2022年山西同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试真题卷1测

2022年山西同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试真

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1.PassageFive

AcompIexoperationcalledspinalfusionhasemergedasthetreatment

ofchoiceformanykindsofbackpain.Butanumberofresearcherssay

thereisIittIescientificevidencetoshowthatformostpatients,spinal

fusionworksanybetterthanasimpleroperation,theIamineetomy（椎

板切除术）・SomepeopIewouldbebetteroffwithnosurgeryatall.Even

doctorswhofavorfusionssaythatmoreresearchisneededontheir

benefits.

Intheabsenceofbetterdata,criticspointtoadifferentreasonfor

thefusionoperation1sfastrise:money.Medicarecanpayasurgeonas

muchasfourtimesmoreforaspinalfusionasforaIamineetomy.Hospitals

alsocoIIecttwotofourtimesasmuch."WealIcaveintomarketand

economicforces,MsaidDr.EdwardC.BenzeI.Thoughdoctors,asarule,

shouIdfavortheIeastcompIicatedtreatment-withsurgerybeingtheIast

resort一Dr.BenzeIestimatedthatfewerthanhaIfofthespinalfusions

donetodaywereprobablyappropriate.

DoctorsandhospitalsarenottheonlyplayerswithafinanciaIstake

infusionoperations.Criticsblamethecompaniesthatmakethehardware

forpromotingmorecompIexfusionswithoutevidencethattheyare

significantIymoreeffective.SomesortofhardwareisusedinaImost

90percentoflower-backfusionsandthenationaIbillforthehardware

alonehassoaredto$2.5billionayear.

ThehardwaremakersacknowledgegivingsurgeonsmiIIionsofdollarsfor

consultingandresearches,butsaythemoneypromotestechnicaland

medicaIadvancesthatimprovebackcare.ButalawsuitbroughtbyScott

A.Wiese,aformersalesrepresentativeofMedtronic-thebiggestmaker

ofspinalhardware,accusedthecompanyoftryingtopersuadesurgeons

touseitsproductswithoffersoffirst-classplaneticketstoHawaii

andnightsatthefinesthoteIs.Medtronicsaiditdidnothingwrong,

anditdeniedtheaccusationsinthelawsuit.Butthecompanydisciosed

earIierthisyearthatthefederalgovernmentwasinvestigatingcharges

thatitpaidiIIegaIkickbackstosurgeons.FederalofficiaIsdecIined

tocommentontheinvestigation,andMedtronicsaiditwouldvigorously

defenditself.

Still,betweentheallureofmoneyandthequestforbreakthroughsin

treatment,someprominentspinalsurgeonssaythatbackcarehasgone

astray.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsonthetreatmentofbackpainistrue

A.Spinalfusionprovidesabettercurethanothertreatments.

B.Spinalfusionisnogoodtopatientssufferingfrombackpains.

C.Thereislimitedevidenceastowhichtreatmentisbetter.

D.Doctorshavegreatconfidenceinthebenefitsofspinalfusion.

2.PartIVCloze

Directions:Inthispart,thereisapassagewith15blanks.Foreach

blanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

Michael,anAmericanprofessionalbasketbalIplayer,isconsideredby

manytobethegreatestplayerinbasketbalIhistory.The6feet6inches

shootingguardfirstbecameknownasan(61)individualscorer,butas

hematuredasaplayerhe(62)amoreteam-orientedapproachtothegame.

JordanledtheChicagoBuiIstosixNationaIBasketbaIIAssociation(NBA)

championships.Hiswidespread(63)fansheIpedmakebasketbaIIoneof

theworld'smostpopular(64)sports.

MichaelJordanwasborninBrooklyn,NewYork,thefourthoffive

chiIdrenborntothefamily.LongbeforehisbasketbaII(65)emerged,

youngMichaelIikedtoplaybasebalIwithhisfather.Asateenager,

Jordanbecame(66)inNorthCarolinaforhisbasebalIskills,andhe

wasnamedmost(67)playerafterhisteamwonthestatechampionship.

WhenJordanjoinedtheNBAin1984,basketbaII'spopularitywasaIready

(68).ButobserversbeIievethatJordanwasthe(69)forcethatkept

basketbal19sappeaIfresh.TheBuils,(70)oftheNBAunderJordan1

sleadershipcapturedtheimaginationofmanypeople,andhisathIetic

skills,and(71)drivecreatednewbasketbalIfansasfewotherplayers

have.

