新教材适用2024版高考英语二轮总复习第2部分阅读能力突破篇专题1阅读理解第7讲体裁破解-说明文

第二部分专题一第7讲A(2023·河北省石家庄市高中毕业年级一模)Foodshighinsugarareunhealthy,buttheseadditivesaretoodeliciousformanyofustogiveuporreduceinaway．Whatifwecouldsomehowenjoytheirtastewithoutactuallyeatingthem?Astudentteamhasnowdesignedaspoonwithastructurethatstimulatestastebuds(味蕾)toproduceasenseofsweetnesswithoutaddingcaloriesorchemicals．Theprojectfollowspreviousworkinvolvingfavor-enhancingcutlerylikechopsticksthatincreasesweetnesswithamildelectriccurrent．ThefiveundergraduateandgraduateresearchstudentswantedtocreateanewspooncalledSugarwareforpeoplewithsuchdisordersasdiabetes,withwhichsugarislargelyofftheirmenu．Thenewspoonwouldhaveseveralbumps(凸起)onitsundersidetopressagainstthetongue．Thebumpscanbecoveredwithapermanentlayerofmolecules(分子)calledligands．Theseligandsbondwithtaste-cellreceptorproteinsthattypicallyreacttosugarmoleculesorartificialsweeteners．Thebondcanactivatenervesignals,causingthebraintoregisterasenseofsweetness．Adinercouldthusstimulatesweetnessreceptorswithoutactualintakeofsugarorartificialsweeteners．Thisideaissimilartothepreviousworkinthattheyallusecutlerytoenhancetastewithoutauserhavingtoactuallyconsumeanysugar．“Butthemechanismforstimulatingthetastebudsiscompletelydifferent，”ShiyuXu,oneofthestudentresearchers,says,“Itusesbumpsandtaste-bud-stimulatingmoleculesratherthanelectricity．”Theideais“verycreative，”saysPaolaAlmeida,whoistheglobaldirectorofcorporateinnovationatcandymakerMars．Buttheproduct'scommercialsuccesswouldrequireasignificantbehavioralshiftamongconsumers:insteadofaddingtheusualsugarorartificialsweeteners,“nowwe'resaying,‘Usethiscutlery’，”Almeidasays,“Itremainstobeseenwhetherfavor-enhancingcutlerywillcatchon．”1．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout？A．Howthenewinventionworks．B．Howadinerfeelsweetness．C．Howligandsandproteinslink．D．Howsugarmoleculesfunction．2．Inwhatwayisthepreviousflavor-enhancingcutlerydifferentfromSugarware？A．Itmakesfoodmoredelicious．B．Itsendsoutsignalstothebrain．C．Ituseselectricitytoenhancetaste．D．Itreducesusers'foodconsumption．3．WhatisPaolaAlmeida'sattitudetothefutureofSugarware？A．Positive． B．Uncertain．C．Critical． D．Worried．4．What'sthebesttitleofthetext？A．StrugglingforLowSugar?—TryThisSpoonB．LookingforDeliciousFood?—ThisisHowC．WorkingforCommercialSuccess?—BeCreativeD．DietingforBetterHealth?—MindSweeteners【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述一个学生团队在之前的研究成果的基础上进行创造，他们设计了一种勺子，它的结构可以刺激味蕾，在不增加卡路里或化学物质的情况下产生甜味。1．A段落大意题。根据第三段“Thenewspoonwouldhaveseveralbumps(凸起)onitsundersidetopressagainstthetongue．Thebumpscanbecoveredwithapermanentlayerofmolecules(分子)calledligands．Theseligandsbondwithtaste-cellreceptorproteinsthattypicallyreacttosugarmoleculesorartificialsweeteners．Thebondcanactivatenervesignals,causingthebraintoregisterasenseofsweetness．Adinercouldthusstimulatesweetnessreceptorswithoutactualintakeofsugarorartificialsweeteners．(新勺子的底部会有几个凸起来压住舌头。