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Electronic
Spark
Control
(ESC)Factors
Affecting
Knockcylinder
and
headdesignAgingcarbon
build-upcompression
ratioTemperatureHumidityOctaneAlcoholSupercharging
(turbo)Air-fuel
ratio
(altitude)EGRSpark
plug
heatrangebase
engine
designwear,
carbonbuild-uphot
spots
start
auto-ignitionhigher
CR
increases
knockinghigher
temperature
increases
knockinglower
humidity
increases
knockinghigher
octane
decreases
knockinghigher
alcohol
decreases
knockingincreases
knockingleaner
A/F
increases
knockingmay
cause
A/F
imbalance
between
cylindershotter
increases
knockingEngine
loadRPMTIPINhigher
load
increases
knockinglower
RPM
less
engine
noise
easier
to
hear
knockingAF
ratio
goes
lean.
Trade
off
with
emissions
and
driveabilityEquipment4-channel
oscilloscope
with
FFT checking
windows,
center
frequencyBNC
cable,
terminating
resistors
(100kΩ)listening
deviceelectrical
toolkitFlashlight
(torch)Inverterengine
and
chassis
dynoslow
and
high
octanefuelsdetermine
correct
detection
and
no
false
detection/retardco-axial
(shielded)
cable,
soldering
iron,
wire,terminals,check
pin
assignments
and
connectionsscope,
listening
device,
computer,
telephonesteady
state
work
in
a
stable
environmentcheck
windows
and
authority
(maximum
spark
retard)low-quality
low-octane
fuel
(pump
says
90#
but
actually
lower)hand-built
computer
and
data
collection
device
for
sensorlocation
study
(10
were
built
in
Kokomo)Knock
Analysis
Instrument
(KAI)Spare
sensors,
connectors,
terminalsSuction
cupsCopper
tubingExhaust
manifold
boltsstethoscopeto
put
DU
onto
dashto
hear
knocking
if
no
listening
deviceto
attach
copper
tubelistening
to
engine
noiseDefinitionsIn
explosive
detonation,
the
flame
speed
may
be
2,500
to
3,000
feet
persecond
(750-900
m/s)
as
opposed
to
200
to
300
ft/s
(60-90
m/s)
for
thenormalburning
rate.Octane:
resistance
to
explosive
combustion.
alcohol,
lead,
manganese,humidity
can
increase
octane.Key
AdvantagesMaximum
torque
controlEngine
runs
on
knockborder
lineFuel
variationProtects
engine
fromknock
due
to
bad
fuelOctane
selectAuto
selection
of
high
andlow
octane,
no
switch
inputnecessaryDigital
knock
controlProgrammable
filterCylinder
coordinated
knockIncreases
torque
on
smallenginesFuel
economy
and
emissions
also
affected
by
spark.From
MT20
presentation
by
Serge
LambermontMBT
SparkDeterminationFrom
the
GM
Automotive
Test
Code,
1994Flat
Response
Knock
Sensor
FamilyCourtesy
of
K.
Miura–
Self
generating
piezo-electric
sensor
with
flatfrequency
response
overrange
of
5-18
kHz–
Voltage
outputproportional
to
enginecombustion
intensityKnock
sensor
signalIRIC
filtered
signalIRIC
integratorADESCIntegrator
averageRaw
Mean
AverageDeviationFiltered
Mean
Average
DeviationKnock
ThresholdFast
AttackFast
RetardOctane
ScalerAdaptive
RetardSpark
advance
referenceIRICDetectionSpark
controlGainWindowcenter
frequencyIntegration
constantIntegration
constantMADFilter
coefficientMultiplier
calibrationsAttack
and
recoveryHigh/Low
octane
sparkESC
MainFunctionsVibration
Based
System
MechanizationPin
3
is
the
sensoroutputPin
4
is
theintegratorPin
6
is
thewindowFrom
the
IRIC
ApplicationFrom
IRIC
applicationIRICMicroprocessorFilter
andamplifierKnocksensorRawsignalSensorgroundESTorCAMintegratorwindowProcessed
sensor
signaloscilloscopeSPI
Integrateand
holdECMProcessedsensorsignalSensorgroundMDSDUPCInstrumentationM/T
Blazer
onperformance
dynoKnock
event
at5900RPMMAP
=
95
kPa(WOT)FFT
is
5.00
kHz
perdivision
(
=50
kHzfor
the
screen)+9º
spark(fromB2MT2203.cal)The
system
iseffective
atmaximum
RPM
andload.
Bycountingthe
signalpeaksdivided
by
thetimeelapsed
yields
afrequency
of6.7kHz.Conclusion:
Thisshows
that
thewindow
and
centerfrequency
are
setproperly.Blazer
Knocking
5900
RPM,
95
kPa
(WOT)Fast
Fourier
Transform
(FFT)very
high
peak
at
7
kHzKnock
eventFFTsignalintegratorwindowsparkKnock
sensor
signal
showing
11.5
kHz
onlySGM
2.0L
M/TW-car
with
newpistonsKnock
eventESTintegratorSensorsignalwingate11.5
kHzFFTESTAwindowSensorsignal(fromIRIC)integratorKnockeventLargeintegratorvalueNormalcombustionNormalcombustionDong
An
1.0L
engineFrom
Vibration-based
knock
detection
calprocedureCenter
FrequencyCaltools
Center
Frequency
CalibrationIRIC
/OptionsInit
gain,
Q,
CF,
int
constinitializationsWindowStart,
durationGAIN
controlUpper,
lower,
adjustment,maximumIntegratorADESCIntegrator
averageRawMADfiltered
MADthresholdCo-efficientKnock
presentIncreasing
TPS
RPMDecreasing
TPS
RPMSteady
state
TPS
RPMKnock+ΔRPM-ΔRPM+ΔTPS-ΔTPSMaxMinLoadcompensationMADmultiplierΔTPSTimer,
offsetPEcompensationΔRPMTimer,
offsetFilter
co-efficientFiltering
disableΔRPMΔTPSΔMAPTransient
timeFiltering
enableIRICECMThreshold
CalculationIntegratorAverage
=
IntegratorAverage
+
(ADESC
-
IntegratorAverage)
*
MultiplierUpdating
in
“ESC_Event”When
KnockPresentIntAveQ
*
K_IntegratorfiltermultiplierelseIntAveQUpdating
in
125msec
loopConstantKnockThreshold=IntegratorAverage+
noise_bandUpdating
in
“ESC_Event”noise_band
=
FilteredMAD
*
MADMultiplierUpdating
in
“ESC_Event”ConstantUpdating
in
15.6msec
loopFilteredMAD
=
FilteredMAD
+
(RawMAD
-
FilteredMAD)*K_MADFilterCoefficientRawMAD=
IntegratorAverage
-
ADESCUpdating
in
“ESC_Event”MT20
KNOCK
DETECTIONCourtesy
of
Hiroshi
UikeESCFastRetard
=
ESCFastRetard
+
ESCFastAttack*KnockLevelUpdating
in
“ESC_Event”KnockLevel
=
ADESC
-
KnockThresholdUpdating
in
“ESC_Event”ESCFastAttack
=
F_ESCFastAttack(RPM)Table
look
upUpdating
in
15.6msec
LoopUpdating
in
“ESC_Event”RPM
variable
is
updated
in
7.81msec
loopFAST
RETARD
CALCULATIONCourtesy
of
Hiroshi
UikeThreshold
Calculation
and
Knock
DecisionKnock
eventThresholdMultiplierFiltered
Mean
Averag
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