四川大学2016独家真题

四川大学2016年博士研究生英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1. 本试题共5大题，共11页，请考生注意检杏.考试时间为180分钟2. 1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。3. 翻译和作文题答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。书写要求字迹消楚、工整。I. ReadingComprehension(30%;onemarkeach)Directions:Readthefollowingsixpassages.Answerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneWhenapersonbeginsamediatedorimmediateencounter,healreadystandsinsomekindofsocialrelationshiptotheothersconcerned,andexpectstostandinagivenrelationshiptothemaftertheparticularencounterends.This,ofcourse,isoneofthewaysinwhichsocialcontactsaregearedintothewidersociety.Muchoftheactivityoccurringduringanencountercanbeunderstoodasaneffortoneveryone’sparttogetthroughtheoccasionandalltheunanticipatedandunintentionaleventsthatcancastparticipantsinanundesirablelight,withoutdisruptingtherelationshipsoftheparticipants.Andifrelationshipsareintheprocessofchange，theobjectwillbetobringtheencountertoasatisfactoryclosewithoutalteringtheexpectedcourseofdevelopment.Theperspectivenicelyaccounts,forexample,forthelittleceremoniesofgreetingandfarewellwhichoccurwhenpeoplebeginaconversationalencounterordepartfromone.Greetingsprovideawayofshowingthatarelationshipisstillwhatitwasattheterminationofthepreviousco-participation,and,typically,thatthisrelationshipinvolvessufficientsuppressionofhostilityfortheparticipantstemporarilytodroptheirguardsandtalk.Farewellssumuptheeffectoftheencounterupontherelationshipandshowwhattheparticipantsmayexpectofoneanotherwhentheynextmeet.Theenthusiasmofgreetingscompensatesfortheweakeningoftherelationshipcausedbytheabsencejustterminated,whiletheenthusiasmoffarewellscompensatestherelationshipfortheharmthatisabouttobedonetoitbyseparation.Itseemstobeacharacteristicobligationofmanysocialrelationshipsthateachofthemembersguaranteestosupportagivenfacefortheothermembersingivensituations.Topreventdisruptionoftheserelationships,itisthereforenecessarilyforeachmembertoavoiddestroyingtheothers’face.Atthesametime,itisoftentheperson’ssocialrelationshipwithothersthatleadshimtoparticipateincertainencounterswiththem,whereincidentallyhewillbedependentuponthemforsupportinghisface.Furthermore,inmanyrelationships,thememberscometoshareaface,sothatinthepresenceofthirdpartiesanimproperactonthepartofonememberbecomesasourceofacuteembarrassmenttotheothermembers.Asocialrelationship,then,canbeseenasawayinwhichthepersonismorethanordinarilyforcedtotrusthisself-imageandfacetothetactandgoodconductofothers.1.Thelastwordofthefirstsentence,namely“ends'ismostlikelyB.[A] anoun,meaning“purposes”or“objectives”[B] averb,meaning“comestoafinish”[C] apostpositionaladjective,meaning“finishing” [D] anadjective,meaning“purposeful”2. Accordingtotheauthor,ifanyunexpecteddifficultiesoccurinasocialcontact,B.[A] therelationshipsbetweentheparticipantsbreakup[B] thosewhoparticipatewillbeinanunintentionalevent[C] allparticipantswouldtrytomaintaintheirrelationships|D]theparticipantswillcertainlygetthroughanactivity3. WhichofthefollowingisNOTanideaoftheauthor?C[A] Theparticipantshopetheirrelationshipwouldbethesameastheymetlast.[B] Greetingsarejustasimportantasfarewellsinasocialencounter.[C] Beforeeverygreetingthereisalwayssufficienthostilitytosuppress.[D] Iftheirrelationshipchanges,theparticipantswantittochangeastheyhoped.4. Thelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmeansthat .A[A] one’sself-imageisdependentonhowothersbehave[B] faceandself-imagearetwodifferentkindsofrelationships[C] socialrelationshipissomethingthatisforcedonallparticipants[D] togetalongwellwithothersisaprocessofgivingeachotherface5. Thebesttitleforthispassagemaywellbe .A[A] FaceandSocialRelationship [B] HowtoConductSocially[C] GreetingsandFarewells [D] ConversationalSociologyPassageTwo（Tips:出现人名字的地方用笔圈出来，数字用笔圈出来）ThepoetWilliamBlakewroteintheearlynineteenthcentury:“Greatthingsaredonewhenmenandmountainsmeet.”GreatthingsindeedweredoneonMountEverestinMayof1996.Alsopoignantthings,foolishthings,deadlythings：Hundredsofclimbersfromelevendifferentexpeditionswereonthemountainthirty-onenearthesummitwhenafreakishandfierce-somestormblewin.Eightclimbersperished,thehighestone-daydeathtollsincethefirstexpeditiontriedtoreachthetopoftheworld’stallestpeakin1921.Adventurershavealwayssoughtchallenges:deeperjungles,wideroceans,newerworlds.Butmountainshavebeenspecial.Perhapsit’stheirsize,theirpower,theirresistancetoconquest.InPatrickMeyers’splayK2,amaroonedclimberontheHimalayapeakthatgivestheplayitsnamedeliversthisline:“Mountainsaremetaphors.”Andsotheyare.Climberssearchnotjustforsummitsbutalsoforthemselves.Theyreachuptoreachin.ThathelpsexplainwhyEveresthasbeenenvelopedby“MountainMadness，”bulldozers,forklifts,andmilitarytanks.“Intermsoffatalcrashes,drunksareamuchbiggermenace,”saysDavidWillis,presidentoftheAAAFoundationofTrafficSafety.“Buttheaveragemotoristdoesn’tencounteradrunkveryoften,whileinaplacelikeWashington,D.C.,atleastonceaweekyou’llhaveanencounterwithsomecrazyguyontheroad.”Naturally,thephenomenonhasgivenrisetoitsowntherapeuticmovement,whoseleadingpractitionerisaWhittier,California,psychologistnamedArnoldNerenburg.Nerenburg,whocallshimself“America’sRoadRageTherapist”,hasidentifiedfourstimulithatprovokedroadrage.Themostcommonisfeelingendangeredbysomeoneelse’sdrivingforexample,whenanotherdrivercutsyouofforfollowstooclosely.Othersareresentmentatbeingforcedtoslowdown,righteousindignationatsomeonewhobreakstrafficrulesorstealsyourparkingspaceandperhapsthemostdangerous,becauseitopensthedoortoanescalatingexchangeofhostilitiesangeratanotherdriverwhotakeshisownroadrageoutonyou.Thefactthatmostdriversaremutualstrangerscontributestothevolatilityofhighwayconfrontations.“There’sadeeppsychologicalurgetoreleaseaggressionagainstananonymousother,”Nerenburgsays.Road-ragetherapytendstowardthecommon-sensical“Takeadeepbreathandjustletitgo,”Nerenburgrecommends.Butitmighthelptoconsiderthatyoumightnotbeallthatanonymoustotheotherdriver.Oneofhispatientsrealizedthedepthofhisproblemafterheyelledanobscenityatthewomaninthenextcarwhoturnedouttobehisbossswife.16 .Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage? [A] MoreandmoreAmericansareusingtheircarstoexpresstheiranger.[B] Oldpeopleandwomenaremilderintemperamentduringdriving.[C]Commonsensemightbethebasisforovercomingroadrage.[D]Ifpeopleknoweachother,roadragewouldnothappen.17.AccordingtoAmericanAutomobileAssociation,thepeoplearemorelikelythanalltheotherstoberoad-angered.[A]young [B]middle-aged[C]old [D]handicapped18. Whichofthefollowingisajustifiablecauseforroadrage,accordingtoDr.Nerenburg?[A]Anotherdriverfailstoobserveatrafficlaw.[B] Theparkingspaceisoccupiedbyanothercar.[C] Thelaneistakenbyaslowly-movingcar.[D] Anotherdriverflashesthehead-light.19. Theunderlinedword“lethal”inthefirstparagraphmeans :[A]powerful [B]illegal[C] dangerous [D]deadly20. WhatmightbethedeepproblemthatoneofNerenburg’spatientshadrealized?[A] Hefacesalawsuitofsexharassment.[B] Heisindangerofbeingfired.[C] Hewillbefinedbytrafficpolice.[D] Hefallsillandhastoseeadoctor.PassageFiveMostpeople,askediftheycanthinkwithout-speech,wouldprobablyanswer,“Yes,butitisnoteasyformetodoso.StillIknowitcanbedone.”Languageisbutagarment!Butwhatiflanguageisnotsomuchagarmentasapreparedroadorgroove?Itis,indeed,inthehighestdegreelikelythatlanguageisaninstrumentoriginallyputtouseslowerthantheconceptualplaneandthatthoughtarisesasarefinedinterpretationofitscontent.Theproductgrows,inotherwords,withtheinstrumentandthethoughtmaybenomoreconceivable,initsgenesisanddailypractice,withoutspeechthanismathematicalreasoningpracticablewithouttheleverofanappropriatemathematicallysymbolism.Noonebelievesthateventhemostdifficultmathematicalpropositionisinherentlydependentonanarbitrarysetofsymbols,butitisimpossibletosupposethatthehumanmindiscapableofarrivingatorholdingsuchapropositionwithoutthesymbolism.Thewriter,forone,isstronglyoftheopinionthatthefeelingentertainedbysomanythattheycanthink,orevenreason,withoutlanguageisanillusion.Theillusionseemstobeduetoanumberoffactors.Thesimplestoftheseisthefailuretodistinguishbetweenimageryandthought.Asamatteroffact,nosoonerdowetrytoputanimageintoconsciousrelationwithanotherthanwefindourselvesslippingintoasilentflowofwords.Thoughtmaybeanaturaldomainapartfromtheartificialoneofspeech,butspeechwouldseemtotheonlyroadweknowofthatleadstoit.21.Inthefirstline,theunderlinedphrasecanbestbereplacedby [A]mostofthepeople [B]morepeople[C]morethanonepeople[D]manypeople22.Inline3,theword‘groove”isprobablyclosestinmeaningto[A]latergrowth[B]designatedslot[C]particularpath[D]ready-madeviaduct23.Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassageagree?[A]Thoughtcameintobeingearlierthanlanguage[B]Itislanguagethatmakesconceptualthoughtpossible[C]Thoughtisnodifferentfrommathematicsbecauseitdependsonsymbolism[D]Boththoughtandlanguagearetheinterpretationofpropositions.24.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheauthor?[A]Theimageryisthepreconditionofthought[B]Thoughthastobeboreinwords.[C]Imageryisanexplanationofwords.[D]Onceweusewords,wemakemistakes.25.Theideaofthispassageisheldby[A]somepeopleincludingthewriter.[B]thewriterhimselfalone[C]mostpeoplebutthewriter[D]oneofthepeopleotherthanthewriterPassageSixStrikesandstrikebreaking,lockoutsandboycotts,allpitonesideagainsttheotherinlabordisputes.Ultimately,thenegativeeffectsofsuchactionsincludingresentment,fear,anddistrustlingerformonthsoryearsafteradisputehasbeenresolved.Increasingly,moreproductivetechniquessuchasmediationandarbitrationarebeingusedtosettledisagreementsbetweenlaborandmanagement.Eitheronemaycomeintoplaybeforealaborcontractexpiresoraftersomeotherstrategy,suchasastrike,hasprovenineffective.Mediationistheuseofaneutralthirdpartytoassistmanagementandtheunionduringtheirnegotiations.Thisthirdparty(themediator)listenstobothsides,tryingtofindcommongroundforagreement.Themediatoralsotriestoencouragecommunicationbetweenthetwosidestopromotecompromise,andgenerallykeepthenegotiationmoving.Initially,themediatormaymeetprivatelywitheachside.Eventually,however,thegoalistogetthetwosidestosettletheirdifferencesatthebargainingtable.Unlikemediation,thearbitrationstepinvolvesaformalhearing.Justasitmaybethefinalstepinagrievanceprocedure,itmayalsobeusedincontractnegotiationswhenthetwosidescannotagreeononeormoreissues.Atthispoint,thearbitratorhearstheformalpositionsofbothpartiesonoutstanding,unresolvedissues.Thearbitratorthenanalyzesthesepositionsandmakesadecisiononthepossibleresolutionoftheissues.Ifbothsideshaveagreedinadvancethatthearbitrationwillbebinding,thatmeanstheymustacceptthearbitrator’sdecision.Ifmediationandarbitrationareunsuccessful,thenaccordingtotheTaft-HartleyAct,thepresidentoftheUnitedStatescanobtainatemporaryinjunctiontopreventortostopastrikeifitwouldendangernationalhealthorsecurity.26.Accordingtotheauthor,withthesolutionofalaborcrisis[A]thetensionbetweenlaborandmanagementcancontinue[B] laborandmanagementdonottrusteachotheranymore[C] thenegativeeffectofactionslikestrikewouldberesolved[D] alongtimeisneededtobringthedisputetoanend27. Toresolvealabordispute,oneshould [A] resorttomediationorarbitrationfromthestart[B] makesurethatthelaborcontractexpires[C] takeotherstepsbeforegoingtomediationorarbitration[D] strikefirstandthenacceptmediationorarbitration28. Whichofthefollowingistrueofmediation?[A] Themediatormakesfinaldecisionsaftermeetingwithbothsides.[B] Toavoidbias,themediatorcannotmeeteithersideinadvance.[C] Theprimarytaskistohelpbothsidesbargainwitheachother.[D] Themediatorcanbearepresentativefromeitherthelabororthemanagement.29. Thepre-conditionforanarbitrationtobeauthoritativeisthat [A] bothsidesagreeinadvancetoabidebythedecisionmade[B] aformalhearingmustbeconductedjustlikeinacourttrial[C] thedecisionisfocusedonthemostoutstandingandunresolvedissues[D] thereisnobargainingallowedbyarbitration，unlikemediation30. Inthelastsentence,theunderlinedword“injunction”mostlikelyrefersto [A]aformaldeclaration [B]asubpoena[C] alawsuitprotocol [D]anofficialorderVIVocabulary(10%;0-5markeach)31.Dr.NormanBethunecamefromCanadatohelptheChinesepeopleintheirwaragainstJapaneseaggression.[A]intheway [B]alltheway [C]alongtheway [D]bytheway32.Throughouthistory,hewhoknowstheartofwarusesforceonlyasthelast[A]resort [B]rescue [C]refrain [D]recant33.Afteracarefulinvestigationandevaluation，thecityhalldecidedtotheoldhouse.[A]dismantle [B]destroy [C] demolish[D]delineate34.Themonumentwassosmallthatitappearstobemoreforthanformemorial.[A]significance [B]indifference [C]oblivion [D]memory35.MillionsofyearsagotheVesuvianvolcanodestroyedPompeii,buttodayitis[A]dormant [B]Pacifying [C]ignited [D]pictured36.Becausehumanshavetotalkaboutthelimitlessworldbymeansoflimitedlanguagesounds,thereisagreat betweentheworldandlanguage.[A]apathy [B]anomaly [C]asymmetry [D]agnosticism37.Ifanorganismisquitesuccessfulingettingusedwiththeenvironmentthatisnewtoit,wesaythattheorganismisvery[A]agile [B]adjustable [C]adoptive [D]adaptive38.WhenwedoPlanning,weShouldtakea11relevantfactorsintoconsiderationinordertoasmuchaspossiblethedifficultcasesorevenfailures. [A]forestall [B]forerun[C]foretell[D]forecast39.isthepracticeofputtingyourselfinapositionofanotherpersoninordertounderstandhis/herfeelings.[A]affectionate[B]empathy[C]pathology [D]affiliation40.Inschoolsanduniversities,somecoursesarecompulsory,whichonehastotake,whiletheothersare(),eitherfreelyofasrequired.[A]optimal[B]opaque[C]optical [D]optional41.Whenoneappliesforajobposition,oneneedsto()one'sresume,describingone'seducationalaswellasworkingexperiences.[A]submit [B]subject [C]submerge [D]subside42.Asindustrygrew，so()didtheneedformoreandmoreskilledindustrialworkers.[A]much [B]asto [C]too[D]asfor 43.Therescueteamworkedhardtosearchforthemissingmountaineers, ()theheavyandicysnowstorm.[A]inspite [B]despite [C]although [D]disregard44.“BreakingBad”isthemostthrillingTVdramaseries()Ihavewatchedinseveralyears.[A]as [B]what [C]which [D]that45.Therevisedfeasibilityreporthandedinbythedraftteamisgoodenough,( )afewspellingerrorsonsomepages.[A]exceptfor [B]exceptthat [C]excepting [D]except46.Itismandatorythattheengineeringproject( )accomplishedbytheendofthisyear.[A]is [B]hasbeen[C]be [D]willbe47.( )theadvicefromthecouncilor,wewouldnothavefinishedthetasksosmoothly.[A]outof [B]whatwith [C]butfor [D]insteadof48. Thetrafficaccidenthasclaimed5lives,thecauseofwhichisstill()investigation.[A]under [B]beyond [C]for [D]beneath49. Eventhoughthebellfordismissingclasshasrung，theteacherisstilltalking()[A]over [B] forward [C]off [D] away50.Sincethenegotiationwiththemanagementhascometoadeadlock,theworker'suniondecidetotake( )thestreet.[A]to[B]over[C]down[D]awaywithIIICloze(10%;0.5markeach)Inthelastdecade,givingbirthathomehasbecomeanincreasinglypopularoptionforsomecouples.Assistedbyaphysicianoranurse-midwife，manywomenhavesuccessfullygivenbirthathome(51)Atohealthybabies.Infact,somestudiesindicatethat―一for(52)<C>uncomplicatedpregnancieshomedeliveryisassafeashospitaldelivery.(53)[B]Advocatesofhomebirtharguethattheatmosphereinahospitalwithallitsforbiddingmachines，rules,regulations,andgenerallackof“homeyness”isstressful.(54)[B]Therefore，givingbirthinahospitaldetractsfromwhatshouldbeajoyous,naturalhumanexperience.Supportersofhomebirthfurtherarguethathospitalsare(55)[C]meanttodealwithillnessandthatthedeliveryofababyshouldnotbeviewedasanillness.Ontheothersideoftheargument,criticsofhomebirtharguethatifemergencymedical(56)[A]proceduresarenecessary,givingbirthathomemaybe(57)[B]downrightdangerous.Furthermore,hospitalpracticesinlaboranddeliveryhavechanged(58)[D]radicallyinthelastdecade,particularlywiththeincreasedpopularityoftheLamazemethod.Thushospitalsarenotthestrange,forbiddingenvironmentstheyoncewere.(59)[A]Mosthospitals,forexample,allowfatherstobepresent(60)[A]attheentirelaboranddelivery,andmanyallowthefathertobepresent(61)[A]intheoperatingroomduringthecesareandeliveries.Manyhospitalshave(62)[D]altogethercreatedbirthcenters,homelikeroomswithcomfortablebedsandarmchairs,thatallowlaboranddeliveryto(63)[C]occurinarelaxedatmosphere,while(64)[D]beingonlyafewminutes(65)[A]awayfromemergencyequipment.Forawomanwhowantstohaveahomebirth,carefulmedicalscreeningis(66)[D]essential.(67)[B]Onlywomenwithnormalpregnanciesandanticipatednormaldeliveries(68)[A]shouldattemptahomebirth.Aqualifiedphysicianornurse-midwifemustbepartoftheplanning.Finally,theremustbeaccess(69)[D]toahospital(70)[D]incaseofanunanticipatedemergency.51. [A]to [B]by [C]with [D]for52. [A]unconventional [B]abnormal [C]uncomplicated [D]hazardous53. [A]Adversaries [B]Advocates[C]Advertisers [D]Amateurs54. [A]Nevertheless [B]Therefore [C]However[D]Furthermore55. [A]worked [B]favored [C]meant [D]taken56. [A]procedures [B]products [C]precedes [D]pronouns57. [A]upright [B]downright [C]overall [D]underside58. [A]redundantly [B]laboriously [C]apparently [D]radically59. [A]Most [B]Mostofthe [C]Few [D]Fewofthe60. [A]at [B]for [C]in [D]with61. [A]in [B]over [C]upon [D]outside62. [A]beside [B]likewise [C]also [D]altogether63. [A]incur [B]concur [C]occur [D]recur64. [A]tobe [B]havingbeen [C]tobehad [D]being65. [A]awayfrom [B]outof [C]infor [D]withinto66. [A]satisfactory [B]verifiable [C]orderly [D]essential67. [A]Id