名词高考名词专题复习课件

词汇量：5500多单词简单句

并列句复合句词类名词和冠词动词代词和数词介词和连词形容词和副词非谓语动词情态动词定语从句

名词性从句状语从句高中英语语言知识语言运用听力虚拟语气主谓一致倒装强调句型省略口语 阅读写作词法句法系动词助动词实义动词动词时态..动词语态现象翻译12会考语法复习系列一名

词名词普通名词(CommonNouns)个体名词(Individual

Nouns)专有名词(Proper

Nouns)抽象名词(Abstract

Nouns)集体名词(Collective

Nouns)物质名词(Material

Nouns)不可数名词

(UncountableNouns)可数名词

(CountableNouns)31.

可数名词的复数给出下列名词的复数形式policeman

childmouseleafmonkeytoothshelfbranchpotato

herolife

babymosquitofootroofthiefpolicemenfeetshelveschildrenpotatoesroofsmiceheroesteethleaveslivesbabiesmosquitoes4monkeys

branches

thievesfox

flyladyinchhalfbrushkilowatchtomatopianocalf

passer-bygo-betweengrown-upman

servantsister-in-lawwatches

ladies

foxesgirl

friendlooker-onbrushespianosflieskilostomatoes

inches

halvescalvesgrown-upspassers-bygirl

friendsgo-betweenssisters-in-lawmenservantslookers-on5I.可数名词的复数变法情况加法例词一般情况加-sBrothers;schools以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-esBuses;

watches;

dishes以辅音＋y结尾的词去y加-iesLadies;

countries以辅音+o

结尾的词多数加-esHeroes;

tomatoes以f或fe结尾的词把f/fe改成vesHalves;

leaves

67不规则名词单复数变化:单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,works(工厂),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss改变字母：man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,saleswoman--

saleswomen,foot--feet,tooth--teeth,goose--geese,Mouse--Mice,phenomenon

--phenomena另：

penny

（pence或

pennies）增加字母:

child

--children,

ox--oxen8以o结尾的词：加s:

photo,

radio,piano,

zoo,

studio,bamboo,

tobacco加es:

tomato,

potato,

hero另：zero

（zeros或

zeroes）以f或fe结尾的词:直接加s：roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,变f为v再加es：life,wife,knife,half,leaf,wolf,thief另外：handkerchief

（handkerchiefs或handkerchieves）beef（beeves菜牛 、beefs怨言；牢骚）9(6)

合成名词的复数形式：①将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,

passer(s)-by,

mother(s)-in-law②将最后一部分变为复数：grown-up(s),

go-between(s)

(中间人），good-for-nothing(s)

(无用之人）③含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名词：它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。如：boy

students,

girl

friends,lady

drivers④含man或woman的合成名词：它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：a

man

doctor, two

men

doctors10A>名词只能用复数形式的短语：doexercises

（做操）take

notes

(做笔记）take

turns

（轮流）make

repairs

（搞修理）change

trains

（改换火车）make

friends

with

（交朋友）shake

hands

with

(握手）asfollows

（如下）in

rags

（衣衫褴褛）indozens

（成打的）B>有些名词单复数形式含义特别worksclothes常见woodswaterscustomssandsfeelingsmannersspiritsgoodspapersgamestimesarmsforceslooksconditionssurroundings

(环境)instructions（森林)(水域)(海关)(沙滩)(感情)（工厂）(衣服)(礼貌)(精神,烈酒)(货物)(报纸,文件)(运动会)(时代)(武器)(军队)(外表)(形式,情况)11(说明)II.不可数名词的”数”1.抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数）in

surprise惊讶地

win

success获得成功具体化（个体名词，可数名词）a

surprise一件令人惊讶的事a

success一个(件)成功的人(事)win

honor赢得荣誉

an

honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)is

the

mother

ofsuccess失败是成功之母。a

failure失败者by

experience靠经验youth青春have

pity

on

sb.怜悯某人an

experience一次经历

a

youth一个青年人a

pity可惜的事情12132.

抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类

别。如：A

knowledgeof

English

is

a

must

ininternational

trade.Would

you

like

to

have

a

walk

(swim,

bath,talk)

with

me?It

is

a

waste

of

timereading

such

a

novel.She

made

an

apology

to

her

mother

for

herwrong

doings.3.

