2023年考研外语考试题目及答案18

考研外语考试题目及答案18

一、UseofEnglish

1>It'sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyou

wavegoodbye,andthat[1]eveningyou'reburningthelate-night

oilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards,

[2]arethrowingthebooksatkids.[3]elementaryschool

studentsarecomplainingofhomework[4]What'sawell-meaning

parenttodo?

Ashardas[5]mayhe,sitbackandchill,expertsadvise.Though

you'vegottogetthemtodoit,[6]helpingtoomuch,oreven

examining[7]toocarefully,youmaykeepthem[8]doingitby

themselves."Iwouldn'tadviseaparenttocheckevery[9]

assignment,sayspsychologistJohnRosemond,authorofEnding

theToughHomework."There'sa[10]ofappreciationfortrial

anderror.LetyourchiIdren[11]thegradetheydeserve."Many

expertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkof

youngerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir[12].But"you

don'twantthemtofeelithastobe[13]shesays.

That'snottosayparentsshould[14]homework-first,they

shouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids[15].Thirtyminutes

adayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin[16]four,

five,andsixisstandard,saysRosemond.Forjunior-high

studentsitshouldbe”[17]morethananhourandahalf,“and

twoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild[181hasmore

homeworkthanthis,youmaywanttocheck[19]otherparents

andthentalktotheteacherabout[20]assignments.

(1)

A.very

B.exact

C.right

D.usual

2、(2)

A.officials

B.parents

C.experts

D.schools

3、(3)

A.Also

B.Even

C.Then

D.However

4、⑷

A.fatigue

B.confusion

C.duty

D.puzzle

5、(5)

A.there

B.we

C.they

D.it

6、(6)

A.via

B.under

C.by

D.for

7、(7)

A.questions

B.answers

C.standards

D.rules

8、(8)

A.off

B.without

43

C.beyond

D.from

9、⑼

A.single

B.piece

C.page

D.other

10、(10)

A.drop

B.short

C.cut

D.lack

11、(H)

A.acquire

B.earn

C.gather

D.reach

12、(12)

A.exercises

B.defects

C.mistakes

D.tests

4

13、(13)

A.perfect

B.better

C.unusual

D.complete

14、(14)

A.forget

B.refuse

C.miss

D.ignore

15、(15)

A.have

B.prepare

C.make

D.perform

16、(16)

A.classes

B.groups

C.grades

D.terms

17、(17)

A.about

5

B.no

C.much

D.few

18、(18)

A.previously

B.rarely

C.merely

D.consistently

19、(19)

A.with

B.in

C.out

D.up

20、(20)

A.finishing

B.lowering

C.reducing

D.declining

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Theunknownpervadestheuniverse.Thatwhichpeoplecansee,

withtheaidofvarioussortsoftelescope,accountsforjust

4%ofthetotalmass.Therest,however,mustexist.Without

it,galaxieswouldnotsurviveandtheuniversewouldnotbe

gentlyexpanding,aswitnessedbyastronomers.Whatexactly

constitutesthisdarkmatteranddarkenergyremainsmysterious,

butphysicistshaverecentlyuncoveredsomemoreclues,about

theformer,atleast.

Onepossibleexplanationfordarkmatterisagroupofsubatomic

particlescalledneutrinos.Neutrinosarethoughttobethe

mostabundantparticlesintheuniverse.Accordingtothe

StandardModel,themostsuccessfuldescriptionofparticle

physicstodate,neutrinoscomeinthreevarieties,called

“flavors”.Again,accordingtotheStandardModel,theyare

point-like,electricallyneutralandmassless.Butinrecent

years,thisviewhasbeenchallenged,asphysicistsrealized

thatneutrinosmighthavemass.

Thefirststrongevidencecamein1998,whenresearchersatan

experiment,basedinJapan,showedthatmuonneutrinosproduced

bycosmicrayshittingtheupperatmospherehadgonemissing

bythetimetheyshouldhavereachedanundergrounddetector.

