专题04阅读理解之说明文(原卷版)-2023年中考英语一模试题分项汇编(江苏专用)

试卷第=page1212页，共=sectionpages11页专题04阅读理解之说明文（2023·江苏无锡·江苏省锡山高级中学实验学校校考一模）BackinBrisbane,Australia,fortheChristmasbreak,Ifoundmyselfinapublictransportdeadzone.Bikeless,7kilometersfromwhereIwasmeetingfriendsandunwillingtogetataxi,Idecidedtoborrowanelectricscooter.Thetriptookfarlongerthanitwouldhavebybike,mainlybecauseofamajorspillhalfwaythere.Arock,hitatspeed,isaterriblething:weekslater,Istillhadtheredkneesofaprimaryschooler.IntheUK,theyarelegal(合法的)onlyonprivateland,buttheDepartmentforTransportisdiscussinghowtocontrolthemonpublicroadsandpathways,withthepossibilityforlegalizationlaterthisyear.Othercitiesthathavee-scooterrentalprogramshavehadproblemsintheearlyperiod.InParis,MayorAnneHidalgodescribedthesituationlastyearasmessy.Shehasannouncedthatthecityisreducingitsnumberofe-scootersto15,000andplanstocreatelawsforbiddingthemfrompavements(人行道).Francehasputintoforcelawslimitinge-scooterspeedsto25kilometresperhour.Similartodockless(无桩的)hirebicycles,e-scootersareparkedonpavementsandpeopleleavethemuptreesorthrowthemintorivers.Wildtreatmentshortenstheirlifetime,whichisbadforbothprofitability(盈利)andtheenvironment.Analysissuggeststhattheaveragee-scooter’slifetimeisjustthreemonths.Ithinke-scootersareanbasicpartoftheefforttomakecitytransportgreener.Theyareseenasakeytothe“lastmile”problem—apotentialwaytoreducetransportjambyrapidlygettingsomeonetotheirfinalgoal.Carscantakeup28timesthespaceofapersonridingabicycle.Asfarastheenvironmentaleffectgoes,recentresearchsuggeststhate-scootersarenotasgreenaswalkingorcycling,buttheyarestillbetterthancars.Andthoughtherearestillmanyreportsofseriousaccidents,scootingisaboutassafeascycling.StephenGosslingatLundUniversityinSwedenhassuggestedwebuildcar-free“micromobility”streets,wherecyclists,pedestrians(行人)ande-scooterscouldsharetheroad.Hethinksthiswillreduceaccidentrisksandinvitemorevulnerable(易受伤害的)trafficparticipants,suchaschildren,tobecomeactivetransportusers.Ifmoree-scootersmeanfewercarsonroads,animprovementinlocalairqualityisalsoalikelyresult.When20kilometersofroadsincentralLondonclosedforWorldCar-FreeDaylastSeptember,theairqualitywasgreatlyimprovedaccordingtothereport.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“amajorspill”inParagraph1probablymean?A．Aseriousfall. B．Asuddenillness. C．Alegalreaction. D．Aterriblebreakdown.2．Whatdoweknowaboute-scootersinParis?A．Theyareillegalonpavements. B．Theyarealreadyoutoffashion.C．Theyarefacingmorelimits. D．Theyaremorecommononprivateland.3．Whatisthewriter’sopinionofe-scooters?A．Theyarenotassafeascycling. B．Theyalwayscausethetrafficjams.C．Theyareasgreenascyclingorwalking. D．Theyplayabigroleinthe“lastmile”problem.4．WhatisStephenGossling’ssuggestion?A．Tosetupmorecare-freedays. B．Toinvitemorecycliststousee-scooters.C．Togetvulnerablepedestriansofftheroad. D．Toseparatecarsfrome-scootersontheroad.（2023·江苏淮安·校考一模）Withtherapiddevelopmentofwirelesstechnologies,theFifthGeneration(5G)mobilecommunicationsystemstartedtocome.Althoughthedevelopmentof5Gnetworktechnologyintheinternationalcommunityisstillintheresearchstage,anumberofforeigncountriesandorganizationsareworkingonit.Chinastartedlateinnetworktechnologies.Inordertocatchwiththetimes,Chinaalsoneedstohaveitsownplaceinsuchacompetitiveenvironment.TherearesomequickchangesinChina’stelecomspace.Withthe4Gnetworknowwidelyused,Chinaisnowpreparingtoenter5Gage.Chinahasstartedresearchanddevelopmentonthe5Gnetworkandplanstofinishthenetworktestingbyaround2019.It’sexpectedthatjustonestandardwillbeusedglobally(全球的)withthe5Gtechnology“Undertheidenticalstandard,differentcompaniescanbeconnected,andformacompetitiveenvironment.Therefore,wecanmakesurethatcompaniescangainreasonableprofits(利润),andatthesametimeprovidefaster,better,moreconvenientandcheaperservicestopeople.”WuKu,DirectorofDept.ofScience&Tech.,MIITsaid.WuHequanfromChineseAcademyofEngineeringsaid,“5Gwillmakeitpossibletoconnectonemilliondevicestotheso-calledInternetofThingswithinonesquaremeter.Inthefuture,itwillalsobeusedonhigh-speedtrainsmovingasfastas500kilometersperhour.IntheareaoftheInternetofVehicles(汽车),itcanbeusedinunmannedvehicles,assisteddrivingandthemanagementofsmartcities.”WuHequanbelievesChina’sfutureInternetwillbefaster,moreintelligentandsafer.Chinesegovernmentpaysmoreattentiontothedevelopmentof5Gandinmoreopentoit.Withthesharedeffortoftheindustry,Chinawillplayanincreasingimportantroleintheglobal5Gdevelopment.5．Thefirstparagraphmainlywantstotellus________.A．what5GnetworktechnologymeansB．thereasonwhyweneed5GnetworktechnologyC．thefactthatChinastartedlatein5GnetworktechnologyD．thefactthat5Gnetworktechnologyisgood6．Theunderlinedworld“identical”inParagraph3means________.A．same B．fast C．practical D．modern7．InWuKu’sopinion,________shouldbeusedgloballywiththe5Gtechnology.A．thenetworktesting B．cheaperservicesC．justonestandard D．unmannedvehicles8．WuHequanthinks5Gnetworktechnologyisfullof________.A．competitions B．possibilities C．profits D．difficulties9．Afterreadingthepassage,wecaninferthat________.A．Chinawilluse5GnetworktechnologyintransportB．Chinahasalreadyenteredthe5GagecompletelyC．Chinesegovernmentdidn’tpayattentiontothedevelopmentof5GbeforeD．ChinaisNo.1in5Gnetworktechnology（2023·江苏无锡·江苏省锡山高级中学实验学校校考一模）Aspeopleallovertheworldstruggledwithhigherlevelsofstress,depressionandanxietythispastyear,manyturnedtotheirfavoritecomfortfoods:icecream,pizza,hamburgers.Butstudiesinrecentyearssuggestthatthehigh-sugarandhigh-fatfoodswhenwearestressedordepressed,ascomfortingastheymayseem,aretheleastlikelytobegoodforourmental(精神上的)health.Instead,wholefoodssuchasvegetables,fruit,fish,eggs,nutsmaybeabetterbet.Historically,nutritionresearchhaspaidmuchattentiontohowthefoodsweeatinfluenceourphysical(身体上的)health,ratherthanourmentalhealth,though.Overtheyears,largepopulationstudieshavefoundthatpeoplewhoareaskedtofollowaMediterraneandietforthreemonthshadgreaterreductionsinsymptomsofdepressionafterthreemonthscomparedtoacontrolgroup.Publichealthprofessorsaroundtheworldhavestartedencouragingpeopletotakeanduselifestylebehaviorslikeexercise,soundsleep,aheart-healthydietandavoidingsmokingthatmayreduceinflammation(发炎)andhaveadvantagesforthebrain.Individualclinicians(临床医师)arealreadyincludingnutritionintotheirworkwithpatients.Dr.DrewRamsey,aclinicalprofessorattheColumbiaUniversity,beginshismeetingswithnewpatientsbyexploringtheirdiet.Heaskswhattheyeat,learnstheirfavoritefoods,andfindsoutiffoodsthatheconsidersimportantfortheconnectionaremissingfromtheirdiets,suchasplants,seafood.Dr.Ramseysaidhedidn’twantpeopletothinkthattheonlyfactorinvolvedinbrainhealthisfood.“Lotsofpeoplegettheirfoodexactlyright,liveveryactivelives,andstillhavemanytroubleswiththeirmentalhealth,”hesaid.Buthealsoteachespeoplethatfoodcanbeempowering.“Wecan’tcontrolourgenes,”hesaid.“Butwecancontrolhowweeat,andthatgivespeopleactionablethingsthattheycandototakecareoftheirbrainhealthonadailybasis.”10．Whatdoprevious(以前的)nutritionstudiesmainlypayattentionto?A．Howourdietsinfluenceourmentalhealth. B．Howourdietsinfluenceourphysicalhealth.C．Howourmentalhealthinfluencesourdiets. D．Howourphysicalhealthinfluencesourdiets.11．Whyareindividualcliniciansincludingnutritionintotheirworkwithpatients?A．Theytrytosatisfytheirpatients’needs.B．Theyarequestioningpublichealthprofessors.C．Theywanttoprovethevalueofhealthydiets.D．Theyhaveacceptedthefindingsoflargepopulationstudies.12．WhichofthefollowingmightDr.Ramseyagreewith?A．Someconnectionlivesbetweenourdietsandmentalhealth.B．Peoplecancontroltheirgenesaswellashowtheyeat.C．Peoplelivingactiveliveswillnothavementalproblems.D．Eatingahealthydietisgoingtocuredepression.（2023·江苏无锡·无锡市天一实验学校校考一模）Schoolchildrenspendmostoftheirtimesurroundedbytheirpeers(同龄人).Theyspendalotmoretimewithclassmates,teammatesandfellowclubmembersthanwithadultsintheirlives.Peerpressurecanhaveahugeinfluenceonthelivesofchildreningradestwothroughtwelve.Frombirththroughagesix,thefamilyshapesachild’ssenseofidentity(个性).Parentsandbrothersandsistersaffectachild’slikes,dislikes,tastesinclothing,foodandmusicand,perhapsmostimportantly,values.Oncechildrenenterschool,theyformconnectionstothelargergroupoftheirpeers.Thisgroupbringsnewideasandexperiences.Peerpressurehappenswhenastudent’sactionsareinfluencedbythisgroup.The“pressure”happenswhenpeerssuggestordemandactionsdifferentfromthechild’snormalbehaviorandvalues.Peerpressureleadstosomedisturbingnegativebehaviorinschoolchildren.IntheUSA,about75%ofhighschoolstudentshavetriedalcohol(酒)offeredbytheirfriendsinmiddleorhighschool.Accordingtoasurvey,studentsfeltpressuredbytheirpeersbetween35and49%ofthetime.Thepowerofpeerpressurecanresultfromaschoolchild’sgrowingdesire(渴望)tofitintoagroup.Thankfully,peerpressurecanalsobepositive.Forexample,wantingtojoinanathleticgroupoffriendsmayforceastudentwhohasbeensittingforalongtimetotryoutforthesoccerteam.Inasurveyonpeerpressure,51%ofteenagersfeltthatpeerpressurewassometimespositive.Oneteenagerresponded,“Sometimesitcanhelpyougainconfidence.”Otherexamplesofpositivepeerpressureincludestudentsencouragingaclassmatetorunforschoolpresident,orfriendssuggestingthatatalentedpeertryoutforatalentshow.13．Whatleadstoschoolchildren’speerpressure?A．Theidentityshapedbytheirfamily. B．Theconnectionswiththeirclassmates.C．Thechildhoodexperienceswiththeirfriends. D．Thedifferencesintheirbehaviorandvalues.14．Whydosomeschoolchildrenbehavenegativelyunderpeerpressure?A．Tokilltheirboringtime. B．Tofitintoapeergroup.C．Tohelpgainconfidence. D．Toimprovesocialskills.15．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofpeerpressure?A．Peerpressuredoesmoreharmthangood.B．Peerpressureisverygoodforschoolchildren’sgrowth.C．Peerpressureisnotnecessarilybadforschoolchildren.D．Peerpressureplaysanimportantroleinshapingachild’svalues.（2023·江苏徐州·校考一模）Chinesepaintingisoneoftheoldestartformsintheworld.PaintinginthetraditionalstyleisknowntodayinChineseasGuohua.TraditionalChinesepaintingisdonewithabrushdipped（浸）inblackorcolouredink.Paperandsilkarealsoneededforpainting.Thefinishedworkcanbeputonscrolls（轴）.TraditionalChinesepaintingincludeslandscape（山水）painting,figures（人物）,birdandflowers.LandscapepaintingisregardedasthehighestformofChinesepainting.ChinesefolkmusicisanimportantpartofChineseculture.Ithasalonghistory.OneoftheConfucianistClassics（儒家经典）,ShiJing,containsmanyfolksongs.Theyaremuchlovedbypeopleuptonow.TraditionalChinesemusicalinstrumentsaresymbolsofChineseculture,suchastheguqin,guzheng,pipa,erhu,xiaoandchime（编钟）.TheshengandsuonaarealsopopularinnorthernvillagesinChina.XI’andrummusicislargetraditionaldrummusic.ItisavaluablepartofChineseancientmusic,andisregardedasthe“livingfossil（化石）ofChineseancientmusic”intheworld.16．Peopleusuallyuse________fordoingtraditionalChinesepainting.①brushes②ink③colourpencils④paper⑤silkA．①②③④ B．②③④⑤ C．①②③⑤ D．①②④⑤17．Theunderlinedword“contains”means“________”.A．likes B．controls C．prevents D．includes18．Thepassageisabout________.A．Chinesemusic B．Chinesepainting C．Chineseculture D．Chinesehistory（2023·江苏徐州·校考一模）ThereisaChinesesayingwhichmeanssomethinglikethis:Yourmotheralwaysasksyoutowearwarmclothesevenwhenit’snotcold.Thisjokinglyreflectstheover-concernofyourmother.Anyhow,Mother’sDayisaroundthecorner.TodayI’dliketosharetheoriginofthisfestivalwithyouonmyblog.Everycountryhasaholidaytohonormothers,motherhood,andtheirinfluenceonsociety.ThemostcommondayforthiscelebrationisthesecondSundayinMay.Theideatohaveaholidayjustforcelebratingmotherscomesfrommanysources.Longago,therewereancienteventsthatincludedhonoringwomenandmothers.However,itwastheinfluenceofwomenintheUSthatreallysetthestageforthisholiday.ThemodernAmericanholidayofMother’sDaywasfirstcelebratedin1908forhermotherinGrafton,WestVirginia.Hercampaigntomake“Mother’sDay”arecognizedholidayintheUnitedStatesbeganin1905,AnnReevesJarvis,died.Anna’smotherwasapeaceactivistwhohadcaredforwoundedsoldiersonbothsidesoftheCivilWarandcreatedMother’sDayWorkClubstoaddresspublichealthissues.AnnawasthefirsttofightforMother’sDaybecominganofficialholiday.Shefinallysucceededin1914.CelebratingMother’sDayisjustasvariedasthedatewhenitisheld.InChina,itisjuststartingtobecomemoreandmorepopular.Carnations（康乃馨）areaverypopularMother’sDaygiftandthemostsoldflowers.Mother’sDayinCanadatypicallyinvolvessmallcelebrationsandgift-givingtoone’smother,orotherimportantfemalefiguresinone’sfamily.InBangiadesh,thewholecountrycentersaroundmothers.SpeciallythemedTVshows,andgatheringsareorganized.IntheolddaysinFrance,mothersoflargefamiliesweregivenmedals.Nowadays,flowerarrangements,andhandmadegiftsarepopularchoices.Soisgivingmothersadayofftogotoaspaorsalon.Don’tforgettoexpressyourthankstoyourmomonthisMother’sDay!19．WhenwasMother’sdayfirstcelebratedinmodernAmerica?A．In1914. B．In1905. C．In1908. D．In1909.20．WhatwasAnnaReevesJarvislike?A．generousandsuccessful. B．seriousandpatient.C．cleverandcaring. D．peace-lovingandwarm-hearted.21．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“varied”meaninthethirdparagraph?A．same B．different C．popular D．important22．Whatcanbeinferredfromthispassage?A．Peopledidn’tholdeventstohonormothersinthepast.B．SomemotherswerepresentedmedalsintheoldFrance.C．AnnacelebratedthefirstMother’sDaywithhermom.D．ThewholecountrycelebratesMother’sDayinChina.23．Wherecanthispassagebetakenfrom?A．Atextbook. B．Amagazine. C．Awebsite. D．Aletter（2023·江苏无锡·统考一模）Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swell-being.Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid,“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said,“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said,“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”24．Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A．Toensureharmonyincarehomes. B．Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C．Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch. D．