英美文学简史及名篇选读 美国文学 课件D. Introduction、09 Romanticism、10 American Literarture of Realism

美国文学IntroductiontoAmericanLiteratureLiteratureofAmerican1.TheRevolutionaryPeriod--IndependenceDay(1776-7-4)--TheWarforIndependence(1775-1783)--LiteratureIndependenceDay(1776-7-4)-TheDeclarationofIndependencewasdeclaredonJuly4,1776.-ThedraftwaswrittenbyJeffersonandaidedbyBenjaminFranklin.LiteratureIn1783,theU.S.A.achieveditsindependence,NoahWebsterdeclared:--Americamustbeasindependentinliteratureassheisinpolitics,asfamousfortheartsasforarms.--美国必须在文学上和政治上一样独立，在艺术上和武器上一样有名。--美国在文学上必须像在政治上一样独立，在艺术上和军事上一样闻名。BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)Hiscontributions:--HeaidedJeffersoninwritingtheDeclarationofIndependence.--InPhiladelphia,FranklinestablishedAmerica’sfirstcirculatinglibrary.--HefoundedthecollegethatwastobecometheUniversityofPennsylvania.--Hehasmanyinventions:lightningrod,Franklinstove…ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)--Jefferson’sthoughtandpersonalityhaveinfluencedhiscountrymenmoredeeply,andremainedmoreeffectivelyalivethanthoseofanyotherAmerican.--Hisinterestsincludemanyfields:law,philosophy,government,architecture,education,science,agriculture,mechanics,etc.--Allmenarecreatedequal.--HefoundedtheUniversityofVirginiaafterhispresidency(1819);firstpresidentoftheuniversityThomasJefferson(1743-1826)--theprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence(1776)--anAmericanFoundingFather--thefirstUnitedStatesSecretaryofState,(1790–1793),--thethirdPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1801–1809).--许多人认为他是历任美国总统中，智慧最高者。ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)托马斯·杰斐逊ThomasJeffersonMemorial黑色杰弗逊铜像坐落在1.8米高的白色明尼苏达州大理石基座上ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)UniversityofVirginiaThomasJefferson(1743-1826)

ProtesterspulldownastatueofformerPresidentThomasJeffersoninOregononJune14,2020.Thewords"slaveowner"werewrittenonthebaseofthestatue.美国文学AmericanLiteratureofRomanticism(1820-1860)

LiteratureofAmericanRomanticism--toknowaboutAmericanRomanticismanditsdifferencefromEuropeanandBritishRomanticism--tounderstandmainliteraryform,contentandthemeinAmericanRomanticPeriod--toknowfamousromanticwriters,especiallytheircontributionstoAmericanLiterature--toreadsometextsLiteratureofAmericanRomanticismKeyPoints1.AmericanRomanticism2.Transcendentalism3.WashingtonIrving4.EdgarAllanPoe5.NathanielHawthorne6.HenryW.Longfellow7.WaltWhitman8.EmilyDickinsonAmericanRomanticismAmericanRomanticismistheearly19th-centurymovementtoelevatetheindividual,thepassions,andtheinnerlife.Itstressedstrongemotion,imagination,freedomfromclassicalcorrectnessinartforms,andrebellionagainstsocialconventions.（Seep258）美国浪漫主义是19世纪初期主张提升个性、热情和内心活动的文化运动。在艺术形式方面有别于古典传统，主张采用强烈的情感、想象、自由，反对传统的生活习惯。GeneralFeatures

ofAmericanRomanticism◆Stressingemotionratherthanreason

◆Stressingfreedomandindividuality

◆Stressingidealismratherthanmaterialism

◆Writingaboutnature,medievallegendsandwithsupernaturalelementsGeneralFeatures

ofAmericanRomanticismInEngland:theRomanticAge(1798-1832)InAmerica:Itstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWartothemid-19thcentury.AmericanPuritanism清教（主义）:culturalheritageAmericanmoralvalues:PuritanPublicopinion:PuritanSociallifeandculturaltaste:thePuritanTranscendentalism超验主义

-Transcendentalismisabroad,philosophicalmovementinNewEnglandduringtheRomanticera(peakingbetween1835-1845).