Itsoperatorssuspectthatthemissingmuonneutrinoshad

changedflavor,becomingelectronneutrinosor-morelikely-tau

neutrinos.Theo-rysuggeststhatthisprocess,called

oscillation,canhappenonlyifneutrinoshavemass.

Overthecomingmonthsandyears,researchershopetoproduce

themostaccuratemeasurementsyet.Theresearcherscreateda

beamofmuonneutrinosfirst.Ontheothersideofthetarget

sataparticledetectorthatmonitoredthenumberofmuon

neutrinosleaving.Theneutrinosthentravelled750km(450

miles)throughtheEarthtoadetectorinaformerironmine

inSoudan,Minnesota.Researchersthenwereabletoconfirm

thatasignificantnumberofmuonneutrinoshad

disappeared-thatis,theyhadchangedflavor.Whiletheirmass

issosmallthatneutrinoscannotbethesoleconstituentof

darkmatter,theyhaveanadvantageinthattheyareatleast

knowntoexist.

Thesamecannotbesaidforsureofanotherpossibleform,of

darkmatterbeingstudiedbyagroupofphysicistsinItaly.

Iftheresultcontinuestowithstandscrutiny,itwouldappear

tobeevidenceforanexoticnewsortoffundamentalparticle,

knownasanaxion,whichcouldalsobeatypeofdarkmatter.

Whatdoestheword"pervades”(Line1,Para.1)mean?

A.Beofhigherrankorauthority.

B.Tospreadthroughthewholeextentof.

C.Togainthevictoryorsuperiority.

D.Tomakesomethingcometrue.

2、

Whataspectaboutneutrinoshasbeenquestionedinrecent

years?

A.Neutrinosareintheshapeofpoints.

B.Therearealtogetherthreedifferentvarietiesof

Neutrinos.

C.Neutrinosdonothaveanymass.

D.Neutrinosarethemostabundantparticlesintheuniverse.

3、

Howshouldweunderstandtheprocessofoscillation?

A.Cosmicraysareusedtoproducemuonneutrinos.

B.Muonneutrinoswentmissingduringexperiments.

C.Cosmicrayshittheupperatmosphere.

D.Oneflavorofneutrinosischangedintoanotherone.

4、

WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheexperiment

mentionedinParagraph4?

A.Itcanbeusedtoconfirmprevioussuspectsaboutneutrinos.

B.Thenumberofmuonneutrinoschangedintheprocessofthe

experiment.

C.Amoreaccuratenumbercanbeputonthemassofneutrinos

basedonthisexperiment.

D.Theresultoftheexperimentcontradictsthatin1998.

5、

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutaxion?

A.Itisknownforsuretoexistalthoughnotenoughevidence

isavailable.

B.Itisanotherpossibleconstituentofdarkmatter.

C.Thesearchforhypotheticalparticlehasfailedsofar.

D.Ifsuccessful,experimentwillproveittobethesoleform,

ofdarkmatter.

6、Loveisprobablythebestantidepressantthereisbecause

oneofthemostcommonsourcesofdepressionisfeelingunloved.

Mostdepressedpeopledon'tlovethemselvesandtheydonotfeel

lovedbyothers.Theyalsoareveryself-focused,makingthem

lessattractivetoothersanddeprivingthemofopportunities

tolearntheskillsoflove.Thereisamythologyinourculture

thatlovejusthappens.Asaresult,thedepressedoftensit

aroundpassivelywaitingforsomeonetolovethem.Butlove

doesn,tworkthatway.Togetloveandkeeploveyouhaveto

gooutandbeactiveandlearnavarietyofspecificskills.

Mostofusgetourideasoflovefrompopularculture.Wecome

tobelievethatloveissomethingthatsweepsusoffourfeet.

Butthepop-cultureidealofloveconsistsofunrealistic

imagescreatedforentertainment,whichisonereasonsomany

ofusaresetuptobedepressed.It'spartofournational

vulnerability,likeeatingjunkfood,constantlystimulatedby

imagesofinstantgratification.Wethinkitislovewhenit's

simplydistractionandinfatuation.Oneconsequenceisthat

whenwehitreallovewebecomeupsetanddisappointedbecause

therearemanythingsthatdonotfittheculturalideal.