物质名词有前置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。have

breakfasthave

a

wonderful

breakfastThe

road

is

covered

withsnow.They

have

a

heavy

snow

everyyear.Time

and

tide

wait

for

no

man.We

had

a

wonderful

timelast

night.14154.有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：The

boy

burst

into

tears

at

the

badnews.The

rising

waters

did

a

lot

of

harm

to

thecrops.The

stone

bridge

broke

down

in

heavyrains.16常见的不可数名词progressinformationbaggagejewelryadvicefurnitureluggageweatherfunworknewspaper(纸张)equipmentknowledgetroublehomework17不可数名词(U)一般情况下，不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不与不定冠词a(n)连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Milk

is

my

favourite

food.Water

is

very

important

to

us

all.特殊情况：1)如果不可数名词表示特指，则必须与定冠词

(the)或其它限定词连用。The

milkin

the

cup

was

bad.18当不可数名词表示个体时，必须使用单位名词(量词)。a

piece

of

advice

/

bread

/

chalk

/

news

etc.a

pair

of

glasses

/

shoes

/

trousers

etc.

two

bottles

of

ink

/

milk

/wine

etc.部分带有形容词修饰语的不可数名词可以用来表示“一种”,“一段”,“一类”等，常与不定冠词

a(n)连用。for

a

long

timelive

a

hardlifetake

a

greatinterestmake

a

fire下面不可数名词不可与不定冠词连用。19adviceprogressweatherfunknowledgenewshomeworkhouseworkinformation

furniture

traffic4)有些名词的用法随意义变化而不同。coffee(咖啡)glass (玻璃)a

coffee(一杯咖啡)a

glass (玻璃杯)man (人类)iron (铁)room

（空间）work

（工作paper

（报纸）a

man (男人)an

iron(熨斗)a

room（房间）a

work（著作）a

paper（报社）hairs

（几根头发）hair

（头发）20５)部分以-s结尾的专有名词指某一事物名称常用做单数The

United

States

is

made

up

of

50states.The

United

Nations

has

sent

an

official

there.但是，The

Olympic

Games

are

held

every

four

years.2.可数名词：

个体名词

(worker,pen,dog

etc.)集体名词(family,group,police

etc.)运用原则：适当的冠词＋[C]或[pl]形式。A

horse

is

a

kind

ofanimals.The

horse

is

a

kind

ofanimals.Horses

run

faster

than

donkeys.21有复数形式的不可数名词①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如

Use

your

brains,please.They

have

smoothed

away

the

difficulties.Have

you

madepreparationsfortomorrow’smeeting?Many

thanks

for

yourkindness.No

pains,

no

gains.After

many

failures,

they

finally

succeeded.复数名词的构成方式：名词后直接加-s。清辅音后读[s];浊辅音和元音后读[z].desks

dogs

apples

days以-s

,

-x,

-ch,

-sh结尾的名词加-es[iz]. buses

watches

boxes

classes以“辅音＋y”结尾的名词，先把y变成i,再加上-es[iz].factories

countries

cities

babies以“元音＋y”结尾的名词，或以y结尾的专有名词直接加-s[z].boys

days

Germans225)以”辅音字母＋o”结尾的名词，加-es[iz]heroes

tomatoes

potatoes

zeroesHeroes

eat

tomatoes

and

potatoes.大多数以o结尾的外来词，缩略词直接加-s.radios

photos

pianos

zoos

bamboos7)以f和fe结尾的名词的复数有三种情况：

a)直接加-s.一个首领(chief)带着一个农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶(roof)上面有个保险箱(safe)。23b)变f或fe为-ves.一个贼人(thief)的妻子(wife)冒着生命(life)危险用半(half)片树叶(leaf)似的小刀(knife)杀死了一只狼(wolf)。c)

handkerchief的复数形式有两种。handkerchiefs

handkerchieves8)以th结尾的名词后直接加-s.

长元音后读[ðz];短元音和辅音后读[θs]mouths

paths

months9)不规则变化①

foot→feet tooth-

teeth

goose-geesechild→children

mouse→mice24②单复数同形。sheep

deer fish

(fishes)③表示“某国人”的名词。中日友谊是一致(单复数同形)Chinese

Japanese

Swiss英法联盟a改e

Englishman

Frenchman其它一般加-s

Germans

Americans④复合名词的复数boy

friendspassers-byman

doctorgold

watch

essisters-in-lawwoman

singermendoctors

women

singers25⑤有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。papers(报纸，稿件)

works(工厂，作品)times(时代)

drinks(饮料)

manners(礼貌)⑥部分物质名词可以用复数表示种类。silks

fruits

foods⑦word用做“消息”“通知”不与冠词连用，也复数。Word

came

that

he

won

the

first

prizekeep

one’swordhave

a

word/a

few

words

with

sb.have

words

with

sb.in

a

word备注：有些名词只有复数形式。例如。compasses(圆规)goods(货物)thanks(感谢)remains

(遗物，遗体)

不用trousers(裤子)glasses(眼镜)clothes(衣服)cattle(牛）police

警察守信与某人说话与某人吵嘴

leave

word

留言简而言之in

other

words换句话说2627III.

