2通过嵌套上下文Language3作为其声明性语言。在2009年年初，NCL和它的用户代理，银河NCL，成为一部分ISDB-T标准和国际电信联盟（国际电联）的BT1699建议。此外在2009年，NCL和银河NCL成为了ITU-T建议为IPTV服务。银河是第一次的免费数字电视中间件。银河NCL和NCL规格是开放源码和自由、独立使用的配电网络的专营权费。NCL和银河NCL被设想在远程媒体实验室在教廷天主教大学的仁之（市局-里约）/巴西作为共同的努力，包括LIFIA实验室在国家的拉普拉塔大学（通行证）设计了/阿根廷。要求针对社会包容，中间件必须支持电视（"T"）应用程序（如T-学习，T-政府、和不健康。然而，社会包容被达到不仅是通过提供对信息的访问，通过提供有关如何生成信息的知识。因此，数字电视系统应提供人性化的语言设计应用砂服务。这种语言应该是足够简单，理解和学到的咨询。此外，它应涂漆的重量，因为其译员必须运行在低成本接收机以有限的资源中。然而，它也应该是强大到足以支持创造力。这种对简单、重量轻、需要和富有表现力的语言导致声明式域特定语言(DSL)电视应用程序设计，其中复杂的算法步骤，以完成一项任务都留给这台机器并不是根据用户的责任。将重点放在媒体同步（在其一般的方面——具有交互性作为特定的情况下），内容和演示文稿的适应性、支持多个设备展览、和支持，这也将允许用于生成应用程序数字电视直播了指导NCL设计的要求。体系结构银河是最初提议的forterrestrialtems，但相同的体系结构和facilitieswere后即应用于IPTV。图1。银河的体系结构：(a)的总体结构和(b)可选的扩展。此外，银河的模块化体系结构还允许用其他运输系统（例如卫星和有线电视），只取决于其银河共同核心(银河CC)子系统。图1a描绘银河组件以及它们是如何与通用的数字电视体系结构的其他组件。银河-CC子系统提供了银河NCL中的应用。银河NCL演示文稿引擎是逻辑子系统负责运行NCL应用程序。银河体系结构还提供了可选的扩展（见图1b）。例如，对于地面数字电视系统，银河J执行引擎（需要固定接收机和可选的便携式接收器在巴西；和可选的各种接收机在阿根廷）是负责运行Java数字电视应用程序。连接或宽带电视还可以定义一些扩展，实现服务，例如电子节目指南和小部件。IPTV特定的服务，如视频点播、数据广播和等等，都是其他可能的扩展的例子。银河NCL为提供服务通过定义良好的API的所有扩展。银河NCL已被国际电联T.开源GPL参考实现（www.sof.br）一些开放源代码产品，推导出此实现中，包括LIFIA中间件（ginga.ar）的机顶盒(http://.ar/ginga.ar)和诺基亚手机的中间件（/content/48850?clickSource=搜索&pos=2）。有还有些其他生产线ietary银河的实现。虽然有许多的银河实现，但有人仍担心垄断能为市场的银河，主要因其可能的扩展创建。这应该是强烈反对。影响银河已经帮助创造很多就业机会，IT公司在巴西——至少13家小型和中等规模的软件公司和60的服务提供商。电视制造商已经不仅仅是汇编器的跨国公司在该国，但现在他们有义务建立地方发展部分纳入正在创建的技术革新。巴西私人电台和电视台（商业），他们不是致力于社会包容。当然，这种情况下会导致一些紧张，只可以与一个强大和负责的政府政策和强有力的技术支持，从学术界克服。在阿根廷，周围十几家企业都表示出的兴趣开发的应用程序或服务基于银河，和一些已经开发出产品。此外，一些学术实验室——