Jordan5spopuIarityhasspreadweII(72)scoringtitles,championships,

andotheraspectsoftheNBA.Hehasbecomeoneofthemost-recognized

individualsintheworld.Jordanhasbeenespecially(73)inthe

sportswearindustry,(74)Nike,sintroductionofthefamousIineof

AirJordanbasketbalIshoesin1984.ThepartnershipbetweenJordanand

Nikebecame(75)successfuIthat,beforethe1997-98season,Nike

createdaseparatebusinessunitknownastheJORDANbrandtomarket

footwearandapparelthatJordanhimselfheIpeddesign.

A.excessive

B.expensive

C.explosive

D.explicit

3.PassageFive

AcompIexoperationcalledspinalfusionhasemergedasthetreatment

ofchoiceformanykindsofbackpain.Butanumberofresearcherssay

thereisIittIescientificevidencetoshowthatformostpatients,spinal

fusionworksanybetterthanasimpleroperation,theIamineetomy（椎

板切除术）.SomepeopIewouldbebetteroffwithnosurgeryatall.Even

doctorswhofavorfusionssaythatmoreresearchisneededontheir

benefits.

Intheabsenceofbetterdata,criticspointtoadifferentreasonfor

thefusionoperation'sfastrise:money.Medicarecanpayasurgeonas

muchasfourtimesmoreforaspinalfusionasforaIamineetomy.Hospitals

alsocoIIecttwotofourtimesasmuch."WealIcaveintomarketand

economicforces,MsaidDr.EdwardC.BenzeI.Thoughdoctors,asarule,

shouIdfavortheIeastcompIicatedtreatment-withsurgerybeingtheIast

resort—Dr.BenzeIestimatedthatfewerthanhalfofthespinalfusions

donetodaywereprobablyappropriate.

DoctorsandhospitalsarenottheonlyplayerswithafinanciaIstake

infusionoperations.Criticsblamethecompaniesthatmakethehardware

forpromotingmorecompIexfusionswithoutevidencethattheyare

significantlymoreeffective.SomesortofhardwareisusedinaImost

90percentoflower-backfusionsandthenationalbillforthehardware

alonehassoaredto$2.5billionayear.

ThehardwaremakersacknowledgegivingsurgeonsmiIIionsofdollarsfor

consultingandresearches,butsaythemoneypromotestechnicaland

medicaIadvancesthatimprovebackcare.ButaIawsuitbroughtbyScott

A.Wiese,aformersalesrepresentativeofMedtronic-thebiggestmaker

ofspinalhardware,accusedthecompanyoftryingtopersuadesurgeons

touseitsproductswithoffersoffirst-classplaneticketstoHawaii

andnightsatthefinesthoteIs.Medtronicsaiditdidnothingwrong,

anditdeniedtheaccusationsinthelawsuit.Butthecompanydisclosed

earIierthisyearthatthefederalgovernmentwasinvestigatingcharges

thatitpaidi11egaIkickbackstosurgeons.FederalofficiaIsdecIined

tocommentontheinvestigation,andMedtronicsaiditwouldvigorously

defenditself.

Still,betweentheallureofmoneyandthequestforbreakthroughsin

treatment,someprominentspinalsurgeonssaythatbackcarehasgone

astray.

ItisimpIiedthatdoctors.

A.tendtochoosethetreatmentthatisconsideredthebestforpatients

B.haveputfinancialinterestsaheadofpatientsinconsiderablecases

C.arelikelytofavormorecomplicatedtreatmenttoimproveskills

D.wishtochangethecurrentsystemofhowtheygetpaidfortheirwork

4.PartIVCloze

Directions:Inthispart,thereisapassagewith15blanks.Foreach

blanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,0andD.

MichaelranAmericanprofessionalbasketbalIplayer,isconsideredby

manytobethegreatestplayerinbasketbalIhistory.The6feet6iriches

shootingguardfirstbecameknownasan(61)individualscorer,butas

hematuredasaplayerhe(62)amoreteam-orientedapproachtothegame.