Limeranceisthepsychologicalstateofdeepinfatuation.It

feelsgoodbutrarelylasts.Limeranceisthatfirststageof

madattractionwherebyallthehormonesareflowingandthings

feelsoright.Limerancelasts,onaverage,sixmonths.Itcan

progresstolove.Lovemostlystartsoutaslimerance,but

limerancedoesn，talwaysevolveintolove.

Loveisalearnedskill,notsomethingthatcomesfromhormones

oremotionparticularly.ErichFrommcalledit"anactofwill.

"Ifyoudon'tlearntheskillsofloveyouvirtuallyguarantee

thatyouwillbedepressed,notonlybecauseyouwillnotbe

connectedenough,butbecauseyouwillhavemanyfailure

experiences.

Therearealwayscoredifferencesbetweentwopeople,nomatter

howgoodorcloseyouare,andiftherelationshipisgoingright

thosedifferencessurface.Theissuethenistoidentifythe

differencesandnegotiatethemsothattheydon'tdistanceyou

orkilltherelationship.Youdothatbyunderstandingwhere

theotherpersoniscomingfrom,whothatpersonis,andbybeing

abletorepresentyourself.Whenthedifferencesareknownyou

mustbeabletonegotiateandcompromiseonthemuntilyoufind

acommongroundthatworksforboth.

Themythologythat"lovejusthappens，zmeansthat.

A.lovewillcomeasyouarewaitingforit

B.itisrarethatonecanfindreallove

C.peoplealwaysactivelyseeklove

D.givingandgettingisjustinlove

7、

Accordingtothepassage,whyarewestillupsetand

disappointedwhenlovecomes?

A.Wethinkitisnotreallove.

B.Wefindloveisactuallyveryunrealistic.

C.Webecomemorevulnerableinlove.

D.Wefinditisdifferentfromtheideal"love"conceptin

ourmind.

8、

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutthe

relationshipbetweenlimeranceandlove?

A.Limerancelastsforalongtimewhilelovedoesnot.

B.Limeranceissodifferentthatitcanneverbecomereallove.

C.Limeranceisusuallythestartingpointoflove.

D.Loveisrealwhilelimeranceisnot.

9、

ErichFrommcalledlove“anactofwill“because.

A.youhavetowaittogetlove

B.loveissomethingyoucangetwhenyouwant

C.loveisaskillyouhavetolearn

D.youcanonlygetloveaftermanyfailures

10、

Whatisthesuggestiongivenbytheauthorinthispassage

aboutthecoredifferencesbetweentwopeople?

A.Tofindoutthedifferencesandtalkaboutthem.

B.Toavoidtalkingaboutthedifferences.

C.Tochangedifferencesintosimilarities.

D.Topretendthatdifferencesdonotexist.

11、Majorlifechangesmayplayaroleinasmanyasaquarter

ofchronicdailyheadachecasesthatariseamongotherwise

healthyadultmenandwomen,studyfindingssuggest."Major

lifeeventsmayprecipitateorco-occurwiththedevelopment

ofchronicdailyheadaches,z，Dr.AnnI.Schersaid.Majorlife

changesliterallyshakeupourworld,andinviteorpressure

ustointeractwithlifeinnewways.Togrow,weneedtochange

ourbeliefsystemstoallowfornewlevelsofthinkingand

performance.

Scher,ofUniformedServicesUniversity,inBethesda,Maryland,

andcolleaguesassessedreportsofmajorlifechangesamong

206menandwomenwhometcriteriaforchronicdailyheadache

(180ormoreheadachedaysperyear).Theyassessedsimilar

reportsfrom507menandwomenwith"episodic"headache(2to

104headachedaysperyear).