Togivetheelderlyasenseofsuccess.25．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A．Improve. B．Oppose. C．Begin. D．Review.26．Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Itiswellreceived. B．Itneedstobemorecreative.C．Itishighlyprofitable. D．Ittakesagestoseetheresults.（2023·江苏无锡·统考一模）Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula（芝麻菜）wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”（butquiteeatable）vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it’smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D．C．,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished（有瑕疵的）producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.27．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A．Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B．Wewastefoodcarelesslyattimes.C．Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D．Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.28．Whatisaresultoffoodwasteaccordingtothetext?A．Moraldecline. B．Environmentalharm.C．Energyshortage. D．Worldwidehunger.29．WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A．Buyonlywhatisneeded. B．Reducefoodproduct.C．Goshoppingonceaweek. D．Eatinrestaurantslessoften.（2023·江苏徐州·统考一模）Doyouknowhowtogetonwellwithpeople?Doyoueverfeelshy?Whatsituationmakesyoufeelshy?Doyousometimesfeelthatyoudon’tknowhowtointerestpeopleandhaveconversationswiththem?Dopeoplefindanexcusetoleaveyouassoonastheycan?Trylistening!Hereisanexampleofmine.Oneeveninglastweek,IwassittingwithHannah,andshesaidtome,“Youareagreatmom!”AndIsaid,“Whydoyousaythatsuddenly?”Shesaid,“Well,althoughyouarealwaysbusy,youalwaysstoptolistentome.”Hereissomeadviceaboutlistening:※Showtheotherpersonthatyouarelistening.※Lookatthem.※Smileandnodquiteoften.※Shakeyourheadorraiseyoureyebrowsifyoudon’tfollowwhattheyaresaying.※Don’ttapyourfootbecausethiswillshowimpatience.※Don’tlookatyourwatchunlessyoureallyhavetoknowthetime.Ifyoushowtheimpatience,thentheotherpersonwon’tmakefriendswithyouanymore.Agoodlistenerhasmagic!Agoodlistenercanmakepeoplefeelgood,andisasimportantasagoodtalkerataparty.Butjustlisteningisnotenough.Oneshouldlistensmartlybytryingtofindoutwhattheotherpersonwouldreallyliketocommunicate.30．Hannahthoughthermotherwasgreatbecause________.A．hermotheralwayslistenedtoher B．hermotherwasbusyC．hermothergotonwellwithothers D．hermotherwassittingwithher31．Whenyouarelisteningtoothers,youshouldn’t________.A．lookatyourwatchallthetime B．lookattheireyesC．smileandnod D．showyourattitude32．Ifyoutapyourfootwhenlisteningtoothers,maybeyou’ll________.A．beagoodlistener B．losetheirfriendshipC．agreewiththem D．beagoodfriend33．Whatshouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．Howtomakefriends. B．Howtotalktopeople.C．Howtobeagoodlistener. D．Howtoknowaperson.（2023·江苏徐州·统考一模）Globalizationmeansthatpeople,ideas,technology,money,servicesandmanyotherthingsaremovingbetweencountriesandchangingthewaypeoplethinkandact.Noteveryonethinksthesamewayaboutglobalization.Somepeoplethinkitisbad,andsomepeoplethinkitisgood.Somebelievethatglobalizationhelpsrichpeoplegetricherandmakespoorpeoplepoorer.ThesepeoplesaythatglobalizationhelpsbigcompanieslikeCoca-ColaandMcDonald’sdestroy(破坏)localbusinesses.However,thepeoplewhothinkglobalizationisagoodthingarguethatglobalizationhelpspoorerpeopletobecomericher.Theyalsothinkthatitdoesn’tdestroylocalcultures.Thesepeoplealsobelieveglobalizationhelpspreventwars.Thisisbecausecountrieswithec