JordanledtheChicagoBuIIstosixNationaIBasketbaIIAssociation(NBA)

championships.Hiswidespread(63)fansheIpedmakebasketba11oneof

theworld'smostpopular(64)sports.

MichaelJordanwasborninBrooklyn,NewYork,thefourthoffive

chiIdrenborntothefamily.LongbeforehisbasketbaII(65)emerged,

youngMichaelIikedtoplaybasebalIwithhisfather.Asateenager,

Jordanbecame(66)inNorthCarolinaforhisbasebalIskills,andhe

wasnamedmost(67)playerafterhisteamwonthestatechampionship.

WhenJordanjoinedtheNBAin1984,basketbaII'spopularitywasaIready

(68).ButobserversbeIievethatJordanwasthe(69)forcethatkept

basketbaIPsappeaIfresh.TheBulls9(70)oftheNBAunderJordan'

sleadershipcapturedtheimaginationofmanypeople,andhisathletic

skills,and(71)drivecreatednewbasketbaIIfansasfewotherplayers

have.

JordanjspopuIarityhasspreadwe11(72)scoringtitles,championships,

andotheraspectsoftheNBA.Hehasbecomeoneofthemost-recognized

individualsintheworld.Jordanhasbeenespecially(73)inthe

sportswearindustry,(74)Nike'sintroductionofthefamousIineof

AirJordanbasketba11shoesin1984.ThepartnershipbetweenJordanand

Nikebecame(75)successfulthat,beforethe1997-98season,Nike

createdaseparatebusinessunitknownastheJORDANbrandtomarket

footwearandapparelthatJordanhimselfheIpeddesign.

A.adapted

B.adopted

C.adjusted

D.admitted

5.

Directions:Thereare5passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfoilowed

bysixquestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemthereare

fourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

PassageOne

Thissummer,forthefirsttime,EmoryCoIIegeletfreshmenpicktheir

ownroommatesinanonIineroommate-seIectionsystemthatworksonthe

sameprinciplesascomputerdating.Students,usingscreennamestohide

theiridentities,postedprofilesofthemselvesdetaiIingpersonality

attributes,workhabits,musicandfoodpreferences,andanswersto

questionsIikewhethertheyhopedtoHdoalmosteverything"withtheir

roommateornIeadseparatebutcompatibIeIives.11

Roommate-matchingisasummerritualthatplungescollegehousing

officesintothemostintimaterealmofsleeppatterns,cleaninghabits,

andnoisetolerance.OnIinematchingisonthecuttingedge.Housing

officiaIsatEmory,inAtIanta,saytheyexpectthatIettingstudents

picktheirownroommateswiIIincreasetheIikeIihoodofcompatibiIity.

Andthere'sIittIeriskofhurtfeelingsifthee-maiIexchangesdonot

leadtoamatch,sincetheinitialroundofcontactsisdoneunderscreen

names.

Severalstudieshaveshownthatroommateshaveanimpactontheattitudes

andsociaIbehaviorofthosetheyIivewith.Andonerecentstudyfound

thataroommateJsacademicperformancehasasmaII,butstatistically

significant,effectontheotherroommate1sgrade-pointaverage.Other

studies,however,didnotfindthateffect.

Thebusinessofassigningroommatesvarieswidelyacrossthecountry.

AtDavidsonCollege,thehousingstaffsorteveryfreshmanwithcareful

hand-selection.TheDavidsonphilosophyisthatroommatesshouldbeas

similaraspossible,whilehallsshouldbeasdiverseaspossible."We

hadamatchthatseemedperfect,untiIwediscoveredthatonewasacattIe

rancher1ssonandtheotherwasavegan（绝对素食者）,saidMs.Kromm.

"TheyshouIddefinitelymeet,onthesamehall.Butwedidn,twantto

puttheminthesameroom."Occasionally,anincomingstudentasksto

bepairedwithanAsian,orsaysshemightnotbeabletogetalongwith

aRepubIican.Insuchcases,Ms.KrommwillremindthemthatDavidson

doesnotacceptroommatepreferencesbasedonrace,ethnicity,and

religion.

Davidson1scareinmatchingpaysoff."ByChristmaslastyear,wehad

onlyfourrequestsforroommatechangesoutof480students."Noone

knowswhethercomputer-matchingworksaswell.ButatEmory,sofar,

studentreactionseemstobetellingsomething:theonIinesystemis

overwhelmedwithclicks.