名词单复数的特殊情况:集体名词只用作复数：police,cattle,people,public,

the

youth集体名词用作不可数名词:clothing,

jewellery,

furniture,

luggage

(baggage),machinery,

wealth集体名词视具体情况而定单复数：family,

class,

population,

staff,

crew,

couple,public,

group,

team,

party,

club,

company,government,

committee,

audience,

enemy只有复数形式的名词:clothes,

trousers,

jeans,

twins,

glasses,compasses,

scissors,

goods

,thanks,

wishes,wages,

tears,

troops,

forces,

resources28(5)以s结尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林),works(工厂)有没有s结尾意义不同：glass

–glasses,

cloth

–clothes,

work

–works,water

–waters,

wood

–woods,

good–goods,

time

–times(时代),paper–papers(论文),green–greens(青菜),custom–customs(海关),spirit–spirits(酒精,情绪),light

–lights(灯),experience–

experiences(经历),arm–arms(武器),iron–irons(镣铐,熨斗),compass(指南针)–compasses(圆规),姓氏后加s并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩:the

Greens

；the

Chengs29名词单复数形式意义相同的短语：make

faces/

a

face（做鬼脸）have

talks/a

talk with

sb.(与某人交谈）play jokes/a

joke

on

（拿…开玩笑）make

contributions

/

a

contribution

to（为…做贡献）(9)名词单复数意义不同的短语：have

a

word

with

sb.（与…某人说句话）have

words

with

sb.（与…某人吵架）make

cloth

(织布）make

clothes

（制衣）3031名词所有格表示名词间的所有关系“ …的”一.名词所有格的构成方法单数名词后加“’s”*Tom

’s

book *my

friend’

suncle以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“

’”即可*Teachers

’

Day *two

weeks

’

holiday323.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例

加“’s”*

Children’

s

Day *

men’

s

shoes4.用of加名词，构成所属关系的短语，主要

用于表示无生命名词的所有关系*a

picture

of

theclassroom但是有些表示时间、距离、国家、等无生命的

东西的名词，可以加“‘s”来构成所有格。

today's

newspaper，ten

minutes'

walk，China's

problem，表示时间：一周的休假a

week’s

holiday明天的天气

tomorrow’s

weather两年的时间之内in

two

years’

time十分钟休息ten

minutes’

break两小时的耽搁two

hours’

delay也可以用a

ten－minute

break，atwo-hour

delay：我们有十分钟的休息时间。We

have

ten

minutes’

breakWe

have

a

ten－minutebreak．33二：of

型１.Of

型（无生命名词所有格）我们学校的学生The

students

of

our

school房间的窗户the

window

of

the

room双重属格：既有～’s的属格，又有of～的属格。通常～’s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:a

friendof

myfather’s; a

book

ofTom’s表示“某人自己的”的属格:用ofone’sown表示，不可用of＋反身代词。例如：This

is

the

house

of

my

own.3435二.名词所有格的几个注意点1.可用名词所有格表示地点, 地点名词

习惯上省略my

aunt’s

(

home）(我姑姑家）go

tothe

teachers’

(

office）(去老师办公室）2.有些名词的所有格可用两种形式*the

cat’s

name

/

the

name

of

the

cat*China’s

capital/

the

capital

of

China363.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词

后加“’s”*

Lucy

and

Lily’s

room露西和莉莉的房间（两人共有一间房间）请区别:

Lucy’s

and

Lily’s

rooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间（两人各有一间房间）37在表示所有物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用“of+名词‘s”形式来表示所有关系，且of后面的名词一般都表示人，不能表示物。如：a

friend

of

my

father's，that

bookof

Peter's，two

bags

of

his

sister's。英汉互译my

sister’scarthe

editor-in-chief’s

officethegirl’ssister’s

husband’sfatherworkers’

resthome

children’sbooks

Professor

Li’sreport我姐姐的车总编辑室这姑娘姐夫的父亲工人疗养院儿童读物李教授的报告388.

today’spapertenminutes’drivegovernment’s

policymajority’sviewcity’s

busieststreetthehotel’sstrange

room今天的报纸十分钟的车程政府的政策大多数的意见城市最热闹的街道13.旅馆奇怪的房间3915.my

aunt’s16.astationer’sTom’s

and

Mary’sdesksTom

andMary’sdeska

car

ofDr.Li’s男女服装我婶婶的家文具店Tom

和Mary的桌子Tom

和Mary的桌子李博士的车

20.men’s

andwomen’s

clothes21.the

dog’steeth4041女自行车儿童节药房博士学位一个星期的假十块钱的邮票肉铺面包房理发店a

woman’sbikeChildren’s

Daythe

chemist’sDoctor’s

degreea

week’s

holidayten-dollar’s

worthofstampsthebutcher’sthebaker’sthebarber’s42名词的一般用法★名词做定语修饰另一名词时,一般用单数He

has

two

pencil-boxes.There

are

three

banana

treesoverther