专题05阅读理解之说明文(原卷版)-2023年中考英语一模试题分项汇编(全国通用)

试卷第=page1414页，共=sectionpages1414页专题05阅读理解之说明文（2023·江苏无锡·江苏省锡山高级中学实验学校校考一模）BackinBrisbane,Australia,fortheChristmasbreak,Ifoundmyselfinapublictransportdeadzone.Bikeless,7kilometersfromwhereIwasmeetingfriendsandunwillingtogetataxi,Idecidedtoborrowanelectricscooter.Thetriptookfarlongerthanitwouldhavebybike,mainlybecauseofamajorspillhalfwaythere.Arock,hitatspeed,isaterriblething:weekslater,Istillhadtheredkneesofaprimaryschooler.IntheUK,theyarelegal(合法的)onlyonprivateland,buttheDepartmentforTransportisdiscussinghowtocontrolthemonpublicroadsandpathways,withthepossibilityforlegalizationlaterthisyear.Othercitiesthathavee-scooterrentalprogramshavehadproblemsintheearlyperiod.InParis,MayorAnneHidalgodescribedthesituationlastyearasmessy.Shehasannouncedthatthecityisreducingitsnumberofe-scootersto15,000andplanstocreatelawsforbiddingthemfrompavements(人行道).Francehasputintoforcelawslimitinge-scooterspeedsto25kilometresperhour.Similartodockless(无桩的)hirebicycles,e-scootersareparkedonpavementsandpeopleleavethemuptreesorthrowthemintorivers.Wildtreatmentshortenstheirlifetime,whichisbadforbothprofitability(盈利)andtheenvironment.Analysissuggeststhattheaveragee-scooter’slifetimeisjustthreemonths.Ithinke-scootersareanbasicpartoftheefforttomakecitytransportgreener.Theyareseenasakeytothe“lastmile”problem—apotentialwaytoreducetransportjambyrapidlygettingsomeonetotheirfinalgoal.Carscantakeup28timesthespaceofapersonridingabicycle.Asfarastheenvironmentaleffectgoes,recentresearchsuggeststhate-scootersarenotasgreenaswalkingorcycling,buttheyarestillbetterthancars.Andthoughtherearestillmanyreportsofseriousaccidents,scootingisaboutassafeascycling.StephenGosslingatLundUniversityinSwedenhassuggestedwebuildcar-free“micromobility”streets,wherecyclists,pedestrians(行人)ande-scooterscouldsharetheroad.Hethinksthiswillreduceaccidentrisksandinvitemorevulnerable(易受伤害的)trafficparticipants,suchaschildren,tobecomeactivetransportusers.Ifmoree-scootersmeanfewercarsonroads,animprovementinlocalairqualityisalsoalikelyresult.When20kilometersofroadsincentralLondonclosedforWorldCar-FreeDaylastSeptember,theairqualitywasgreatlyimprovedaccordingtothereport.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“amajorspill”inParagraph1probablymean?A．Aseriousfall. B．Asuddenillness. C．Alegalreaction. D．Aterriblebreakdown.2．Whatdoweknowaboute-scootersinParis?A．Theyareillegalonpavements. B．Theyarealreadyoutoffashion.C．Theyarefacingmorelimits. D．Theyaremorecommononprivateland.3．Whatisthewriter’sopinionofe-scooters?A．Theyarenotassafeascycling. B．Theyalwayscausethetrafficjams.C．Theyareasgreenascyclingorwalking. D．Theyplayabigroleinthe“lastmile”problem.4．WhatisStephenGossling’ssuggestion?A．Tosetupmorecare-freedays. B．Toinvitemorecycliststousee-scooters.C．Togetvulnerablepedestriansofftheroad. D．Toseparatecarsfrome-scootersontheroad.（2023·浙江温州·校联考一模）Swedenproducesabout4.4milliontonsofwasteayear,butonly1%makesitswaytothelandfill.Whenitcomestowastemanagement,Swedenisaheadofitstime.HowhasSwedendoneit?InSweden,everyoneworkshardtomaketheenvironmentfreeofwaste.Peoplearetaughttorecyclefromaveryyoungage.Theyareaskedtoreturncansandbottlestosupermarkets.Thegovernmentplacesrecyclingstationsnomorethan300metersfromhomes,schools,andoffices.TheseallhelpwastemanagementinSwedenmucheasierandmorepractical.Thecountryalsorewardsthosewhorecycle.In1984,Swedenstartedthepantasystem.Itencouragespeopletorecyclebottlesinexchangeformoney.Theprocessisverysimple.Peopleputtheiritemsintoamachine.Eachpiecehasasmallbarcodethattellsthemachinehowmuchitisworth.Peoplecancollectavoucherforthatamountbypressingagreenbutton,ortheycandonatethemoneytocharitybypressingayellowbutton.In2021,theSwedishrecycled1.8billionbottlesandcansbyusingpantasystem.Swedenrecyclesnearly50%ofwhatitthrowsaway.Butwhatabouttheotherhalf?________AltogetherSwedenhas34waste-to-energyplantsthatprovide1,445,000homeswithheatand780,000homeswithelectricity.ChangingwasteintoenergyhasreducedSweden’sCO2emissionsby2.2milliontonsayear.In2016,Swedenhadstartedrunningoutoftrash,soitbeganimportingwastefromothercountries.Itnotonlykeepstheplantsworking,butalsoletsSwedenmakemuchmoney.ThatiswhatmakesSwedendifferentfromtheothercountries.Sweden’swastemanagementhasmadeagreatsuccess.Butstill,thecountryiswonderinghowitcandomore.Theyhopetoseeadaywhenlandfillsareathingofthepast.5．Theword“These”inPara.2referstothe________thathelptorecyclethewaste.A．plans B．meanings C．actions D．reasons6．Inthepantasystem,peoplecan________.A．findrecyclingstationseasily B．sellbottlestosupermarketsC．changethewasteintoenergy D．getrewardsfrommachines7．Whichofthefollowingcanbebestfilledinthe________inPara.4?A．ThiswasteisrecycledbySwedishathome.B．Thiswastegoestolandfillsandisburntthere.C．Thiswasteisputintomachinesandissoldabroad.D．Thiswastegoestoplantsandischangedintoenergy.8．Thepurposeofthispassageisto________.A．celebratethesuccessofwasterecyclinginSwedenB．adviseothercountriestoaskforhelpfromSwedenC．introducetheSwedishmethodofwastemanagementD．showSwedenearnsmuchmoneybyrecyclingwaste（2023·山东日照·校考一模）TOKYO,JAPAN—Whatdoyoudowhenyouseeacockroach(蟑螂)?Doyouhititwithanewspaper?Doyousteponit?WhenresearchersatTokyoUniversityseeacockroach,theytaketheremotecontrolandmakethecockroachturnaround,runleftorright,orgoforward.Thesescientistsarechangingthecockroachesintorobots.Eachcockroachhasaverysmallpacketthathasinitamicroprocessor(微处理器).Thenresearcherscansendsignalsfromtheremotecontroltothepacket.Thesignalscontrolthemovementsofthecockroaches.Whydoesanyonewanttocontrolacockroach?“Insectscandomanythingsthatpeoplecan’t,”saysIsaoShimoyama,headofrobotresearchatTokyoUniversity.Inafewyears,hesays,theserobotinsectswillcarryverysmallcameras.Theywillbeabletomovethroughearthquakerubble(瓦砾)tolookforpeopleormoveunderdoorstofindinformationaboutsomeone.Thismayseemstrange,buttheJapanesegovernmentthinkstheresearchisveryimportant.Thegovernmentisgivingthescientists$5millionforthisresearch.First,theresearchersbreed(培育)hundredsofcockroaches.TheyuseonlytheAmericancockroachbecauseitisbiggerandstrongerthanothercockroaches.Thentheychoosethebestcockroachesandremovetheirwingsandantennae(触须).Theyputsmallpackswheretheantennaewere.Thepacksweighaboutthreegrams,orabouttwotimestheweightofthecockroachesthemselves.“Cockroachesareverystrong,”saysRalphHolzer,whoisaresearcheratTokyoUniversity.“Theycanlift20timestheirownweight.”Witharemotecontrol,thescientistssendsignalstothepacks.Whenacockroachgetsthesignal,itmoves.Theproblemisthatthecockroachesdon’talwaysmoveintherightdirection.9．Thescientistsarechangingthecockroachesintorobotsbecause________.A．theywantcockroachestodothingspeoplecan’tinthefutureB．theywanttocontrolthemovementsofthecockroachesC．theywantcockroachestotakephotosoftheearthquakesD．theywanttosendsignalstothepacksonthecockroaches10．Whatcancockroachesdotohelppeople?A．Theycanlift20timestheirownweight.B．Theycanhelppeopletocarryverysmallcameras.C．Theycanbreedhundredsofcockroaches.D．Theycansearchforthosepeopleinrubbleafteranearthquake.11．Scientistscontrolcockroaches’movements________.A．byremovingtheirwings B．bysendingsignalsfromtheremotecontrolC．byusingverysmallcameras D．byremovingtheirantennae12．Whatproblemdotheresearchersmeetwith?A．Thecockroachessometimesdon’tmove.B．Thecockroachessometimesmoveinthewrongdirection.C．Thecockroachesarctoobigtomovethroughearthquakerubble.D．Thecockroachescanonlylift20timestheirownweight.13．What’stheobjectofthisarticle?A．Thecockroaches B．Thesignals C．Thecockroachrobot D．Theresearchers（2023·浙江温州·校联考一模）Humansaregettingawayfromthenaturegraduallybecauseofthedevelopingtechnology.ButnowDigitalTechnologyisofferingusanopportunitytolistentothesoundsinthenatureinpowerfulways,makingusgetclosertotheworldsofanimalsandplants.Allaroundthenature,therearesoundsthatwestruggletopickupandunderstand.Elephants,forexample,communicatewitheachotherusinginfrasound,asoundfarbelowourhumanhearingrange.Coralintheoceanalsocommunicateswitheachotherthroughsoundwaves,withonepurposeofattractingbabycoraltoareaswhereitcansuccessfullygrow.Thisisashockingfactascoraldoesn’thaveanyears!Topickupsoundshumansarenormallyunabletohear,scientistshaveplacedlisteningdevicesintheseenvironments.Researchershaveattachedtinymicrophonestohoneybeesandturtles,andstucklisteningpoststhatcanreceivedifferentsoundwavesfromcoralreefsandtrees.Thesedevicesarecontrolledbycomputersandnetworkedwithdigitalsensorsandsatellites.Wheninterconnected,thesedigitaldevicesworklikeahearingaid:enablinghumanstoobserveandrecordnature’ssoundsbeyondthelimitsofourownlisteningability.Afterthesoundsarerecorded,AIisthenabletodeterminetheirmeanings.Withthistechnology,humanscannotonlyunderstandtheanimals,butalsocommunicatebacktothem.Forexample,ateamofresearchersinGermanydecodedthehoneybees’behaviorwithAI.Thentheytaughttinyrobotshowtodothehoneybeedance.Usingthesedancingmachines,thescientistswereabletoorderthehoneybeestostopmoving,andtocommunicatewheretoflytocollectaspecificnectar.Inadditiontothepossibilityofspeakingwithanimals,theresearchcouldalsobeusedtocreateaformofhealingforanimalsandplants.That’stosay,inthenearfuture,scientistsmightbeabletogetcoraltogrowincertainareasbyplaying“healthyreef”sounds,whichcouldhelptohealsomeofthedamagewehavecaused.Now,DigitalTechnologyprovidesanewwayforhumanstolistentothevividsoundsallaroundus.Thedreamofallowinghumanstosocializewithdifferentanimalsandplantsthroughoutthenatureisbeingonitsway.14．Accordingtothepassage,nowpeoplecanuseDigitalTechnologyto________.A．seecoral’sears B．listentothesoundsoftreesC．playwithelephants D．dancewithhoneybeesthemselves15．Whichistherightordertopickupthesoundsfromthenatureforscientists?a.AnalyzethemeaningswiththehelpofAI.

b.Placelisteningdevicesintothenatureworld.c.Collectthesoundsfromtheanimalsorplants.

d.Connectthedeviceswithcomputersandnetworks.A．b→d→c→a B．b→c→d→a C．c→b→a→d D．c→d→b→a16．WhatcouldmostprobablyhappenwiththehelpofDigitalTechnology?A．Morepeoplewillchoosetoliveinthenature.B．Therewillbemuchfeweranimalsinthenature.C．Peoplecanprotecttheenvironmentmoreeasily.D．Robotscanbeusedtocommunicatewithanything.17．What’sthebesttitleofthispassage?A．Digital-tech:AnInventiontoChangePeople’sLifeB．Digital-tech:ASuggestiontoRebuildtheNatureWorldC．Digital-tech:AnAidtoEnablePeopletoHearEverythingD．Digital-tech:ASkilltoHelpPeopletoTalkwiththeNature（2023·广东珠海·珠海市文园中学校考一模）Formiddleandprimaryschoolstudents,beingabletocookhasbecomeamust.Theywillalsoneedtolearnhowtoplantvegetables,raisepoultry(家禽)andmaintainhomeappliances(维修电器)undernewrequirementsforlabor(劳动)education.TheMinistryofEducation(MOB)broughtoutanewstandardforlaboreducationinschoolslastyear.Startingfrom2022fallsemester,studentsinprimaryandmiddleschoolshavetotakecoursesonlaborskillsatleastonceaweek.Thenewstandardsincludethreetypesoflabortasks.Thefirstisbasiclifeskillslikeeverydayhouseholdchores,includingcleaning,cooking,usingandmaintaininghomeappliances.Nextisindustryandagriculture(农业)laborpractice,includingnewtechnologieslike3Dprinting,andtraditionalcrafts(工艺)learning.Thethirdtypeisserviceworksuchascommunityvolunteerservices.SchoolsinChinahavetraditionallyplacedmorefocusonstudying,andmanyhaveregardedhouseholdchoresasawasteofchildren’stime.ButaccordingtotheMOE,laboreducationmustbebuiltuptohelpstudentsenrichtheirlifeexperience,cultivate(培养)apositiveviewoflabor,valuehardwork,anddevelopaninterestinlabor.Onlinepeoplehavebeenbusydiscussingthenewstandardsonsocialmedia.LiTing,amotherof6-year-oldtwinsinShanghaistronglysupportslaboreducation.Forthepastyear,shetrainedherdaughterstodochoresandmakesimpledishesforthefamily.“Themainideaistoletkidsshareresponsibilityandbecomeindependentasearlyastheycan,”saidWangPeng,afatherfromGuangdang.“Children’shand-eyecoordination(协调)timemanagementandorganizationskillscanbetrainedbydoinghousework,”saidSunYunxiao,aparentingexpert.Theyallagreethatchildrenwillfindfunindoingchoresthroughsucheducation.18．Whatcananinth-gradestudentlearnthroughlaboreducation?a.Howtoplantvegetables.b.Howtoraisechickenorducks.c.Howtobemorecarefulinclass.d.Howtorepaircomputersorfridges.A．abc B．abd C．bcd D．acd19．Themeaningoftheunderlinedword“enrich”inParagraph4is________.A．improve B．teach C．achieve D．value20．WhatdoesSunYunxiaothinkoflaboreducation?A．Itletsstudentsshareresponsibilityandbecomeindependent.B．Ithelpsstudentsenrichlifeexperience.C．Ittakesuptoomuchofstudents’freetime.D．Ithelpsstudentsmanagetheirtimebetter.21．Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A．Newcoursesofhouseholdchoresforprimaryschoolstudents.B．Laboreducationforprimaryandmiddleschoolstudents.C．People’sopinionsonlaboreducation.D．Newtechnologicalskillsusedinprimaryandmiddleschools.22．Ifweputthepassageintothreeparts,whichofthefollowingisbest?(①=Para.1)A．①②;③④;⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨ B．①;②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧;⑨C．①;②③④;⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨ D．①②③④;⑤⑥⑦⑧;⑨（2023·河北衡水·校考二模）Hello,everyone.Here’sNBTV-1.I’mWangYi.TheChinesegovernmentprovidesfreeCOVID-19vaccines(疫苗)forallChinesepeople.It’sreallyofgreathelpbutsomemaystillhavesomequestionsabouttheCOVID-19vaccines.Icollectedsomemainquestions—“Howdoesthevaccinework?”,“Areyouallowedtogetit?Andhow?”and“Whatdoyouneedtodobeforegettingit?”Nowlet’saskthedoctor,Mr.Zhangaboutit.WangYi:Howdoesthevaccinework?Mr.Zhang:ThevaccinesChinaisnowusingarecalled“inactivated(灭活)vaccines”.Thereare“dead”virusesinthesevaccines.Theycannotcausethedisease,butcanshowyourbodywhattheviruslookslikeandmakeyouimmune(免疫)toit.StudiesshowthatChina’svaccinesare79.34percenteffective.Thismeansthatforevery100peoplewhogetvaccinated,about79peoplewillbecomeimmunetothevirus.If79percentofthewholepopulationbecomesimmune,thepossibilityofCOVID-19spreadingwillbeverylow.WangYi:Howisthevaccinegiven?Mr.Zhang:Thevaccineisgivenbyinjection(注射).It’ssuggestedtogettwoperiods.Youshouldwaitabouttwoweeksafterthefirstinjectiontogetthesecondone.WangYi:Canpeopleofallagesgetvaccinated?Mr.Zhang:Thevaccineshavebeentestedamongthreedifferentagegroups:3to17,18to59,and60andabove.The18-to-59agegrouphasthemostdata(数据)—thevaccineshaveshownthatit’ssafetothisgroup.Theothertwogroupsareexpectedtobeincludedsoon.WangYi:Thanksalot.Ihavethelastquestion…23．Who’sWangYi?A．Adoctor. B．Aleader. C．Apatient. D．Areporter.24．WhatdoesWangYithinkofthevaccine?A．Valuable. B．Useless. C．Expensive. D．Dangerous.25．Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?A．ThevaccinestheChineseareusingnowarecalled“activatedvaccines”.B．Accordingtothevaccinetest,the3to17agegrouphastheleastdata.C．If79peoplebecomeimmune,COVID-19mightbestoppedspreading.D．Beforegettingthesecondinjection,youshouldwaitforabout14days.26．Whatmaythelastquestionbe?A．Whyshouldpeoplegetthevaccine?B．Howlongcanpeoplekeepthevaccine?C．Canpeopledrinkbeforetheygetthevaccine?D．CanthevaccinemakepeopleavoidCOVID-19?（2023·河北沧州·校考一模）WhydidChinesepeoplehavemorethanonenameinancienttimes?InancientChina,people’snameshadthreeparts,theirfamilyname,givennameandcourtesyname.TakefamouspoetLiBaiforexample.Hisfamilyname,whichcamefromhisfather’sname,wasLi.HisgivennamewasBai,andhiscourtesynamewasTaibai.Peopleusedtheirgivennameswhentheywereamongfamilymembers.Butinsociallife,theycalledeachotherbytheircourtesynamestoshowrespect.Thiswasmostlydoneamongpeopleofsimilarage.Ifyouweretalkingaboutyourself,orifyoureldersweretalkingaboutyou,thegivennamewouldbeusedinsteadofthecourtesyname.Menwouldgettheircourtesynameswhentheyturned20.Itwasasymbolofadulthood(成年礼).Womenwouldgettheircourtesynamesaftergettingmarried.One’scourtesynameoftenhadsomethingtodowithone’sgivenname.Forexample,thenameofMenciuswasMengKe.HiscourtesynamewasZiyu.BothKeandZiyumean“carriage(马车)”.ZhugeLiang’sgivennamewasLiang,whichmeans“bright”.HiscourtesynamewasKongming,whichmeans“verybright”.27．Howmanypartsarethereinpeople’snamesinancientChina?A．3. B．4. C．5. D．6.28．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“courtesy”inParagraph2meaninChinese?A．名 B．姓氏 C．字 D．昵称29．Whydidpeoplecalleachotherbytheircourtesynamesinsociallife?A．Toshowtheirlove. B．Toshowtheirgoodrelationship.C．Toshowtheirkindness. D．Toshowtheirrespect.30．Whatwouldbeusedifyoureldersweretalkingaboutyouaccordingtothepassage?A．Familyname. B．Nickname. C．Givenname. D．Courtesyname.（2023·广东茂名·统考一模）Kenya(肯尼亚),acountryinEastAfrica,isalandofnaturalbeauty.KenyaliesalongtheequatoronAfrica’seastcoast.TheIndianOceanistotheeastofKenya.HighlandsriseinthewesternpartofKenya.MountKenya,at5,199meters,isKenya’shighestmountain.Eastofthehighlands,thelandgoesdowntowardthecoast.Kenya’smostimportantriver,theTana,startsfromthehighlandstotheIndianOcean.Mostofthecountry’sotherriversareshortandshallow.Theysometimesdryupwhenthereislittlerainfall.Kenyahastwowetseasonsandtwodryseasons.RainfallisusuallyheavyfromApriltoMayandfromNovembertoDecember,whilesomeareasaremorecloudywithoutmuchrainbetweenJulyandAugustandfromJanuarytoMarch.Temperaturesaregenerallywarmerinthenorthandcoolerinthehighlands.Kenyaishometomanynationalparks.Greenforestsandbamboogrowinthehighlands.Thecountry’sanimalsincludeelephants,lions,giraffes,zebrasandmanyrare(稀有的)animals.TheKenyangovernmenthassetupmorethan50natureparks.Insidetheparks,thewildlifeisprotectedfromhunting.Thismakesthemexcellentplacestotakeajourney.31．FromParagraph2wecanknowthat________.A．thewesternpartofKenyaislevellandB．MountKenyaisKenya’shighestmountainC．KenyaliesalongtheequatoronAfrica’swestcoastD．thelandgoesdowntowardthecoastinthewestofthehighlands32．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shallow”inParagraph3mean?A．notsafe B．notdeep. C．notwide. D．notdirty.33．WhatisKenyafamousforaccordingtoParagraph5?A．Hunting. B．Fishing. C．Tourism. D．Growingtrees.34．Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A．ToinvitepeopletovisitKenya. B．TointroducethecountryKenya.C．TogiveadviceonhowtotravelKenya. D．Tocallonpeopletoprotectthewildlife.35．Whatisthestructureofthepassage?A． B． C． D．（2023·山东济南·山东大学附属中学校考一模）Doyoudrinkwaterthat’sbeenleftsittingoutovernightorevenforanotherday?Haveyounoticedittastesdifferent?Whathashappenedtoit?Tapwater(自来水)thathasbeenlefttositoutslowlybeginstogetanofftaste.Manypeoplethinkthatthisisbecauseofmicroorganisms(微生物).Butthat’snotwhatmakesoldwatertastenotfresh.Forthatwecanthinkofcarbondioxide(二氧化碳).Afterabout12hours,tapwaterstartstogoflatascarbondioxideintheairstartstomixwiththewaterintheglass,loweringitsPHandgivingitanofftaste.Butit’smostlikelynotharmfultodrink.However,ifyoudrinkwithaglass,let’scomebacktothosemicroorganisms.Ifyouuseadirtyglassdayafterday,therewillbemorechancestogetbacteria(细菌).Theriskwillincreaseifyousharetheglasswithanothermouthaswell.Butsupposingyouuseafreshglasseveryfewdays,youprobablywon’thaveaproblemunlesstheglasshasbeentouchedbydirtyfingers,andespeciallyifthosedirtyfingerswentunwashedafterusingthebathroom.Asforplasticwaterbottlesthathavebeenleftoutinthesunorinthecar,stepawayfromthebottle,warnsDr.KelloggSchwab,directoroftheJohnsHopkinsUniversityWaterInstitute.“Achemicalnamedbiphenyl-A,orBPA,alongwithotherthingsusedtomakeplasticcanleach(过滤)intoyourwaterifthebottleheatsuporsitsinthesun,”heexplains.BPA,asyouprobablyknow,hasbeenlinkedtoeverythingfromheartdiseasetocancer.Schwabalsoaddsthatplasticusedforcommercialbottledwaterisn’tmeanttobewashedorrefilled,souseonlyonetimeandrecycle.Ordon’tbuythematall;userefillablewaterbottlesinstead.36．Tapwaterbegintohaveanofftastebecauseof________.A．carbondioxide B．BPA C．theglass D．themicroorganism37．Whatwillhappeniftapwaterhasbeenleftsittingoutfor12hours?A．Itwillhavefewmicroorganisms. B．Itwillbestillsafetodrink.C．Itmaytastebetterthanbefore. D．Itwillbepossiblyundrinkable.38．Whatistherightwaytodrinkwithaglass?A．Tosharetheglasswithanotherperson. B．Toholdthecleanglasswithdirtyhands.C．Tokeepyourhandsandglassclean. D．Todrinkafterusingthebathroom.39．Whatshouldwedowithplasticwaterbottlesthatareleftoutinthesunorinthecar?A．Usethemaftertheycooldown. B．Cleanthemandusethemagain.C．