Ife-maiIexchangesbetweenstudentsfaiItofindamatch,thestudents

invoIved.

A.willendupwithhurtfeelings

B.willstopusingtheirscreennames

C.won,tfeelembarrassedordiscouraged

D.won'thaveanotherchancetocontactothers

6.PassageTwo

AccordingtonewresearchofProf.RandoIfMenzelfromtheFree

UniversityinBerIin,thepopularimageofbeesastheultimatehard

workerswasinaccurate.nAIthoughweseebeesbuzzingaroundtirelessly

inspringandsummer,thecommonbeliefinabee'sbusynatureisbased

onamisconception,"hesaid.PeopIeonlyreallyseebeeswhenthey'

reoutflying,ortheylookatacoIonyofbeesandseethousandsofthem

buzzingaround.Theydon5tgettopickthemoutasindividuals.The

professor,whothismonthwonaGermanZoologicalSocietyawardforhis

workonbees,addedthatbeescompensatedfortheirapparentlaziness

withhighinteIIigenceyadvancedmemoryskillsandanabilitytolearn

quickly.

Thesuggestionthatbeeswerenotpullingtheirweightmetwith

skepticismfromBritishbeekeepers.GlynDavies,thePresidentofthe

BritishBeekeepersAssociation,saidthatbeeswerenotlazybut

efficient."AtanyparticularstageinitsIife,abeehasaspecific

jobtodo.Iftheyareunabletodothatjob,theyconservetheirenergy

bydoingnothing.EachbeehasaunitofIifeenergyandthefasterit

works,thefasteritdies.Theyarebeingverywiseandperhapshumans

shouIdtrytofoIIowtheirexampIeinsteadofrunningaboutIikeheadIess

chickens.11

Theideaofthebusybeeisseveralthousandyearsold.Onecurrentauthor

whohasnothingbutadmirationforthebeeisPaulTheroux,thenovelist

andpart-timebeekeeper.MIhaveneverseenabeesIeeping.Mybeesnever

stopworking.r,hesaid,Mr.Theroux,whokeeps85hiveseachcontaining

30000beesinHawaii,addedthatProf.Menze19sresearchcouldhavebeen

affectedbyhisnationaIorigins.nPerhapsincomparisontotheGerman

rateofwork,thebeedoeslooklazy,“hesaid.

FewpeopIethinkthatthebusybeeideawiIIgoaway,despitetheefforts

ofProf.MenzeI.Itperformstoomanyusefulfunctionsinourculture.

Infact,theworshipofheesseemstobeundergoingarenaissance.IBM

recentlyranaseriesofadsdrawingonthe“waggIedancenofbees,

tellingbusinessmento"makeyourbusinesswaggle.”

AccordingtoProf.RandolfMenzel,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue

A.Beesarehardworking.

B.Beesarequicklearners.

C.Beeshaveintelligence.

D.Beeshavegoodmemory.

7.PassageThree

FewfoodsaremorealluringthanchocoIate."ChocoIateisadrugofabuse

initsowncategory,"jokesDr.LouisAronne."It'sahnostasifpeopIe

havechocolatereceptorsintheirbrains.”

Thatmaynotbetoofaroffthemark.Inarecentbookcalled“Breaking

theFoodSeduction,HDr.NealBarnardcontendsthatcertainfoods——

includingchocoIate,cheese,redmeatandpracticallyanythingcombining

sugarandfat-arejustplainaddictive."It'snotthatyoulack

wiIIpower.ThesefoodsstimuIatethereleaseofchemicalsinthebrain'

spleasurecenterthatkeepyouhooked.”

Besidestappingthebrain5sown“feelgood'1chemicals,Barnardsays,

someofthesefoodscontaindrug-1ikemolecules（分子）ofoftheirown.

Cheesedeliverscasomorphins,thesamecompoundsinamother1smiIkthat

helpaninfantbondduringnursing,hesays,butcheeseisevenmore

powerful,becauseitdeliverscasomorphinsinanundiIutedform.The

result:"We'rebondingtoourrefrigerators.”

