




版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
包裝技術基礎
FundamentalsofPackagingTechnology
Unitoneperspectiveonpackaging第一單元透視包裝
Lesson1
AHistoryofPackaging
第1課包裝發展史
WhatisPackaging?
1.AdefinitionofpackagingPackagingisbestdescribedasacoordinatedsystemofpreparinggoodsfortransport,distribution,storage,retailing,anduseofthegoods2.Themanythingsapackagemightbeaskedtodo-Packagingisacomplex,dynamic,scientific,artistic,andcontroversialbusinessfunction-Fundamentalfunctionofpackaging:containprotects/preservestransportsinforms/sells.WhatisPackaging?Packagingfunctionsrangefromtechnicalonestomarketingorientedones(Figure1.1).TechnicalFunctionsMarketingFunctionscontainmeasurecommunicatepromoteprotectdispensedisplaysellpreservestoreinformmotivateFigure1.1PackagingencompassesfunctionsrangingfromthepurelytechnicaltothosethataremarketinginnatureTechnicalpackagingprofessionalsneedscienceandengineeringskills,whilemarketingprofessionalsneedartisticandmotivationalunderstanding.
WhatisPackaging?3.Howpackagingchangestomeetsociety’sneeds-Packagingisnotarecentphenomenon.-Packagingisanactivitycloselyassociatedwiththeevolutionofsocietyand,canbetracedbacktohumanbeginnings.-Thenature,degree,andamountofpackagingatanystageofasociety’sgrowthreflecttheneeds,culturalpatterns,materialavailabilityandtechnologyofthatsociety.-Astudyofpackaging’schangingrolesandformsoverthecenturiesisastudyofthegrowthofcivilization.-Socialchangesareinevitablyreflectedinthewaywepackage,deliverandconsumegoods.WhatisPackaging?Untilthe1950s,motoroilwasdeliveredinbulktoservicestations,whichinturnmeasureditinto1-quartglassjars;premeasuredoilinmetalcans;-Now,milkdeliveryfromglassbottlestoavarietyofplainandasepticpapercartons,plasticbottlesandflexiblebags;-Tomorrow,howoilormilkwillbedelivered?-environmentallyacceptablepackaging(minimalwaste)-choicesofpetrochemicals,woodpulp,andmetalgoverned-thewaywebuyandconsumeoilormilk-milkdeliveredinrefillablealuminumcans?PrimitivePackaging
1.Theoriginsofpackaging-Wedon’tknowwhatthefirstpackagewas,butwecancertainlyspeculate.-Primitivehumans:nomadichunter/gatherers,livedofftheland.Socialgroupingsrestrictedtofamilyunits.-Theywouldhavebeensubjecttothegeographicalmigrationsofanimalsandtheseasonalavailabilityofplantfood.-Suchanextremenomadicexistencedoesnotencouragepropertyaccumulationbeyondwhatcanbecarriedonone’sback.PrimitivePackaging
-Primitivepeopleneededcontainmentandcarryingdevices,andoutofthisneedcamethefirst“package”.-awrapofleaves;-ananimalskin;-theshellofanutorgourd;-anaturallyhollowpieceofwood;-thefire-bearerandthe“packaging”offire.PrimitivePackaging
2.Howpackagingchangedassocialstructureschanged-5000B.C.,domesticatedplantsandanimals.-areasonablefoodsupplyinagivenvicinity;-evolutionarystage:supportedlargersocialgroups,gavebirthtosmalltribalvillages;-storageandtransportcontainersneededformilk,honey,seedgrains,nuts,anddriedmeat;-villageswithaccesstodifferentresourcestradedwiththeirneighbors,requiringtransportcontainers;-About250B.C.,theGreekcity-stateperiod,lawthataffectedpackagingenactedPrimitivePackaging
3.Earlypackagingmaterials-fabricatedsacks,baskets,andbags,madefrommaterialsofplantoranimalorigin;woodboxesreplacedhollowlogs;aclaybowl,thefire-driedclaypots(thepotteryandceramictrade).4.Thediscoveryofglass-By2500B.C.,ahardinertsubstanceinthefire’sremains;glassbeadsandfiguresmadeinMesopotamia(today’sIraq).-About1500B.C.,theearliesthollowglassobjectsappearedinMesopotamiaandEgypt.PrimitivePackaging
-Glasscontainers,theancientpackagingmaterials,core-formedancientEgyptianglasscontainers(Figure1.2).
Figure1.2Formingahollowglassvesselaroundacore
FromRomeToTheRenaissance
1.Howpackagingchangedassocialstructureschanged-Manysocietalchangesleadingtothecorrespondingchangesinpackaging:mostlythequalityandquantityofexistingpackagingpractices.2.Theinventionoftheglassblowpipe,woodbarrels-TheRomansinabout50B.C.,theglassblowpipe;-Theblowpipe’sinventionbroughtglassoutofnoblehouseholdsandtemples;-ThefirstwoodenbarrelappearedpossiblyintheAlpineregionsofEurope,oneofthemostcommonpackagingformsformanycenturies.FromRomeToTheRenaissance
3.TheDarkAges-TheDarkAges:withtheRomanEmpire’scollapseinabout450A.D.,Europereducedtominorcity-statesmanyestablishedartsandcraftsforgottenorstagnant,the600yearsfollowingthefallofRomebeingsodevoidofsignificantchangethathistoriansrefertothemastheDarkAges.4.Thediscoveryofpaper-InChina,Ts’aiLuniscreditedwithmakingthefirsttruepaperfromtheinnerbarkofmulberrytrees.Thename“paper”giventotheChineseinventionmadeofmattedplantfibers.FromRomeToTheRenaissance
5.Ancientprinting-In768,theoldestexistingprintedobjects(JapaneseBuddhistcharms);in868,theoldestexistingbook(theDiamondSutra)printed,foundinTurkistan.6.TheRenaissance
-Inabout1100,theEuropeanawoken,neglectedcraftsrevitalized,theartsrevivedandtradeincreased,bythe1500s,theartofprintingborn.-Fundamentalsocialstructuresnotchangedsignificantly:-livedofftheland-typicallyasserfsFromRomeToTheRenaissance
-atewhattheyraised,foundorcaught-consumerneeds:nonexistent-manufacturingwasstrictlyacustombusiness-packages:personallycrafted,valuableutensils,andrarelydisposableinthemannerofamodernpackage-sincetherebeingnoretailtrade,conceptsofmarketing,advertising,pricestructuresanddistributionbeingirrelevant-populationlevelsbeingnotlargeenoughtosupportmassproductionTheIndustrialRevolution
1.TheI.R.definition-TheI.R.startedinEnglandinabout1700andspreadrapidlythroughEuropeandNorthAmerica.-TheIndustrialRevolution:thechangethattransformsapeoplewithpeasantoccupationsandlocalmarketsintoanindustrialsocietywithworld-wideconnections.-Thisnewtypeofsocietymakesgreatuseofmachineryandmanufacturesgoodsonalargescaleforgeneralconsumption.TheIndustrialRevolution
2.CharacteristicsoftheIndustrialRevolutionRuralagriculturalworkersmigratedintocities,whereemployedinfactories.Inexpensivemass-producedgoodsavailabletoalargesegmentofthepopulation;theconsumersocietyborn.Factoryworkersneededcommoditiesandfood,previouslyproducedlargelyathome.Manynewshopsandstoresopenedtoselltothenewlyevolvingworkingclass.Bynecessity,someindustrieslocatedinnonagriculturalareas,requiringthatallfoodbetransportedintothegrowingurbansettings.TheIndustrialRevolution
3.Thedramaticchangesinhowwelived-Thechangesincreasedthedemandforbarrels,boxes,kegs,baskets,andbagstotransportthenewconsumercommoditiesandtobringgreatquantitiesoffoodintothecities.-Thefledglingpackagingindustryitselfhadtomechanize.-Necessarytodevisewaysofpreservingfoodbeyonditsnaturalbiologicallife.
TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles
1.HowtheIndustrialRevolutionaffectedpackagingTheevolutionofsellingandinformingasvitalpackagingroles-Bulkpackagingwastherule,withthebarrelbeingtheworkhorseofthepackagingindustry.-Flour,apples,biscuits,molasses,gunpowder,whiskey,nailsandwhaleoiltransportedinbarrels.-Packagingservedprimarilytocontainandprotect.-IndividualpackagingbeingoflittleimportanceuntiltheIndustrialRevolutionspurredthegrowthofcities.2.Thefirstpackagedretailproducts-Medicines,cosmetics,teas,liquorsandotherexpensiveproducts;“apaperofpins”.
TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles
3.Theoriginoftheterm“brands”andhowitwastransferredtounitpackages,earlybrands,earlylabeling-Thefirstbrandnameswereinevitablythoseofthemaker.Yardley’s(1770),Schweppes(1792),Perrier(1863),SmithBrothers(1866)andColgate(1873).-Theevolvingprintinganddecoratingartsappliedto“upscale”packages,manyearlydecorationsbasedonworksofartornationalsymbolsorimages.-Earlylabels:picturesofpastorallife,barnyards,fruit,thegoldmedals.
TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles
4.QuakerOats--anewideainbranding-Apackagingmilestonein1877,theQuakerpersonage,the“persona”,adescriptionofthepackageorproductasifitwereaperson.-Between1890andabout1920,decorationfollowedtheartnouveaustyle,thisbeingfollowedbyaperiodofartdecographicsanddesigns.5.Thenewpackagingmaterial-plastics-Thefirstplastic(basedoncellulose),madein1856.
TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles
6.Changesinthewaywetraveledandshopped,changesintheretailstore-Thesmallcommunitygeneralstorewasnolongerenough.-Nationalrailroadsmadecoast-to-coasttransportareality.-Theautomobilefreedconsumers-firstfive-and-tenstore-Refrigerationwasbecomingcommonplace.7.Thepackage’smotivationalandinformationalroles
Thepackagehadtoinformthepurchaser.
Thepackagehadtoselltheproduct.PackagingInTheLate20thCentury1.Changesindemographics-Demographics,thestudyofpopulationstructureandtrends,universallyrealizedtobeanimportantfactorindesigningproductsandpackages.2.Fastfoodandotherinstitutionalmarkets-Fast-foodappearedandcreatedademandfordisposablesingle-servicepackaging.-Twofactorstoinfluencepackaging:publichealthcareandarapidlygrowingtrendtowardeatingoutratherthanathome.-TheHRI(hospital,restaurant,andinstitutional)market.-Petroleum-derivedplasticsaddedtothepackagedesigner’sselectionofpackagingmaterials.PackagingInTheLate20thCentury3.The“babyboom”andpackaging-Inthelate1960s,thecoming-of-agebabyboomerswasreflectedinamajoryouthorientationinpackagingandproducts.4.Legislatedchanges-Inthe1970sandearly1980s,manyaspectsinpackaginglegislated:-Child-resistanceclosuresmandatedforsomeproducts;-Tamper-evidentclosures;-Labelinglawsrequiredlistingofingredients;-InternationalagreementssignedtophaseouttheuseofCFCs;-Standardsfortheacceptanceofnewpackagingmaterialsraised.PackagingInTheLate20thCentury5.Theadventofmicrowaveovens,thevanishingdomestichousewife-Devisingproductsandpackagingspecificallyforthemicrowave.-Anewhealthawareness,changesinconsuminghabitsandnutritionallabeling.-Opportunitiesforentirenewfoodlines.-Yogurtbecamethe“in”food.-Therapidchangeinthelastdecadesofthe20thcenturyModernPackagingChangingNeedsandNewRoles.
-Allhistoricalchangeshavehadanimpactonthewayproductsarebought,consumedandpackaged;-Thepackagingprofessionalsmustalwaysturntheirattentiontotheneeds,markets,andconditionsoftomorrow;-Mostofgoods,notessentialtosurvival,constitute“thegoodlife”;-Inthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,theproliferationofgoodswassohighthatpackagingwasforcedintoanentirelynewrole:providingthemajorpurchasemotivationratherthanpresentingthegoodsitself.-theonlymethodofdifferentiatingwasthepackageitself;ModernPackaging1.Thetrendtowardmoreintensivemarketing-marketersaimedatlifestyles,emotionalvalues,subliminalimages,features,andadvantagesbeyondthebasicproductitself;-thepackagehasbecometheproduct,andoccasionallypackaginghasbecomeentertainment.2.Globalization-Providingincreasedtonnagesofhigh-qualityfoodtomassivecitycomplexesataffordablepriceschallengespackagers;-Anewconcernistheremovalofthedebrisgeneratedbyaconsumersocietyandtheimpactthattheseconsumptionrateshaveontheplanet’secology;ModernPackagingPackagingandtheModernIndustrialSociety
1.Whypackagingisimportanttoourfoodsupply-Foodisorganicinnature(ananimalorplantsource);-Onecharacteristicofsuchorganicmatteristhatithasalimitednaturalbiologicallife.2.Freedomfromgeographicalandseasonalfoodproduction-Mostfoodisgeographicallyandseasonallyspecific.ModernPackaging-Inaworldwithoutpackaging,wewouldneedtoliveatthepointofharvesttoenjoytheseproducts,andourenjoymentofthemwouldberestrictedtothenaturalbiologicallifespanofeach.-Itisbyproperstorage,packagingandtransporttechniquesthatweareabletodeliverfreshpotatoesandApplesderivedfromthem,throughouttheyearandthroughoutthecountry.-Wearenolongerrestrictedinourchoiceofwheretolive.wearefreeofthenaturalcyclesoffeastandfaminethataretypicalofsocietiesdependentonnaturalregionalfood-producingcycles.ModernPackaging3.Advantagesofcentralprocessingandprepackagedfood-Centralprocessingallowsvaluerecoveryfromwhatwouldnormallybewasted.-By-productsoftheprocessed-foodindustryformthebasisofothersub-industries4.Packagingandmassmanufactureofdurablegoods-Theeconomicalmanufactureofdurablegoodsalsodependsonsoundpackaging;-Aproduct’scostisdirectlyrelatedtoproductionvolume;-Distributionpackagingisakeypartofthesystem;-Someindustriescouldnotexistwithoutaninternationalmarket.irradiationequipmentandthesafepackaging.ModernPackagingWorldPackaging-Humankind’sglobalprogressissuchthatvirtuallyeverystageinthedevelopmentofsocietyandpackagingispresentsomewhereintheworldtoday.1.Packagingindevelopedcountries-Toagonizeoverchoiceofpackagetype,hireexpensivemarketinggroupstodevelopimagestoenticethetargetedbuyerandspendlavishlyongraphics.ModernPackaging2.Packaginginless-developedcountries-Attheextreme,consumerswillbringtheirownpackagesorwillconsumefoodonthespot,justastheydid2,000yearsago;-Packagersfromthemore-developedcountriessometimeshavedifficultyworkingwithless-developednations;.a.theyfailtounderstandthattheirrespectivepackagingprioritiesarecompletelydifferent.b.developingnationstryingtosellgoodstoNorthAmericanmarketscannotunderstandtheirpreoccupationwithpackageandgraphics.
ModernPackaging3.TheUnitedNationsandpackaging.-Theless-developedcountriesdonothaveadequatelandtoraiseenoughfood.-Foodgoesbeyonditsnaturalbiologicallife,spoils,islost,isinfestedwithinsectsoreatenbyrodents,getswetintherain,leaksawayorgoesuneatenfornumerousreasons,allofwhichsoundpackagingprinciplescanprevent.-Inapooreconomythatcanaffordnowaste,noindustriesrecoversecondaryvaluefromfoodby-products.-Packagingisperceivedtobeaweaponagainstworldhunger.
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssues1.Thesourcesofwastematerial-Adiscussionofpackagingtodaymeanseventuallyturningtoenvironmentalissues.-Aperception:ifonlythepackagingindustrywouldstopdoingsomethingor,conversely,startdoingsomething,allourlandfillandpollutionproblemswouldgoaway.-Ampleevidencesuggeststhatgoodpackagingreduceswaste.-Theconsumerseespackagingasthatpartofshoppingtripthatgetsthrownaway.Hence,packagingisgarbage.
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssues2.Thepercentageofwastethatispackaging-TheUniversityofTennesseeprovidesthefollowingbreakdownoftotallandfillwaste
Residentialwaste:37.4%
Industrialwaste:29.3%
Commercialwaste:27.3%
Othersources:6.0%
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssuesMaterialPackagingNonpackagingPaper12.7%19.6%Wood4.6%Metal 2.0%5.7%Glass 5.7%0.8%Plastic 4.1% 5.5%Othermisc. 0.1% 12.1%Foodwaste 8.1%Yardwaste 19.0%Totals29.2%70.8%
Table1.1Materialsmixbyweightinresidentialsolidwaste3.Thematerialsinthewastestream
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssues4.
Consumerperceptionsofpackaging-NorthAmericanconsumershaveabasicdistrustofmanufacturers;tothem,manufactureisadirtybusiness.5.Jurisdictions-Mostwaste-managementissues:localjurisdictions;everystateorprovincecanpassitsownpackagingregulationsormandates.-IntheUnitesStates,thestatesaremostlyactingontheirown;CONEGandSSWMCarenotableexceptions.
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssues6.Possiblelawsandmandates·Recyclingmandates/laws·Materialreductionmandates/laws·Restrictionsonselectedmaterials/packagetypes·Materialbansorrestrictions(forexample,heavymetalsorPVC)·Bansonmaterialsacceptedaslandfill(suchasnotacceptingascorrugatedfiberboard)·Greenlabelingrequirements/prohibitions·Purchasingpreferencemandates·Taxincentives/penalties.·Depositlaws/advancedisposalfees
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssues7.ThefourRshierarchyandwhatitmeans-Reduce:usetheminimumamountofmaterialconsistentwithfulfillingitsbasicfunction.-Reuse:containersorpackagingcomponentsshouldbereused.-Recycle:packagingshouldbecollectedandthematerialsrecycledforfurtheruse.-Recover:topossiblyrecoverothervaluefromthewastebeforeconsigningpackagingtoalandfill.
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssuesTable1.2PercentofmunicipalsolidwasteincineratedinselectedcountriesCountryIncineratedWasteSwitzerland 74%Japan 66%Sweden 50%France 35%UnitedStates15%
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssues8.Recyclingrealities-Thepublicmyths:1.Placingmaterialinablueboxconstitutesrecycling.Recyclingdoesnotoccuruntilsomeoneusesthematerialcollected.a)PCRmaterialsinimmediatecontactwithfoodneedtobeextensivelyinvestigated.b)Intheinstanceofpharmaceuticalpackaging,suchuseissimplynotallowed.c)Anotherimpedimentisaguaranteeofconsistentandreliablesupplyoftherecoveredmaterial.
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssues2.Recycledmaterialshouldbeeconomical.Inmanyinstances,recycledmaterialismorecostly,anditsuseneedstobesupportedinsomeway.a)ThecostoflandfillingMSWisstilllessthanrecyclinginmostareas.b)Revenuesgeneratedfromthesaleofrecyclablematerialsdonotalwaysrecovercollectingandrecyclingcosts.c)Theprocessofrecyclingcannotignoremarketeconomics.
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssuesd)Environmentalistsmaintainthatrecyclingisanissueoftheenvironment,notofeconomics.Moneyexpendedtorecycleamaterialrepresentsaninvestmentinfuel,waterandotherresources.Whentheresourceinvestmenttorecoveramaterialexceedsthevalueofthematerialrecovered,thentheharmtotheenvironmentisgreater,notless.e)Theprocessofcollectingandregeneratingapackagingmaterialforfurtheruseisacomplexoneformostmaterials.
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssues-significantinvestmentinsophisticatedequipment.-Whileglassisapparentlyreadilyidentifiable,individualglasscompositionsaswellasdifferentcolorsmakeitdifficulttogetuncontaminatedfeedstock.-Paperfiberqualitydeteriorateswitheveryrecycling,andsopapercannotberecycledindefinitely.-Plasticmaterialsposeanumberofseriousrecyclingproblems.Theplasticindustrydevelopedacodeforidentifyingthesixmostcommonlyusedpackagingplastics;itincludesan“other”selectionasaseventhcode(Figure1.3).
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssuesFigure1.3Acodeidentifiesthemainpackagingplasticfamilies.PETEisusuallyabbreviatedPETandVisusuallyabbreviatedPVC.Lesscommonlyusedplasticsandmixed-plasticsconstructionsareclassifiedas“other”
WasteManagementand
EnvironmentalIssues3.Oneoranotherofthemanymaterialsusedforpackagingismoreenvironmentallyfriendly.Thereisnomagicmaterial.Laminateconstructionsare,infact,environmentallyfriendly.TheModernPackagingIndustry1.“Convertersandusers”—thebroadindustrydivisions,converterandusersubdivisions-“Converters”:totakevariousrawmaterialsandconvertthemintousefulpackagingmaterialsorphysicalpackages(cans,bottles,wraps).Tothispoint,packagingbecomesamaterialsapplicationscience.Thecompanyformingthephysicalpackagewillalsoprintordecoratethepackage.-Package“users”,thefirmsthatpackageproducts,arealsoregardedaspartofthepackagingindustry,dividedintoanumberofcategoriesandeachofthesecanbefurthersubdivided.TheModernPackagingIndustry-The“supplier”,manufacturersofmachinesfortheusersectorandthesuppliersofancillaryservices,suchasmarketing,consumertestingandgraphicdesign,arealsoimportantsectorsofthepackagingindustry.2.ProfessionalpackagingassociationsIoPP:InstituteofPackagingProfessionalsPAC:PackagingAssociationofCanadaPMMI:PackagingMachineryManufacturersInstituteFPA:FlexiblePackagingAssociationWPO:WorldPackagingOrganizationTheModernPackagingIndustry3.OtherorganizationshavingamajorimpactonpackagingactivitiesISO:InternationalOrganizationforStandardsASTM:AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterialsTAPPI:TechnicalAssociationofthePulpandPaperIndustryISTA:InternationalSafeTransitAssociationcontentIntroductionTheContainFunctionTheProtect/PreserveFunctionFoodPreservationTheTransportFunctionTheInform/SellFunctionIntroduction1.ThefourmainfunctionsofapackageContainProtect/PreserveTransportInform/SellIntroduction2.DefinitionsofdifferentpackaginglevelsPrimarypackage:Thefirstwraporcontainmentoftheproductthatdirectlyholdstheproductforsale.Secondarypackage:Awraporcontainmentoftheprimarypackage.Distributionpackage(shipper):Awraporcontainmentwhoseprimepurposeistoprotecttheproductduringdistributionandtoprovideforefficienthandling.Unitload:
Anumberofdistributionpackagesboundtogetherandunitizedintoasingleentityforpurposesofmechanicalhandling,storage,andshipping.IntroductionFigure2.1Packagingcanhavemanylevels.Alllevelsofthesystemmustworktogether動畫Introduction3.PackagesareoftendefinedbytheirintendeddestinationConsumerpackage:
Apackagethatwillultimatelyreachtheconsumerasaunitofsalefromamerchandisingoutlet.Industrialpackage:
Apackagefordeliveringgoodsfrommanufacturertomanufacturer.Industrialpackagingusually,butnotalways,containsgoodsormaterialsforfurtherprocessing.TheContainFunction
ConsiderationspertainingtothecontainfunctionofpackagingTheproduct’sphysicalform:
mobilefluid viscousfluid solid/fluidmixturegas/fluidmixture granularmaterial pastefree-flowing non-free-flowingpowdersolidunitdiscreteitemsmulticomponentmixTheContainFunctionTheproduct’snature:
corrosive corrodible flammablevolatile perishable fragileaseptic toxic abrasiveodorous subjecttoodortransfereasilymarkedsticky hygroscopic underpressureirregularinshapeTheProtect/PreserveFunction1.Considerationsrelatedtotheprotect/preservefunction“Protect”referstothepreventionofphysicaldamage.Specificsonwhatwillcauselossofvalue(damage)mustbeknown.“Preserve”referstostoppingorinhibitingchemicalandbiologicalchangeandtotheextensionoffoodshelflifebeyondtheproduct’snaturallifeorthemaintenanceofsterilityinfoodormedicalproducts.TheProtect/PreserveFunction2.Examplesofprotectivepackagingproblems
Table2.1
Examplesofprotectivepackagingproblemsandconcerns
ConditionQuantificationorDesignRequirement
Vibration DetermineresonantfrequenciesMechanicalshock Determinefragilityfactor(dropheight)Abrasion EliminateorisolaterelativemovementDeformation DeterminesafecompressiveloadTemperature DeterminecriticalvaluesRelativehumidity DeterminecriticalvaluesWater DesignliquidbarrierTamperingDesignappropriatesystemsTheProtect/PreserveFunction3.ExamplesofpreservationpackagingproblemsTable2.2TypicalpreservationpackagingproblemsandconcernsConditionQuantificationorDesignRequirement
Oxygen DeterminerequiredbarrierlevelCarbondioxide DeterminerequiredbarrierlevelOthervolatiles DeterminenatureandbarrierlevelLight DesignopaquepackageSpoilage Determinenature/chemistryIncompatibility DeterminematerialincompatibilitiesLossofsterility DeterminemechanismBiologicaldeterioration DeterminenatureDeteriorationovertimeDeterminerequiredshelflifeFoodPreservationTheNatureofFood1.ThenatureoffoodFoodisderivedfromanimalorvegetablesources.Itsorganicnaturemakesitanunstable
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 婴儿交往能力的逐步培养试题及答案
- Unit1 Can I have some sweets(教学设计)-2024-2025学年外研版(三起)四年级上册
- 2024年人力资源管理时事试题及答案
- 光的干涉与衍射实验问题试题及答案
- 黑龙江生态工程职业学院《大学英语B(Ⅳ)》2023-2024学年第二学期期末试卷
- 黑龙江省双城市兆麟中学2025年高三下-第二次阶段性测试英语试题试卷含解析
- 黑龙江省哈尔滨市南岗区第三中学2025年高三4月质量调研(二模)考试化学试题含解析
- 黑龙江省哈尔滨市重点中学2025届高三第一次高考模拟考试数学试题含解析
- 黑龙江省绥化市青冈县一中2024-2025学年高三冲刺诊断考试生物试题试卷含解析
- 黑龙江省黑河市孙吴县2024-2025学年三下数学期末学业水平测试模拟试题含解析
- CMMM 评估介绍手册
- 压力性损伤管理和报告流程
- 生产工序流程记录卡
- 最新安全生产管理教材电子版
- 小学六年级体育课件《原地单手肩上投篮》
- 初中数学北师大九年级上册(2023年修订) 反比例函数教案反比例函数-k的几何意义
- 某公司财务尽职调查报告
- YC∕T 266-2008 烟用包装膜
- DB36T 1589-2022水土保持无人机监测技术规程_(高清版)
- 装饰图案__ppt
- 新职业英语-艺术设计.unit5
评论
0/150
提交评论