这些凸起可以被一层永久性的分子覆盖，这种分子被称为配体。这些配体与味觉细胞受体蛋白结合，通常对糖分子或人工甜味剂起反应。这种结合可以激活神经信号，使大脑产生甜味。因此，用餐者可以在不摄入糖或人工甜味剂的情况下刺激甜味受体。)”可知，本段主要讲述新勺子是通过什么方式让人的大脑受到刺激感知甜味，即工作原理。故选A。2．C细节理解题。根据第四段“‘Butthemechanismforstimulatingthetastebudsiscompletelydifferent，’ShiyuXu,oneofthestudentresearchers,says,‘Itusesbumpsandtaste-bud-stimulatingmoleculesratherthanelectricity．'(‘但是刺激味蕾的机制是完全不同的，’学生研究员徐世宇说，‘它使用的是撞击和刺激味蕾的分子，而不是电。’)”可知，以前的增味餐具与糖餐具的不同之处是，以前的餐具利用电来提高味道。故选C。3．B观点态度题。根据最后一段“Buttheproduct'scommercialsuccesswouldrequireasignificantbehavioralshiftamongconsumers:insteadofaddingtheusualsugarorartificialsweeteners,“nowwe'resaying,‘Usethiscutlery’，”Almeidasays,‘Itremainstobeseenwhetherfavor-enhancingcutlerywillcatchon．'(但该产品的商业成功需要消费者行为上的重大转变：不再添加常见的糖或人工甜味剂，“现在我们说，‘使用这种餐具'，”阿尔梅达说，“这种增强好感的餐具是否会流行还有待观察。”)”可知，PaolaAlmeida认为新发明是否会流行还需要观察，说明他对Sugarware未来的态度是不确定的。故选B。4．A标题归纳题。根据第一段“Foodshighinsugarareunhealthy,buttheseadditivesaretoodeliciousformanyofustogiveuporreduceinaway．Whatifwecouldsomehowenjoytheirtastewithoutactuallyeatingthem?Astudentteamhasnowdesignedaspoonwithastructurethatstimulatestastebuds(味蕾)toproduceasenseofsweetnesswithoutaddingcaloriesorchemicals．(高糖食物是不健康的，但这些添加剂太美味了，我们很多人都不能放弃或减少某种程度上的添加剂。如果我们不用吃它们就能享受它们的味道呢？一个学生团队现在设计了一种勺子，它的结构可以刺激味蕾，在不增加卡路里或化学物质的情况下产生甜味。)”可知，本文主要围绕一种新型的勺子及其功能进行讲述，该产品适合那些食用低糖食物的人。故选A。B(2023·安徽省A10联盟高考最后一卷)Waterequalslife．Thisistrueforpeople,animalsandplants．Andwhilewaterisplentifulinsomelocations,thisisnotthecaseallovertheworld．NowscientistsfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)mayhavedevelopedawaytochangethat．Thenewdesalination(脱盐)deviceproduceswateractuallyabovetheWorldHealthOrganizationstandards,justbypushingabutton．Therearenofilters(过滤器)required,andthedeviceuseselectricalpowertoremovesaltandotherparticles(微粒)—includingbacteriaandviruses—fromthesaltwater．Thisreducestheneedforconstantmaintenance．Mostcommerciallyavailableportabledesalinationunitsusefiltersthatrequirehigh-pressurepumpstopushthewater,whichmakesthemhugeinsizeandlessenergyefficient．ThefilterlessMITdevicewillallowittobeusedinremoteorresource-limitedplaceslikesmallislands,ships,andevenforemergencyuse．Thedevicetookyearstodevelop．Afterrunningtestsinthelabwithwaterthathaddifferentsalinityandparticles,itwastestedatBoston'sCarsonBeach．Thedeviceproduceddrinkablewaterinjusthalfanhour．Thenewdesalinationunitneedslesspowerthanacellphonecharger,reportedFastCompany,andworksusingtwotypesofelectricalfieldstofilterthesaltwater．Butbestofall,itisdesignedtobeusedbyaveragepeopleandnotengineers．Infact,thedeviceonlyhasthreebuttons,onetopowerthedevice,onetostartit,andonetostopit．Theresearchersarestillworkingonafinaldesignthatcouldusecheapermaterialstomakeitreadybytheendofnextyear．Thissmallbutmightydesalinationunitmaybethekeytobringingsafewatertoathirstyworld．5．What'stheadvantageofthenewdesalinationdevice？A．It'sconvenient．B．It'salotcheaper．C．Ithasimprovedfilters．D．Ithasalargeroutput．