Otherscientistsdoubtthesedrug-1ikecompoundshaveenoughforceto

makethefoodsaddictive.Butnoonedeniesthatfatandsugarexerta

strongappeaI.Thebrainisdesignedtorewardeatingandotherbehaviors

thatpromotesurvival.Andthroughouthistory,withfoodrelativelyhard

tocomeby,whatprmnotedsurvivalbetterthancalorie-densefoodspacked

withfatandsugarBesides,fatandsugaralsocalmthebrain,lowering

levelsofstresshormones."That'swhyweca11themcomfortfoods,"says

physiologistMaryDalIman.

Butcomfortisdifferentfromaddiction.Inclassicaddiction,thebrain

growslesssensitivetoapleasurablesubstance,andtheaddictrequires

higherandhigherdosestoderivethesamerewards.Canfoodcausethat

kindofchangePerhaps.Inanewstudy,AnnKeileyofferedratseither

plainwaterorahigh-caloriechocoIatedrink.Overatwo-weekperiod,

theanimalsdrankmoreandmorechocolate,butproducedfewerbrain

opiates（镇静剂）inresponse."Youseethesamethinginratsonmorphine

orheroin,11shesays.

Admittedly,somefoodscanbehardtostopeating.Butthesefoodsare

lesshabit-formingthanaIcohoI-andmostpeopIecanenjoyadrink

withoutbecomingalcoholic.Therealproblemtodaymaybethatwe5re

constantlysurroundedwithfood-andcan1tundomillionsofyearsof

evolution.

CasomorphinisthechemicaIthat.

A.makespeopleaddictedtothematerialcontainingit

B.stimulatesthefeel-goodchemicalinourbrain

C.makesthebrainlesssensitivetopleasure

D.increasesourwillpowertoresistchocolate

8.PassageFour

CurtDunnamboughtaChevroletBlazerwithoneofthemostpopularnew

featuresinhigh-endcars:theOnStarpersonalsecuritysystem.

TheheaviIyadvertisedcommunicationsandtrackingfeatureisused

nationwidebymorethantwomilliondrivers,whosimplypushabutton

toconnect,viaabuilt-incelIphone,toamemberoftheOnStarstaff.

AGlobalPositioningSystem,orG.P.S.,helpstheemployeegiveverbal

directionstothedriverorIocatethecarafteranaccident.Thecompany

canevensendasignaItounIockcardoorsforIocked-outowners,orhonk

thehorntohelppeopIefindtheircarsinanendlessplainofparking

spaces.ThebiggestseiIingpointforthesystemisitsuseinthwarting

carthieves.Onceanownerreportstothepolicethatacarhasbeenstolen,

thecompanycantrackittohelpinterceptthethieves,aserviceit

performsabout400timeseachmonth.

ButforMr.Dunnam,themoreheIearnedabouthiscar9ssecurityfeatures,

thelesssecurehefelt.Hehasenoughtechnicalknowledgetoworrythat

someoneeIse-1awenforcementofficers,orhackers-couIdIisteninonhis

phonecalls,orgaincontroloverhisautomotivesystemswithouthis

knowledgeorconsent."WhileIdon'tbeIieveG.M.intentionaIIydesigned

thissystemtofaciIitatesuchactivities,theysurehavemadeiteasy,”

hesaid.

Mr.Dunnamsaidhehadbecomeevenmoreconcernedbecauseofafederal

appeaIscourtcaseinvolvingacriminalinvestigation,inwhichfederaI

authoritieshaddemandedthatacompanyattachawiretaptotracking

servicesIikethoseinstaIIedinhiscar.Thesuitdidnotrevealwhich

companywasinvolved.Athree-judgepanelinSanFranciscorejectedthe

request,butnotonprivacygrounds;thepanelsaidthewiretapwould

interferewiththeoperationofthesafetyservices.OnStarhassaidthat

itsequipmentwasnotinvolvedinthatcase.AnOnStarspokeswoman,Geri

Lama,suggestedthatMr.Dunnam'sworrieswereoverblown.ThesignaIs

thatthecompanysendstounlockcardoorsortracklocation-based

informationcanbetriggeredonlywithasecureexchangeofspecific

identifyingdata,whichoughttodeteraIIbutthemostdeterminedhackers,

shesaid.

WecanconcludefromthepassagethatOnStaris.

A.toocomplicatedtouseespeciallyfornewdrivers

B.notasusefulandeffectiveasthecompanyclaims

C.popularlyusedamongmoreexpensiveears

D.notwidelyusedinthecountryexceptinafewstates

9.PassageFive

AcompIexoperationcalledspinalfusionhasemergedasthetreatment

ofchoiceformanykindsofbackpain.Butanumberofresearcherssay

thereisIiftIescientificevidencetoshowthatformostpatients,spinal

fusionworksanybetterthanasimpleroperation,theIamineetomy（椎

板切除术）.SomepeopIewouldbebetteroffwithnosurgeryatall.Even

doctorswhofavorfusionssaythatmoreresearchisneededontheir

benefits.

Intheabsenceofbetterdata,criticspointtoadifferentreasonfor

thefusionoperation'sfastrise:money.Medicarecanpayasurgeonas

muchasfourtimesmoreforaspinalfusionasforaIaminectomy.Hospitals

alsocoIIecttwotofourtimesasmuch.nWealIcaveintomarketand

economicforces,MsaidDr.EdwardC.BenzeI.Thoughdoctors,asarule,

shouIdfavortheIeastcompIicatedtreatment-withsurgerybeingtheIast

resort一Dr.BenzeIestimatedthatfewerthanhaIfofthespinalfusions

donetodaywereprobablyappropriate.

Doctorsandhospitalsarenottheonlyplayerswithafinancialstake

infusionoperations.Criticsblamethecompaniesthatmakethehardware

forpromotingmorecompIexfusionswithoutevidencethattheyare

significantlymoreeffective.SomesortofhardwareisusedinaImost

90percentoflower-backfusionsandthenationaIbillforthehardware

alonehassoaredto$2.5billionayear.

ThehardwaremakersacknowledgegivingsurgeonsmiIIionsofdollarsfor

consultingandresearches,butsaythemoneypromotestechnicaland

medicaIadvancesthatimprovebackcare.ButalawsuitbroughtbyScott

A.Wiese,aformersalesrepresentativeofMedtronic-thebiggestmaker

ofspinalhardware,accusedthecompanyoftryingtopersuadesurgeons

touseitsproductswithoffersoffirst-classplaneticketstoHawaii

andnightsatthefinesthoteIs.Medtronicsaiditdidnothingwrong,

anditdeniedtheaccusationsinthelawsuit.Butthecompanydisclosed

earIierthisyearthatthefederalgovernmentwasinvestigatingcharges

thatitpaidiIIegaIkickbackstosurgeons.FederalofficiaIsdeciined

tocommentontheinvestigation,andMedtronicsaiditwouldvigorously

defenditself.

Still,betweentheallureofmoneyandthequestforbreakthroughsin

treatment,someprominentspinalsurgeonssaythatbackcarehasgone

astray.

Thehardwaremakers.

A.haveobtainedenormousprofitsfromtheoperation

B.haveinvestedheavilyontheresearchofnewproducts

C.havehelpeddoctorsandhospitalsgainmoreexperience

D.havesuccessfullyprovedtheeffectivenessoftheirproducts

10.PartIVCloze

Directions:Inthispart,thereisapassagewith15blanks.Foreach

blanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,0andD.

MichaeltanAmericanprofessionalbasketbaIIplayer,isconsideredby

manytobethegreatestplayerinbasketbaIIhistory.The6feet6iriches

shootingguardfirstbecameknownasan(61)individualscorer,butas

hematuredasaplayerhe(62)amoreteam-orientedapproachtothegame.

JordanledtheChicagoBuiIstosixNationaIBasketbaIIAssociation(NBA)

championships.Hiswidespread(63)fansheIpedmakebasketba11oneof

theworld,smostpopular(64)sports.

MichaelJordanwasborninBrooklyn,NewYork,thefourthoffive

chiIdrenborntothefamily.LongbeforehisbasketbaII(65)emerged,

youngMichaelIikedtoplaybasebalIwithhisfather.Asateenager,

Jordanbecame(66)inNorthCarolinaforhisbasebalIskills,andhe

wasnamedmost(67)playerafterhisteamwonthestatechampionship.

WhenJordanjoinedtheNBAin1984,basketbaITspopuIaritywasaIready

(68).ButobserversbeIievethatJordanwasthe(69)forcethatkept

basketbaI19sappeaI