Throwthemaway. D．Refillthemwithfreshwater.40．Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．Howpeopledrinkwaterhealthily. B．Shallwedrinkthewaterleftalongtime?C．Howtodrinkwaterwithglasses. D．Don’tdrinkthewaterleftovernight.（2023·江苏无锡·江苏省锡山高级中学实验学校校考一模）Aspeopleallovertheworldstruggledwithhigherlevelsofstress,depressionandanxietythispastyear,manyturnedtotheirfavoritecomfortfoods:icecream,pizza,hamburgers.Butstudiesinrecentyearssuggestthatthehigh-sugarandhigh-fatfoodswhenwearestressedordepressed,ascomfortingastheymayseem,aretheleastlikelytobegoodforourmental(精神上的)health.Instead,wholefoodssuchasvegetables,fruit,fish,eggs,nutsmaybeabetterbet.Historically,nutritionresearchhaspaidmuchattentiontohowthefoodsweeatinfluenceourphysical(身体上的)health,ratherthanourmentalhealth,though.Overtheyears,largepopulationstudieshavefoundthatpeoplewhoareaskedtofollowaMediterraneandietforthreemonthshadgreaterreductionsinsymptomsofdepressionafterthreemonthscomparedtoacontrolgroup.Publichealthprofessorsaroundtheworldhavestartedencouragingpeopletotakeanduselifestylebehaviorslikeexercise,soundsleep,aheart-healthydietandavoidingsmokingthatmayreduceinflammation(发炎)andhaveadvantagesforthebrain.Individualclinicians(临床医师)arealreadyincludingnutritionintotheirworkwithpatients.Dr.DrewRamsey,aclinicalprofessorattheColumbiaUniversity,beginshismeetingswithnewpatientsbyexploringtheirdiet.Heaskswhattheyeat,learnstheirfavoritefoods,andfindsoutiffoodsthatheconsidersimportantfortheconnectionaremissingfromtheirdiets,suchasplants,seafood.Dr.Ramseysaidhedidn’twantpeopletothinkthattheonlyfactorinvolvedinbrainhealthisfood.“Lotsofpeoplegettheirfoodexactlyright,liveveryactivelives,andstillhavemanytroubleswiththeirmentalhealth,”hesaid.Buthealsoteachespeoplethatfoodcanbeempowering.“Wecan’tcontrolourgenes,”hesaid.“Butwecancontrolhowweeat,andthatgivespeopleactionablethingsthattheycandototakecareoftheirbrainhealthonadailybasis.”41．Whatdoprevious(以前的)nutritionstudiesmainlypayattentionto?A．Howourdietsinfluenceourmentalhealth. B．Howourdietsinfluenceourphysicalhealth.C．Howourmentalhealthinfluencesourdiets. D．Howourphysicalhealthinfluencesourdiets.42．Whyareindividualcliniciansincludingnutritionintotheirworkwithpatients?A．Theytrytosatisfytheirpatients’needs.B．Theyarequestioningpublichealthprofessors.C．Theywanttoprovethevalueofhealthydiets.D．Theyhaveacceptedthefindingsoflargepopulationstudies.43．WhichofthefollowingmightDr.Ramseyagreewith?A．Someconnectionlivesbetweenourdietsandmentalhealth.B．Peoplecancontroltheirgenesaswellashowtheyeat.C．Peoplelivingactiveliveswillnothavementalproblems.D．Eatingahealthydietisgoingtocuredepression.（2023·山东泰安·统考一模）Ifyouhavebrothersorsisters,theorderinwhichyouwerebornmaymakeabigdifferencetochoosingyourjob.AgroupofBritishscientistsstudied500peoplefrom11differentcareergroups.Theyfoundthatelderchildrenaremorelikelytobecomeastronautsandscientists.NASAastronautNeilArmstrongistheeldestchildinhisfamily.That’sprobablybecauseparentsusuallytreatelderchildrenmorestrictlythanyoungerchildren.Thisgivesthemamoredisciplined(遵守纪律的）personality.Thescientistsalsofoundthatmiddlechildrenare30percentmorelikelytobecomeCEOs.Thescientistssaidthatthiscouldbebecausemiddlechildrenneedtodomoretogetattentionfromtheirparents.Thismakesthemmoreflexible(灵活的).BillGates,theformerCEOofMicrosoft,isthemiddlechild.Youngerchildren,ontheotherhand,getattentionbylearni