6．Howisthethirdparagraphdeveloped？A．Bymakingcomparisons．B．Bygivingexamples．C．Byanalyzingcauses．D．Bylistingfigures．7．Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthemostoutstandingqualityofthenewdevice？A．Itrequiresmuchlesspower．B．Itpossessestwoelectricalfields．C．Itcanbeeasilyoperatedbyordinarypeople．D．Itiscontrolledbythesamebutton．8．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A．DeeperresearchfindsnewcontentsofseawaterB．BettermethodimprovesthequalityofdrinkingwaterC．ReportshowsaworldthirstyforsafedrinkingwaterD．Newportabledevicemakesseawaterdrinkableontheway【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款新的即将面市的便携式海水脱盐设备，它操作方便，体积虽小但功能强大，普通人也能使用，可以为我们缺水的世界带来安全可用淡水。5．A细节理解题。根据第二段“Thenewdesalination(脱盐)deviceproduceswateractuallyabovetheWorldHealthOrganizationstandards,justbypushingabutton．(这种新的海水脱盐装置只需要按下一个按钮，就能产生高于世界卫生组织标准的水。)”可知，这个新的脱盐设备的优势是操作非常方便。故选A。6．A推理判断题。根据第三段“Mostcommerciallyavailableportabledesalinationunitsusefiltersthatrequirehigh-pressurepumpstopushthewater,whichmakesthemhugeinsizeandlessenergyefficient．ThefilterlessMITdevicewillallowittobeusedinremoteorresource-limitedplaceslikesmallislands,ships,andevenforemergencyuse．(大多数商业上可用的便携式海水脱盐装置使用的过滤器需要高压泵来推动水，这使得它们体积庞大，能源效率较低。这种无过滤器的MIT设备可以在偏远或资源有限的地方使用，比如小岛、船只，甚至是紧急情况下使用。)”可知，第三段主要通过对比新的脱盐设备和其他商业上可用的便携式脱盐设备来说明新设备的优势。故选A。7．C细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Butbestofall,itisdesignedtobeusedbyaveragepeopleandnotengineers．(但最重要的是，它是为普通人而不是工程师设计的。)”可知，作者认为这个新设备最突出的优点是普通人也可以轻松操作。故选C。8．D标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了一款新的即将面市的便携式海水脱盐设备，它操作方便，体积虽小但功能强大，普通人也能使用，可以为我们缺水的世界带来安全可用淡水。由此可知，D项“新的便携式设备即将使海水可以饮用”符合文章大意，适合作为文章标题。故选D。C(2023·广东省梅州市高三二模)Artandsciencemayseemlikeoppositethings．Onemeansthecreativeflowofideas,andtheothermeanscold,harddata—somepeoplebelieve．Infact,thetwohavemuchincommon．Now,astudyfindsartcanhelpstudentsrememberbetterwhattheylearnedinscienceclass．MarialeHardiman,aneducationspecialistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity,noticedthatstudentswhousedartintheclassroomlistenedmorecarefully．Theymightaskmorequestions．Theymightvolunteermoreideas．What'smore,studentsseemedtoremembermoreofwhattheyhadbeentaughtwhentheirsciencelessonshadinvolved(涉及)art．Toprovethat,Hardimanteamedupwithsomeresearchersandsixlocalschools．Intheexperiment,theresearchersworkedwithteachersin16fifth-gradeclassrooms．Theyprovidedtraditionalsciencelessonsandart-focusedones．Inatraditionalscienceclass,forexample,studentsmightreadaloudfromabook．Intheart-focusedone,theymightsingtheinformationinstead．Theteamrandomlyassigned(随机分配)eachofthe350studentstoeitheratraditionalscienceclassroomoranart-focusedone．Studentsthenlearnedscienceusingthatwayforthewholeunit—aboutthreeweeks．Whentheychangedtoanewtopic,theyalsochangedtotheothertypeofclass．Thisway,eachstudenthadbothanart-focusedclassandatraditionalone．Everyunitwastaughtinbothways,todifferentgroupsofstudents．Thisenabledtheresearcherstoseehowstudentsdidinbothtypesofclasses．Theteamfoundthatstudentswhostartedoffintraditionalclassesperformedbetteraftertheymovedintoanart-focusedclass．Butthosewhostartedinanart-focusedclassdidwellevenwhentheywentbacktoatraditionalscienceclass．Thesestudentsappearedtousesomeofthearttechniques(技巧)aftergoingbacktoatraditionalclass．Classroomteachersreportedthatmanystudentscontinuedtosingthesongsthattheylearnedafterfinishingtheunit．“Themorewehearsomething,themoreweretainit，”Hardimansays．“Itsuggeststhattheartsmayhelpstudentsapplycreativewaysoflearningontheirown．”9．WhydidMarialeHardimandothestudy？A．Toprovetheimportanceofartatschool．B．Toknowhowtoencouragestudentstoaskquestions．C．Tofindawaytohelpherstudentslearnbetter．D．Toseeifartmightimprovesciencelearning．10．Whatwerethestudentsrequiredtodointheexperiment？A．Learnthreeunitsintotal．B．Choosewhatthey'dliketolearn．C．Learntwotopicsforthreeweeks．D．Taketwotypesofclasses．11．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“retain”inthelastparagraphmean？A．Remember． B．Express．C．Improve． D．Finish．12．Whatisthetextmainlyabout？A．Arthelpsstudentsdevelopcreativity．B．Art-focusedclassesintereststudentsalot．C．Artcanmakescienceeasiertoremember．D．Arthassomethingincommonwithscience．【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项研究发现艺术可以帮助学生更好地记住他们在科学课上学到的东西。9．D细节理解题。根据第二段“What'smore,studentsseemedtoremembermoreofwhattheyhadbeentaughtwhentheirsciencelessonshadinvolved(涉及)art．Toprovethat,Hardimanteamedupwithsomeresearchersandsixlocalschools．(更重要的是，当科学课程涉及艺术时，学生们似乎能记住更多他们所学到的东西。为了证明这一点，Hardiman与一些研究人员和六所当地学校合作。)”可知，MarialeHardiman的研究是为了证明艺术是否能够提高科学学习。故选D。10．D细节理解题。根据第四段“Theteamrandomlyassigned(随机分配)eachofthe350studentstoeitheratraditionalscienceclassroomoranart-focusedone．(研究小组将350名学生随机分为两组，一组是传统的科学教室，另一组是艺术教室。)”以及“Thisenabledtheresearcherstoseehowstudentsdidinbothtypesofclasses．(这使得研究人员能够看到学生在这两种类型的课堂上的表现。)”可知，在实验中，学生被要求选两种类型的课。故选D。11．A词句猜测题。根据画线词后的“Itsuggeststhattheartsmayhelpstudentsapplycreativewaysoflearningontheirown．(这表明，艺术可以帮助学生应用创造性的自学方法。)”可知，艺术有助于学生的学习，我们听到的越多，我们记住(学到)的就越多，由此可知画线词词义为“记住”。故选A。12．C文章大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段“Now,astudyfindsartcanhelpstudentsrememberbetterwhattheylearnedinscienceclass．(现在，一项研究发现，艺术可以帮助学生更好地记住他们在科学课上学到的东西。)”可知，文章主要介绍艺术可以帮助学生更容易记住科学课上学到的东西。故选C。D(2023·江西省上饶市高三一模)ResearchersoutofAustralia'sFlindersUniversityrecentlystudiedvariousphysicalreactionsduringsleepwhenexposedtonoise．Theyfoundthatcertainlevelsofnoisewhilesleeping,eventhosebelowrecommendedsafelevels,mayaffectaperson'scardiovascular(心血管的)response．Whenslowlyactivatedduringsleep,theseresponses“couldpotentiallyhaveadverseeffectsonthecardiovascularsystem，”saidresearchers．Researchersexposed20adultparticipantstovariousdecibels(分贝)ofwindfarmandroadnoisewhileasleep,andthenmonitoredphysicalresponsesincludingbloodflowandheartratesaswellassleepawakenings．Althoughasleep,participantsreactedtothesenoises,asfoundbytheresearchers．Forexample,a48-decibel(dB)noise,whichisquieterthanthe50-dBhumofarefrigerator,was3-4timesmorelikelytocauseachangeinparticipants'pulsewaveamplitude(脉搏波振幅),whichisameasurementthatrelatestobloodflow．Participants'heartratesrespondedtothenoiseaswell．Afterbeingexposedtoanoiseofover40dB,theyexperiencedanincreasefollowedbyadecreaseintheirheartrates．Thestudynotedthatthesesoundlevelsareundertherecommended70dBlimitbytheWorldHealthOrganization．Physiologicalreactionsthatthestudymonitored,suchasheartratesandbloodflow,mayrootintheproperresponsesthatmaybe“potentiallyneededtodefendagainstthreatsduringsleep，”researcherssaid．Sleepistypicallyatimeforthebodytorestandrecover,andnoise-causedactivationofthesecardiovascularresponsesduringsleepmaypreventapersonfromgettingtheproperamountofhealthysleeptheyneed．Researchersnotedthatbeingexposedtonoisepollutionduringsleepmayincreasetheriskofcardiovasculardisease,suchashypertension,heartdisease,andotherharmfulhealtheffects．Tohelpreducethepotentialincreasedhealthriskscausedbyfrequentnoise-causedsleepdisturbances,researchersnotethattheirfindingshelpcreatepublicpoliciesaroundnoiselevelsduringsleep．13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“adverse”inthefirstparagraphmean？A．Positive． B．Obvious．C．Harmful． D．Common．14．WhichofthefollowingwillNOTreacttothenoises？A．Pulsewaveamplitude．B．Senseofsafetyandduty．C．Bloodflowandheartrates．D．Possiblesleepawakening．15．Whatdoresearchershopetoseeaftertheirfindings？A．Allpeoplecanrestandrecoverinnoise-freeenvironments．B．Physiologicalreactionscanbemonitoredformostpeople．C．Frequentnoise-causedsleepdisturbanceswilldisappearsoon．D．Officialpoliciescanbeputonnoisepollutiontoguaranteebettersleep．16．Whatisthemainideaofthetext？A．Noiseduringsleepaffectsyourheart．B．Noise-freesleepischangingyourlife．C．Noisepollutionduringsleepwillbebanned．D．Variousphysicalreactionsariseduringsleep．【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍澳大利亚一所大学的研究，揭示了睡眠时噪音会影响心脏这一理论。13．C词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Researchersnotedthatbeingexposedtonoisepollutionduringsleepmayincreasetheriskofcardiovasculardisease,suchashypertension,heartdisease,andotherharmfulhealtheffects．(研究人员指出，睡眠时暴露在噪音污染中可能会增加患心血管疾病的风险，如高血压、心脏病和其他有害健康的影响。)”可知，睡觉时如果有噪音，可能会增加心血管疾病的风险，并且会造成有害影响；第一段“Theyfoundthatcertainlevelsofnoisewhilesleeping,eventhosebelowrecommendedsafelevels,mayaffectaperson'scardiovascular(心血管的)response．Whenslowlyactivatedduringsleep,theseresponses‘couldpotentiallyhaveadverseeffectsonthecardiovascularsystem，'saidresearchers．(他们发现，睡眠时的某些噪音水平，甚至低于建议的安全水平，可能会影响一个人的心血管反应。研究人员说，当这些反应在睡眠中被缓慢激活时，‘可能会对心血管系统产生adverse影响’。)”也是表述会造成“不利影响”。故选C。14．B细节理解题。根据第二段“Researchersexposed20adultparticipantstovariousdecibels(分贝)ofwindfarmandroadnoisewhileasleep,andthenmonitoredphysicalresponsesincludingbloodflowandheartratesaswellassleepawakenings．Alt