Theinvestigatorsassessedchangesinwork,maritalstatus,

children，sstatus,orresidence;aswellasdeathsoffamily

orclosefriends.Theyalsoinquiredaboutself-defined

“extremelystressfulsituations,suchasfinancialproblems,

anongoingindividualillnessorthatofafamilymember,or

anongoingabusiverelationship.Comparedwithmenandwomen

withepisodicheadache,menandwomenwithchronicdaily

headacheweremorelikelytohaveexperiencedmajorlifeevents

inthe2-yearperiodpriortotheonsetoftheirheadache

condition,theresearchersreportinthemedicaljournal

Cephalalgia.

Thestrongestpredictorofchronicdailyheadachewasan

ongoingextremelystressfulsituation.Theresearchersalso

notedahigherproportionofchronicdailyheadacheamong

people40yearsandolder.Inthisgroup,“achangeinwork

statuswasrelatedtoincreasedriskforchronicdailyheadache,

whileincontrast,thoseyoungerthan40yearsshoweda

decreasedriskforchronicdailyheadacheafterajobchange,“

SchertoldReutersHealth.

Thesefindingsaregenerallyconsistentwithpriorresearch

relatedtootherchronicpainconditions,theinvestigators

note."Ourfindingthattherelationshipmaybestrongerfor

thoseolderthan40wasaninteresting,butsecondary,finding

thatshouldbereplicatedinothersamples,“Schersaid.

Whatdoestheword“precipitate"mostprobablymean?

A.Tocausesomethingtohappen.

B.Topreventsomethingfromhappening.

C.Topredictsomethingtohappen.

D.Toprepareforsomethingtohappen.

12、

Fromthepassage,weknowthatchronicdailyheadacherefers

to.

A.lastingexperienceofheadacheovertheyear

B.headacheexperiencedformorethan30daysperyear

C.headachethatcauseseriouspsychologicalproblems

D.headacherelatedtoworkissues

13、

Whatisthemostimportantdifferencebetweenthosewith

chronicdailyheadacheandwithepisodicheadache?

A.Theformeronesareusuallysinglewhilethelatermarried.

B.Theformeronesusuallyexperiencedsomeprettyhuge

changesinlife.

C.Theformeronesusuallyliveincitieswhilethelaterin

ruralareas.

D.Theformeronesareusuallyworkingwhilethelater

unemployed.

14、

Whatisthemostimportantelementtopredictchronicdaily

headache?

A.Theexperienceofseverepressure.

B.Anageofover40yearsold.

C.Toomanyjobchangesinthepast.

D.Theproblemsrelatedtochildren.

15、

Fromthepassage,weknowthatthefindingsinthis

passagepreviousones.

A.confirm

B.contradictwith

C.castdoubton

D.areexactlythesamewith

16、FlorenceNightingaleismostrememberedasapioneerof

nursingandareformerofhospitalsanitationmethods.Formost

ofherninetyyears,Nightingalepushedforreform,ofthe

Britishmilitaryhealth-caresystemandwiththatthe

professionofnursingstartedtogaintherespectitdeserved.

Unknowntomany,however,washeruseofnewtechniques,of

statisticalanalysis,suchasduringtheCrimeanWarwhenshe

plottedtheincidenceofpreventabledeathsinthemilitary.

Shedevelopedamethodtopreventtheneedlessdeathscaused

byunsanitaryconditionsandtheneedforreform.Withher

analysis,FlorenceNightingalerevolutionizedtheideathat

socialphenomenacouldbeobjectivelymeasuredandsubjected

tomathematicalanalysis.Shewasaninnovatorinthe

collection,interpretation,anddisplayofstatistics.

FlorenceNightingale'stwogreatestlife

achievements-pioneeringofnursingandthereform,of

hospitals-wereamazingconsideringthatmostVictorianwomen

ofheragegroupdidnotattenduniversitiesorpursue

professionalcareers.Itwasherfather,WilliamNightingale,

whobelievedwomen,especiallyhischildren,shouldgetan

education.SoNightingaleandhersisterlearnedItalian,Latin,

Greek,history,andmathematics.Sheinparticularreceived

excellentearlypreparationinmathematics.

DuringNightingale,stimeatScutari,shecollecteddataand

systematizedrecord-keepingpractices.Nightingalewasableto

usethedataasatoolforimprovingcityandmilitaryhospitals.