Itstressedtheroleofdivinityinnatureandtheindividual’sintuition,andexaltedfeelingoverreason.（Seep259)(超验主义是浪漫主义时代在新英格兰兴起的一种广泛的哲学流派，1835年到1845年达到高峰。它强调自然中的神力作用和个人的直觉，颂扬高于理性的情感。)

RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882):Nature

《自然》

HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862):Walden《沃尔登湖》-超验主义的核心观点是主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，强调直觉的重要性。FamousWritersofAmericanRomanticism

RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882):

NatureHenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862):

Walden

JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851):

LeatherstockingTalesHermanMelville(1819-1891):

MobyDick

FamousWritersofAmericanRomanticism*WashingtonIrving(1783-1859):TheSketchBook*NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864):TheScarletLetter*EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849):ToHelen*HenryW.Longfellow(1807-1882):IShotanArrow*WaltWhitman(1819-1892):LeavesofGrass*EmilyDickinson(1830-1886):I'mNobodyH.B.Stowe(1811-1896):UncleTom'sCabinRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)

拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生

Hislifeandliterarycareer-EmersonwasresponsibleforbringingTheTranscendentalismtoNewEngland.-HewasrecognizedthroughouthislifeastheleaderoftheTranscendentalismmovement.-Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism,independenceofmind,andself-reliance.-HewasborninBostonin1803.HegraduatedfromHarvard.RalphWaldoEmerson

-Hewasthetoweringfigureofhisera.-Hehadareligioussenseofmission.-Theaddress,hedeliveredin1838attheHarvardDivinitySchool,madehimunwelcomeatHarvardfor30years.

Inhisspeech,Emersonaccusedthechurchofacting“asifGodweredead”.RalphWaldoEmerson

HismasterpiecesTheNature(1836)《论自然》-ItoncewascalledtheBibleofTheTranscendentalism.Self-Reliance《论自助》HenryDavidThoreau

(1817-1862)

亨利·大卫·梭罗--Thoreau,anAmericanauthorandnaturalist,isconsideredoneofthemostinfluentialfiguresinAmericanthoughtandliterature.--Fromapoorfamily,ThoreauworkedhiswaythroughHarvard.--Hisrepresentativework:

Walden,orLifeintheWoods

《瓦尔登湖》或《深林中的生活》(1854)HenryDavidThoreau--Walden,orLifeintheWoodsistheresultoftwoyears,twomonths,andtwodayshespentlivinginacabinhebuiltatWaldenPond.ThoreauisthemostattractiveoftheTranscendentaliststodaybecauseofhisecologicalconsciousness,do-it-yourselfindependence,ethicalcommitmenttoabolitionism

（废奴主义）,andpoliticaltheoryofcivildisobedience（非暴力抵抗）andpeacefulresistance.Hisideasarestillfresh.Itisanexpressionofhistranscendentalistphilosophy.HistoricalBackground--TheUntiedStateshadbeguntochangeintoanindustrialandurbansocietybefore1860.--NewYorkbecameAmerica’slargestcityastheeconomicandculturalcapitalofthenation.--In1883anationalcoalition（联盟）ofabolitionistgroupsestablishedtheAmericanAnti-SlaverySociety.--Thefeministmovementbeganwithahostofnotablewomenbattlingfortheirrightsandaskingforsocialreform.HistoricalBackground--Bythe1850sthelevelofeducationandliteracyhadrisensignificantly.MoreAmericansreadbooks,magazines,andnewspapers.Alotofprofessionalwritersappeared.--Fictionwasaprimecomponentofladies’magazines.Novelswerepopular,especiallyhistoricalromanceswrittenbyEuropeans,mostnotablybySirWalterScott.--ThensomeAmericannativewriterssucceededinnationalandinternationalfame.JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)

詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏-CooperisthefirstimportantAmericannovelist.-Hiswifehelpedhimbecomefamous.

JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)

詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏RepresentativeTheLeather-stockingTales(1823-1841)《皮袜子的故事》Hisfrontier

(开疆扩土）storiesconsistoffivenovels.-TheDeerslayer

《猎鹿者》-TheLastofMohicans

《最后的莫西干人》-ThePathfinder

《探路人》-ThePioneers

《拓荒者》-ThePrairie

《大草原》JamesF.Cooper--TheunifyingthreadofthefivenovelscollectivelyisthelifeofNattyBumppo.--Setting:theNorthAmerican（北美)

continent

--Characters:Indiantribes

--Socialbackground:greatwarsandwestwardmigration--Time:frontierAmericafrom1740to1804HermanMelville(1819-1891)

赫尔曼·麦尔维尔

Hislifeandliterarycareer--Melvillewasdescendantofanold,wealthyfamilythatfellabruptlyintopovertyuponthedeathofthefather.--Hehadnocollegeeducationbecauseofhispoverty.HermanMelvilleHismasterpiece

--

Moby-Dick;or,TheWhale《白鲸》--ThisisanepicstoryaboutCaptainAhab,

whosequestforthewhitewhaleMoby-Dickleadstheshipanditsmentodestruction.Itisarealisticadventurenovel.Althoughthenovelisphilosophical,itisalsotragic.Moby-Dickhasbeencalleda“naturalepic”.LiteratureofAmericanRomanticism--WashingtonIrving(1783-1859),withCooperandWilliamBryantmadegreatcontributiontotheestablishmentofAmericanliterature;--WashingtonIrving’sSketchBook(1819-1820)becamethefirstworktowinfinancialsuccessbothinAmericaandEurope.--SoonarichAmericannationalliteraturebegantoformandflourishatthehandsofPoe,Melville,Hawthorne,Thoreau,Emerson,andWhitman.LiteratureofAmericanRomanticism--EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)wasalsocalledtheforerunnerofmodernism.--NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)andHermanMelville(1819-1891)arefamousAmericanromanticnovelists;--However,therealwriterwhopraised“AmericanSpirit”isthepoet,WaltWhitman(1819-1892).WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)Hislife

◆Hewasborninarichmerchantfamily.

◆Helearnedlawbutmoreinterestedinwriting

◆From1826to1829,hewasinSpainondiplomaticbusiness.

◆From1829to1831,heworkedinLondonassecretaryoftheAmericanlegation.◆Irvingwrotetosupporthimselfafterbusinessfailure.WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)Hisliteraryexperience

◆TheSketchBook

《见闻札记》appearedseriallyin1819-1820,andinvolumeformshortlythereafteritatoncehadaninternationalsuccess.

◆

In1840,hebegantowritetheLifeofGeorgeWashingtonandfinishedthefifthandlastvolumebeforehisdeathin1859,whichwerepublishedduring1855-1859.WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)Hisliteraryposition--agiftedculturalambassador--theonlyAmericanwriterofhisgenerationwhocouldchidetheBritishinanatmosphereofgoodhumor--anAmericanauthor,essayist,biographer,historian,anddiplomatoftheearly19thcentury--TheSketchBookmarkedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticism.WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)--HeisoneofthefirstAmericanwriterstoearnaninternationalreputation.HehasasignificantpositioninthehistoryofAmericanliterature.--Heishumorousandgentle.--fatheroftheAmericanshortstories--HisworkswinhimasthefirstprosestylistofAmericanRomanticism.--ItwasIrvingwhointroducedfamiliaressayfromEuropetoAmerica.WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)HisMasterpiece:TheSketchBook(1819-1820)--Itconsistsof34storiesandfamiliaressays,inwhichtwobestrememberedstoriesare:

RipVanWinkle

TheLegendofSleepyHollow--withhumor,richimaginationWashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)

RipVanWinkleHeisagood-natured,hen-peckedfarmer.WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)

RipVanWinkleOneautumnday,RipVanWinklewandersupthemountainswithhisdogandmeetsagroupofodd-lookingpeoplewhoareplayingatnine-pins.WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)

WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)

RipVanWinkleHejoinsthemanddrinkstheirwine,whichsoonleadstohissoundsleep.WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)

RipVanWinkleWhenhewakesupbyhimself,hefindsthathissleeponthetopofthemountainhaslastedtwentyyears.WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)TheLegendofSleepyHollow--IttellsamiraculousstoryabouttheunsuccessfulloveaffairofIchabodCrane,acountryteacher,whichiscombinedwiththelegendofaheadlesshorseman.--SleepyHollowisrenownedforitsghostsandthehauntingatmospherethatpervadestheimaginationsofitsinhabitantsandvisitors,especiallyistheHeadlessHorseman.WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)Irving’sfeatureandcontribution-simplicity,lucidity

(清澈),poise

(优雅)-ThesignificanceofIrvingliesinhisliteraryinnovationsandtransitionalroleinthedevelopmentofAmericanliterature.--------------------------WashingtonIrving'sencounterwithGeorgeWashington,paintedin1854.NathanielHawthorne

(1804-1864，纳撒尼尔·霍桑)NathanielHawthorne

(1804-1864，纳撒尼尔·霍桑)Heis--firstgreatAmericanwriteroffiction--toconcernwithmoralorethicalproblems--greatdemocraticwriterof19thcenturyinAmerica--themostconservativewriter--masterofpsychologicalfiction(SeeP274)NathanielHawthorne

(1804-1864，纳撒尼尔·霍桑)--Hisworksgiveusvividandsymbolicimages,especiallyasmoralsymbol.--HawthorneshareswithAllanPoe

themasterofshortstories.LikePoe,Hawthorneoftenusedgrotesqueorfantasticevents,buthisworkisbroaderinrangeandhasmoredepthofthought.-ToHawthorne,however,thetellingofatalewasawayofinquiringintothemeaningoflife.NathanielHawthorne’AchievementsHawthornepublished20novelsandover70shortstories.HisMasterpieces--TheScarletLetter:hisrepresentative--MossesfromanOldManse

《古宅青苔》（1846）

--TheHouseoftheSevenGables

《七个尖角阁的房子》（1851）

--TheMarbleFaun《大理石雕像》（1860）

--TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》(1852)TheScarletLetter--ManyofHawthone’sstoriesaresetinPuritanNewEnglandandTheScarletLetterhasbecometheclassicportrayalofPuritanAmerica.(Seep275-279,themovie)Maincharacters:HesterPrynne:sensuous,beautifultownspersonArthorDimmesdale:sensitive,religiousyoungmanIttellsofthepassionate,forbiddenloveaffairbetweenPrynneandDimmesdale.

TheScarletLetter:Features

-symbols:--Thescarletletter:A“A”isthesymbolofadulterer,markingHester,thenitbecomesapowerfulsymbolofidentitytoHester.Theletter’smeaningshiftsastimepasses.--A=Adulterer→Able(ability)→Angel→…--Pearl=alivingversionofhermother’sscarletletter

--mysterious,thrillingcharm

--

ambiguity

TheScarletLetter:Themes

--recurringideaofisolation,thesenseofsecrecyinmen’sbosom’s（反复出现的孤独主

题和人们心底的隐秘意识）

-HesterPrynneisisolatedfromBostonsociety.-Pearlisisolatedfromotherchildrenandherfather.-Dimmesdale,ChillingworthTheScarletLetter:ThemesSin(originalsin:GardenofEden,AdamandEve）-Sin,knowledgeandtheHumanondition(罪孽，智慧，和人类环境)-HesterandDimmesdale’sexperienceshowsthatastateofsinfulnesscanleadtopersonalgrowth,sympathy,andunderstandingofothers.-ForHester,theScarletLetterisaphysicalmanifestationofhersinandreminderofherpainfulsolitude.TheScarletLetter:Themes--ForHester,thescarletletterfunctionsas“herpassportintoregionswhereotherwomendarednottread,”leadinghertothinkabouthersocietyandherselfmoreboldlythananyoneelse.Puritanlegalism（清教法律）

-AnotherthemeistheextremelegalismofthePuritansandhowHesterchoosesnottoconformtotheirrulesandbeliefs.TheScarletLetter:Themes-Hester’sthinkingisfreefromreligiousboundsandshehasestablishedherowndifferentmoralstandardsandbeliefs.TheScarletLetter:Themes-Thenovelhasexploredtheissuesthatwereusuallysuppressedin19th-centuryAmerica,suchastheimpactofthenew,liberatingdemocraticexperienceonindividualbehavior,especiallyonsexualandreligiousfreedom.TheScarletLetter:ThemesIdentityandSociety--Hesterhasherdesiretodetermineherownidentityratherthantoallowotherstodetermineitforher.Runningawayorremovingtheletterwouldbeanacknowledgementofsociety’spoweroverher:shewouldbeadmittingthattheletterisamarkofshame.Instead,thelettercanbeasymbolofherownexperiencesandcharacter.Herpastsinisapartofwhosheis;topretendthatitneverhappenedwouldmeandenyingapartofherself.TheScarletLetter:Themes--ThenovelhighlightstheCalvinisticobsessionwithmorality,sexualrepression,guiltandconfession,andspiritualsalvation.(Vanspancheren,128)--tragicstoryofloveinNewEngland--thecontradictionbetweenthemainstreamideology--thenatureofevil邪恶本性--civilizationandwildernessTheScarletLetter:CharacterAnalysisHesterPrynne-Sheisprotagonistofthenovelandthewearerofthescarletletter,whichsignifiesthatHesterisan“adulteress”.TheScarletLetter:CharacterAnalysisHesterPrynne--Hesterispassionatebutalsoverystrong.--Hesterisbeautifulandlady-like.(ChapterII)Herfemininequalities,heryouth,herbeauty,allreturntoherassheremovesher“A”andletsdownherlong,darkhair.TheScarletLetter:CharacterAnalysis--Hesterbecomesakindofcompassionatematernalfigure.

（慈母形象）

--Sheisportrayedasanintelligent,capable,butcommonwoman.--Hestergenerallyremainssilent,acceptingtheabuseofPuritanparentsandchildren.--Shesubmitseveryday;butsheisnottrulysorryforhersin.Sheisisolatedfromherfellowhumanbeings.TheScarletLetter:CharacterAnalysis--Hesterchoosestocontinuetoweartheletterbecausesheisdeterminedtotransformitsmeaningthroughheractionsandherownself-perception--shewantstobetheonewhocontrolsitsmeaning.(Martin,177)--Sheisthenoblestandgreatestwomanofthosewho"commitadultery",weakontheoutside,strongontheinside,herloveisclosesttotheessence.TheScarletLetter:CharacterAnalysis--Societytriestoreclaimtheletter’ssymbolismbydecidingthatthe“A”standsfor“Able”.butHesterresiststhisinterpretation.Thelettersymbolizesherownpastdeedandherownpastdecisions.(Martin,177)--Atthenovel’send,Hesterhasgainedcontroloverbothherpersonalandherpublicidentities.(Martin,177)TheScarletLetter:CharacterAnalysis--Sheissubmissive,butshenevercomplains.--Shebecomescontemplative(好沉思的）,

thinkingofhumannature,socialorganization,andlargermoralquestions.--Shespeculatesaboutwoman’splaceintheworld.TheScarletLetter:CharacterAnalysis--Shemightbealeadingfighterforwomen’srights(feminism).--Shehasfewfears,forshehasreachedthebottomofthesociety.--Hesterlivestoanoldage,alwayshelpsothers.TheScarletLetter:CharacterAnalysisArthurDimmesdale-afamousscholaratOxfordUniversity-fameinEnglandandcametoAmerica-InamomentofweaknessheandHesterbecamelovers.-Althoughhewillnotconfessitpublicly,hedealswithhisguiltbytormentinghimselfphysicallyandpsychologically.-anintelligentandemotionalman-Hesterawakenshisconscience.

TheScarletLetter:CharacterAnalysisRogerChillingworth-imageoftrueevil,Heisbothphysicallyandpsychologicallymonstrous.-Histwisted,stooped,deformedshouldersmirrorhisdistortedsoul.-interestedinrevenge-desiretohurtothersTheScarletLetter:CharacterAnalysisPearl--Sheisacomplexcharacter,hermother’sonlytreasure.--ayounggirlwithawise,mischievousspirit--PearlfunctionsprimarilyasasymbolofHester’ssin,aphysicalrepresentation.--Sheisthemostperceptiveandmorehonestthanadults.--Pearloftenplaysinthesunshine;Sheissoclosetonature.TheScarletLetter:CloseReading

Para1:Thenovelistusessatiricaltonetodescribethewomen’sfatappearanceandvulgarspeech.TheScarletLetter:CloseReading

Para2-6:

TheconversationamongfivewomenshowsthattheythinkPrynneisamalefactress['mælifæktris]whosescandal

influencesDimmesdale’sfame,and

theyshouldgivemorebrutalpunishmentratherthanonlyascarletletter.TheScarletLetter:CloseReading

Para8:Descriptiononthetown-beadleandHesterPrynne.TheScarletLetter:CloseReading

Para9:TheparagraphdescribesHester’sfirstimpression(appearance)tothepublic,especiallytwotokensofshame,andherartisticallydoneletterAfittingdecorationtoherfinery.TheScarletLetter:CloseReading

Para.10:ItdescribesHester’sphysicalbeauty,herability,herinnerbeautyandstrength.TheScarletLetter:CloseReading

Para.11-12:Fromonewoman’sremark,thenovelshowsHester’sability.However,theydefameHesterthatsheisshowingandmakesaprideoutofthepunishment.(TheyareinimbalanceintheirheartandenvyHester.)TheScarletLetter:CloseReading

Para.13-14:Twoparagraphsgiveanimageofthebeadleandhisattitudetothepunishment.TheScarletLetter:Homework--Answerthefollowingquestionandgiveabriefcomment(atleast200words)

Whatdoesscarletletter“A”symbolizeastimepasses?EdgarAllanPoe

埃德加·爱伦·坡(1809～1849）EdgarAllanPoe

埃德加·爱伦·坡Literaryposition--anAmericannovelist,poet,editorandliterarycritic,bestknownforhispoetryandshortstories--Poeisgreatwriteroffictionandapoetoffirstrank.(p280)--centralfigureofRomanticisminUSA--oneoftheearliestAmericanpractitionersoftheshortstory;fatherofmodernshortstories;--firstwell-knownAmericanprofessionalwritertotrytoearnalivingthroughwritingaloneEdgarAllanPoeLiteraryposition--aseminalfigure(开创性人物）inthedevelopmentofsciencefictionandthedetectivestory,theinventorofthedetectivefictiongenreandthecontributorofsciencefiction--themasterofhorrorandmystery--thefatherofthedetectivestoriesEdgarAllanPoeLiteraryposition--fatherofmodernshortstories--fatherofpsychoanalyticcriticismEdgarAllanPoe

埃德加·爱伦·坡Lifeandliterarycareer--PoewasborninBostonin1809,thechildofstrugglingtravelingactors.--Poebecameanorphanonlytwoyearsoldin1811afterhismotherdiedshortlyafterhisfatherabandonedthefamily.ThenJohnAllanadoptedhim.--PoewashappywiththeAllanfamilyonlyforabriefperiod,thenfrictionbegantodevelopbetweenPoeandhisfosterfather.--PoeenteredtheUniversityofVirginia,butleftashorttimelater.EdgarAllanPoe

埃德加·爱伦·坡--Afterabriefstayinthearmy,AllanhelpedhimtoworkinWestPoint,buthewasdischargedlessthanayearlaterin1831.--PoeoncelivedinBaltimorewithhisauntandherdaughterVirginia.Hemarriedhis13-year-oldcousinVirginiaClemmin1835,whenhewas26.--Heoncegotajobaseditor,butlostthepositionbecauseofexcessivedrinkingandaninabilitytomeetdeadlines.--In1835,Poemanagedtoregainthejob,thenhemarriedhisyoungcousin,VirginiaClemm.EdgarAllanPoe

埃德加·爱伦·坡--In1837,hesetouttotryhisluckinNewYorkandPhiladelphiawithhisfamily.Hedriftedforseveralyears.--hard1837to1845yearsinpoverty;somefamousshortstoriesandpoems--moreandmorepraiseinEurope,especiallystronginfluenceonmanyFrenchwriters.--littlebenefittoPoe.Povertyremainedhiscondition.--HisyoungwifeVirginiadiedin1847inNewYorkCity.--Poediedmysteriouslytwoyearslater,40yearsold.EdgarAllanPoe

埃德加·爱伦·坡--Poe’spoetryhasthefeaturesof“Beautyisthesolepurposeofthepoem”.Poetryisforpleasure,notfortruth.--Melancholyisthemaintoneofhispoems.EdgarAllanPoe

埃德加·爱伦·坡Poe’sImportantWorksFamouspoems

-AnnabelLee

《安娜贝尔·李》-ToHelen《致海伦》-TheRaven《乌鸦》Fiction

-TheMasqueoftheRedDeath《红死病的假面具》

-TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍府的倒塌》

-ThePurloinedLetter

《被窃之信》Poe’sMajorWorksEdgarAllanPoe

埃德加·爱伦·坡Writingstyles

--Asagreatwriteroffiction,heis

bestknownforhistalesofmysteryandhorror.

--Poe'sbestknownfictionworksareGothic.

--Hismostthemesdealwithquestionsofdeath,

reanimationofthedead,andmourning.--Manyofhisworksaregenerallyconsideredpartofthedarkromanticismgenre,aliteraryreactiontotranscendentalism.（对超验主义的文学回应）EdgarAllanPoe

埃德加·爱伦·坡CloseReading

ToHelen

《致海伦》EdgarAllanPoe

Overview(seeP281)--inspiredbythebeautyofMrs.JaneStanard,motherofhisclassmate--takenwith--Poe,14yearsold--thebeauty,27yearsold,diednextyear--allusiontoHelen--“thefirstpurelyidealloveofmysoul”EdgarAllanPoe

埃德加·爱伦·坡AboutHelen--BeautyWhoisHelen?AboutHelen-BeautyWhoareHelen'sparents?--ZeusandLeda--laidtwoeggs--hatchedtwosonsandtwodaughters,--oneofthemisHelenLedaandSwanAboutHelen--Beauty--Aphrodite阿佛洛狄特(爱与美女神）,--Hera赫拉（天后）--Athena雅典娜（智慧女神）--Paris帕里斯（特洛伊王子）

--Eris厄里斯(不和女神）维纳斯

↓EdgarAllanPoe

TheTrojanWarParis,TrojanPrince,comestoSpartatomarryHelen,whomhehasbeenpromisedbyAphroditeafterhehaschosenherasthemostbeautifulofthegoddesses,earningthewrathofAthenaandHera.ParistakeshertoTroytoresultintheTrojanWarEdgarAllanPoe

ToHelenStanza1Helen,thybeautyistome

LikethoseNicéan

barksofyore,Thatgently,o'eraperfumedsea,

Theweary,way-worn

wanderer

bore

Tohisownnativeshore.

Whatistherhymeschemeofthisstanza?EdgarAllanPoeWhatistherhymeschemeofthisstanza?海伦，你的美丽对于我

犹如古代奈西亚的帆船，

在芬芳的海面轻盈驶过，

将疲惫劳顿的游子载还

回到他故园的海岸。

（txbrevised)EdgarAllanPoe--Helen--Mrs.JaneStanard--beauty--beautyofart(treasurehouseofart)--Helen=theguidertothedreamland(Greece)--Odysseus--Poe--seekbeautyofart--thepalaceofartinGreece--underthehelpoftheguidertothetreasurehouseofart.EdgarAllanPoeMainideaofStanza1:ThepoetfirstmentionedHelen,themostfamousbeautyinGreekmytho