Nightingale，scalculationsofthedeathrateshowedthatwith

animprovementofsanitarymethods,deathswoulddecrease.In

February,1855,thedeathrateatthehospitalwas42.7percent

ofthecasestreated.WhenNightingale'ssanitaryreform,was

implemented,thedeathratedeclined.Nightingaletookher

statisticaldataandrepresentedthemgraphically.

AsNightingaledemonstrated,statisticsprovidedanorganized

wayoflearningandleadtoimprovementsinmedicalandsurgical

practices.ShealsodevelopedaModelHospitalStatisticalForm,

forhospitalstocollectandgenerateconsistentdataand

statistics.ShebecameaFellowoftheRoyalStatistical

Societyin1858andanhonorarymemberoftheAmerican

StatisticalAssociationin1874.KarlPearsonacknowledged

Nightingaleasa"prophetess“inthedevelopmentofapplied

statistics.

Whatdoestheword"sanitation"meaninthepassage?

A.Medication.

B.Cleanness.

C.Nursing.

D.Reforms

17、

WhatdoesthispassagetalkaboutNightingale?

A.Asapioneerofnursing.

B.Asareformerofhospitalsanitationmethods.

C.Asasuccessfulwoman.

D.Asainnovatorofstatisticalanalysisinhospitals.

18、

Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewomenlivinginthesameera

asNightingale?

A.Theychosetostayathomeaftergraduatingfromcolleges

anduniversities.

B.TheytendedtochoosecoursesinItalian,Latin,Greek,

historyandsoon.

C.Theyseldomchosemathematicsastheircourse.

D.Theydidnothaveaequaleducationopportunitieswithmen

astheydotoday.

19、

WheredidNightingaleprovehermethodcouldreallyreducethe

deathrates?

A.Scutari.

B.Victorian.

C.Crimean.

D.RoyalStatisticalSociety.

20、

Whatdoestheauthortrytoproveinthispassage?

A.Womencanbeassuccessfulasmen.

B.Educationplaysavitalroleinone'ssuccess.

C.Mathematicscouldbeusedtoimprovemedicalpractices.

D.Acareerinmedicalfieldisalsoavailableforwomen.

21、PartB(10points)

[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideas,their

transferenceacrossfrontiers,andtheirsimultaneousimpact

uponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshare

it,whetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthat

onlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwitha

startlingdiscovery,oranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen

reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworld

wereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalong

thesamelines,andthatonewasnotquitealone,confronted

byinquisition,ridiculeorneglect.

[B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.The

casefor"academicmobility“isnowoftenstatedinimpressive

termsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocial

progressintheworld,butitiscertainlynothingnew.Serious

studentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemost

stimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearch

ofthepurestphilosophy,themosteffectivemedicine,the

likeliestroadtogold.

[C]Apartfromthevehicleitself,itisfairlyeasytoidentify

themainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosion

inacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeand

requirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentersof

learning,andafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.

[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedinnumberand

narrowedinrange,therehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards

interdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthat

onecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplex

problemsthrownupbythemodernworld,andbyrecentadvances

inourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.

Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetween

disciplines,andafargreateremphasisonthepoolingof

specialistknowledge,reflectedinthebroadsubjectschosen

inmanyinternationalconferences.

[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswherevery

rapiddevelopmentsaretakingplace,andalsowherethe

researchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakes

alongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantages

ofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.

Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicals,

whichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin

differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherin

conferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonal

relationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalized

schemesofcooperation,andprovidethemwiththeirmost

satisfactorystimulus.

[F]Inthetwentiethcentury,andparticularlyinthelast20

years,theoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecome

vasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasof

coursebeentheaeroplane,makingcontactbetweenscholarseven

inthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasible,andproviding

fortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.

[G]Inaddition,onemustrecognizetheveryconsiderable

multiplicationofdisciplines,particularlyinthesciences,

whichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshas

producedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticular

interestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkin

someisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwith

similarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.

Order:

(41)

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved”

byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohave

avastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertok