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外研版高一英语必修3Module2知识点总结及练习makeeffortstodo努力做beconnectedwith和。。。有关系closeto接近、靠近dieofhunger饿死gohungry挨饿withthedevelopmentof…随着。。。的开展takemeasurestodo采取措施做。。。developingcountries开展中国家developedcountries兴旺国家foralongperiodoftime很长一段时间have/receiveaneducation接受教育upto高达。。。improvetheenvironment改善环境drinkingwater饮用水encourage...todo鼓励。。做。。。givemorehelpto给予更多帮助giveexamples举例inthepasttenyears在过去的十年moveoutofpoverty摆脱贫困gotoprimaryschool上小学getmedicalcare享受医疗保健inparticular尤其是。。。collectmoney筹款,募捐foroneself为某人自己bewillingtodo自愿做。。。inrecentyears最近几年beusefulfor对。。。有用runthroughthetown流经小城increase…by增加了。。。makesomeprogress取得进步citiesofsimilarsizeandage大小差不多的城市Howdoyoufindit?=Whatdoyouthinkofit?=Whatisyouropinionaboutit?你认为。。。怎么样重点单词:1.disease[C]&[U]疾病,弊病。例如:Heissufferingfromheartdisease.他患有心脏病。Hehasafamilydisease.他患有遗传病。搭配:preventadisease预防疾病adiseaseofthemind心病diseaseofsociety社会弊端拓展:disease指特定的具体的疾病、病名。illness和sickness可以通用,很少指具体的疾病,指的是抽象的疾病或生病的状态。education[C]&[U]教育,教育学。例如:Educationisgiventochildrenbythegovernment.政府提供对儿童的教育。Shehashadagoodeducation.她受过良好教育。Howdotheygetaneducation?他们怎么样才能受到教育呢?拓展:all-roundeducation全面教育advancededucation高等教育adulteducation成人教育basic根底教育hunger[U]饥饿。例如:Thereishungerinalltheplaceswherethecropwasspoiltbytheflood.庄稼遭受水灾毁坏的地方都在闹饥荒。Hesatisfiedhishungerwitheverythingintherefrigerator.他把冰箱内的所有东西拿来充饥。拓展:Hungerbreaksstonewalls.饥饿使人造反。Hungeristhebestsauce.[谚]饥不择食。poverty[U]贫穷,贫困。例如:Shehaslivedinpovertyallherlife.她一生都过着贫困的生活。Povertypreventedtheboyfromcontinuinghiseducation.贫穷使那个男孩无法继续读书。思维拓展:poverty[U]缺乏,缺乏。例如:Japanispovertyinnaturalresources.日本缺乏天然资源。5.both1)做主语,谓语动词用复数。Ihopethatbothofyouwilldowhatyoucantohelpyourmother.BothofthemweremenofthehighestpositioninEngland.2)作宾语或构成复合宾语Idon’tknowwhichbookisbetter;Ishallreadboth.Ofcourse,Iwishbothofyouwell.3)作定语Bothchildrenaregoodatmaths.Thatwasthetroublewithbothhischildren.4)作同位语〔作主语的同位语时要在实义动词之前,助动词、情态动词和be动词之后〕。Theybothrefusetogivein.Howcleverlyyouhavebothkeptyoursecret.你们二人太聪明了,都保住了秘密。Youmustbothcomeoverthisevening.Tom’smotherandfatherwerebothdead.5)both---andBoththemotherandfatherwereverypleasedwiththegirl.Sheiswellknownbothforherkindnessandforherunderstanding.她以心地善良和蔼解人意而闻名。6〕both---not表示半否认。Bothofthemarenotinterestedinmaths./Theybotharenotinterestedinmaths./Theyarenotinterestedinmathsboth.他们二人并不都对数学感兴趣。Neitherofthemisinterestedinmaths.(全部否认)语言点1.Chinaincreasedlifeexpectancyby13years.中国的人均寿命增长了13年。by表示谓语动词增长的数量ThenumberofthestudentsinClass16increasedby5%andincreasedto72thisterm.I’mtallerthanhimby5cm.Thisisbecauselivingwithaforeignfamilyforoneortwoweeksmeansthatyouhavetospeaktheirlanguage,andasaresultyouimprovefast.跟一家外国人在一起生活一两个星期意味着你得讲他们的语言,所以你就会进步的很快。1)meandoingsomething意味着Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanhour.Talkingwithhimmeanswastingtime.2)meantodosomething打算做Whatdoyoumeantodowithit?你打算把它怎样处理?Imeanttocallonyou.ButI’msobusy.3)asaresultAsaresult,themeetingwasputoff.Hefelloffthebikeandbrokehisleg.Asaresult,hewillhavetobeawayfromschool.4)asresultof=becauseofHewaslateforclassthismorningbecauseoftheheavytraffic.Asaresultofhismother’sdeath,hewasindeepsorrowthroughthewinter.Heisunabletogotoschoolasaresultofthefalloffhisbike.withoutresult毫无结果resultfrom由……造成resultin引起,导致3.makesure1)核实,弄清楚IknowthatIaskedyoubefore,butIjustwantedtomakesure.ShecametomakesurethateverythingwasOK.Firstofall,wehavetomakesureofallfactsandthenmakeourdecision.2)确保Fatherhasmadesurethatwehaveenoughmoneytotravelabroad.4.FromtheagreementcametheHumanDevelopmentReport.在这样一个协议的根底上,形成了人类开展报告。本句是一个倒装句。介词短语放于句首,句子完全倒装。正常语序应该是:TheHumanDevelopmentReportcamefromthisagreement.例如:Fromthewindowcamesoundofmusic.从窗户里传来了音乐声。Onthegroundlayanoldsickgoat,whichhadgoneintothecavetodie.地上躺着一只有病的老山羊,它是到洞里去等死的。思维拓展完全倒装种种:表示方式或者是方位的副词或介词短语放于句首,句子完全倒装。如:here,there,now,then,up,down,in,away,off,out,intheroom,onthewall等等。such置于句首时,句子也是完全倒装。5.Theindexmeasuresacountry’sachievementinthreeways:lifeexpectancy,〔howlongpeopleusuallylive〕educationandincome.这一指数是从“人的平均寿命,教育和收入〞等三方面来衡量一个国家的开展程度的。income[C]&[U]收入,收益,进款,所得。例如:Whatisyourincomefromyourjob?你工作的收入是多少?Ihaveanincomeof200dollarsaweek.我每月有200美元的收入。Myincomeisn’tenoughtosupportmyfamily.我的收入不够养家。拓展:income指收入、收益、进款等的统称。pay指薪水、工资最普通的用语。特指海陆军人及其他在政府部门工作者的薪水。wages工资;指劳动者的工资,或工人的工资,通常指给予短期工作者的报酬。6.ThereportdescribeseightDevelopmentGoals.这个报告描绘了八个方面的开展目标。goal[C]目的,目标。例如:one’sgoalinlife生活的目的〔标〕acommongoal一个共同的目标例如:HisgoalisaplaceatUniversity.他的目标是在大学任教。Thecompanyhasachievedallitsgoalsthisyear.公司本年度目标全部到达了。思维拓展goaln.球门,〔球赛等的〕得分makeagoal得一分,踢进一个球例如:Hekickedtheballintothegoal.他把球踢进球门。Webeatthembythreegoalstotwo.我们以3∶2击败了他们。7.Reducepovertyandhunger.减少贫穷和饥饿。reducevt.减少,缩小。例如:They’vereducedthepricesintheshop,soit’sagoodtimetobuy.商店已经降低了商品的价格,看来现在是买东西的好时候。Thefirereducedtheforesttoafewtrees.大火把森林烧得仅剩下几棵树。Theypersuadedhimtoreducehispriceto21000dollars.他们说服他把价格降到了21000美元。思维拓展bereducedtoashadow骨瘦如柴bereducedtodespair陷入绝望reducetoorder恢复秩序,使归顺8.ExplaintoStudentBwhyheorsheshouldgivemoney.向B同学解释一下为什么他〔她〕应该捐钱。explaintosb.向某人解释。例如Canyouexplaintomehowtobakeacake?你能不能说明蛋糕的做法呢?Pleaseexplaintomewhyyoucomelatethismorning.请向我解释你今晨迟到的原因。思维拓展如果将sb.放在sth.之前,sb.前的to不可以省略。类似用法有:suggest,announce,introduce等。9.Ithinkeveryoneshouldgivesomemoneytothischarity.我认为每个人都应该为这一次慈善活动捐款。givesth.tosb.把某物捐赠给某人。例如:Sheoftengivestothecharity.她常向慈善机构捐赠。Iwillgivemybookstothelibrary.我要把我的书捐给图书馆。思维拓展用to表示后置的间接宾语的动词归纳:bring,give,leave,lend,offer,pay,pass,read,refuse,return,promise,send,show等。10.Theygetveryillbecauseofthis.由于这一原因,他们常得重病。becauseof因为,由于。例如:Iwaslatebecauseoftherain.我迟到是因为下雨的缘故。Ihavechosenthembecauseofthecolour.我挑选了它们是因为喜欢它们的颜色。Becauseofthese,hefailed.由于这些事情,他失败了。思维拓展becauseof因为,由于,通常作状语,位于句首或句尾。dueto由于,因为,通常作表语。thanksto幸亏,多亏,多用于句首。11.ThoughIneedmoneyformyself,Iamstillwillingtohelp.尽管我自己也需要钱,我仍然乐意去帮助别人。bewillingtodosth.乐意去做某事。例如:Areyouwillingtohelp?你乐意帮助吗?HeiswillingtohelpmewithmyEnglish.他很乐意帮我学英语。思维拓展“乐意做某事〞译法种种:bereadytodosth.begladtodosth.bedelightedtodosth.behappytodosth.construction[U]&[C]建筑,建筑物。例如:Thenewairportisstillunderconstruction.新机场仍在修建中。Theconstructionofthedamtookseveralyears.修建这座水坝花了许多年时间。Itisahouseofgoodconstruction.这是一所结构良好的房子。思维拓展constructvt.建造Theyareplanningtoconstructabridgeovertheriver.他们正方案在这条河上造桥。hugeadj.巨大的,极大的,无限的。例如:Thebankwilllendyourcompanyquiteahugesumofmoneyonveryfavourableterms.银行将以非常优惠的条件给贵公司一笔相当可观的贷款。TheTVplaywasahugesuccess.这部电视剧取得了巨大的成功。Helivedbyhimselfinahugehouse.他自己住在一所大房子里。思维拓展:huge/big/large辨析huge强调体积庞大,容量和数量巨大。big强调比正常程度、范围及规模的标准大,用于修饰人、物或数量。large强调远远超过标准的大,可指数量、容积、体积或面积大。14.TherearefewertouristsinBeijingthaninSydney.北京游客要比悉尼的少。few几乎没有,很少的。否认的用法,通常置于可数名词之前,反义词为many。特指一定物体的时候,用the,his,her等来代替a。例如:Therearefewdifferencesbetweenthetwo.这两者之间几乎没有差异。Fewpeoplelivetobe100.活到100岁的人很少。ThisisoneofthefewpicturesIhave.这是我拥有的少数几张画之一。思维拓展few短语归纳nofewerthan多达notafew不少的,相当多的onlyafew仅少数,只有几个quiteafew相当多的fewandfarbetween极其稀少的,极少的15.IsHongKongless/fewercrowdedthanBeijing?香港不比北京拥挤吗?lessadv.不像,不如,更少地。例如:JaneislessbeautifulthanSusan.简不如苏珊漂亮。Themoviewaslessfunnythanthebook.这部电影没有原书那么有趣。littleadj.几乎没有,很少的。置于不可数名词前。例如:Thereislittlehope.几乎没有什么希望。HeknowslittleGerman.他几乎不懂德语。思维拓展:由little构成的短语:alittlebit稍许;有些littleorno几乎没有notalittle不少的,相当多的littlebetterthanlittlelessthanlittlemorethan...几乎与……一样16.Beijingdoesn’thaveasmanyhigh-risebuildingsasHongKong.北京不像香港一样,有那么多的高楼大厦。asmanyas和……一样多。例如:Ihaveasmanyasyouhave.我有的跟你一样多。Takeasmanyasyouwant.你要多少就拿多少。many连接可数名词的复数形式,表示数量多。在否认句中,many主要用于否认句、疑问句和if从句中。在肯定句中,置于作主语的名词前面时,多与so,as,how,too等连用。many很少单独用作表语。思维拓展:由many构成的短语:agoodmany很多的agreatmany非常多的beonetoomanyfor非……所能对付,为……所应付不了Somanymen,somanykinds.人各有志。17.Beijingdoesn’thaveasmuchtourismasHongKong.北京不像香港那样,旅游业那么繁盛。much与不可数名词连用。口语中多用于疑问句和否认句。asmuchas和……一样。例如:Youcaneatasmuchasyoulike.你爱吃多少就吃多少。Ispentasmuchas100dollarstoday.今天,我花了100美元。思维拓展:由much构成的短语:betoomuch太过分,令人无法忍受benotmuchofa...不是了不起的muchas虽然极somuchfor到此为止thinkmuchof给予……高评价18.Thinkoftworegions,cities,townsorvillagesyouknowwell.想出两个你熟悉的地区,城市,城镇和村庄来。region区域,地方。例如:forestregions森林地带theregionoftheheart心脏部位思维拓展backwardregion落后地区,不兴旺地区economicregion经济区entranceregion入口区forbiddenregion禁区19.Harbinisacoldindustrialcenterinthenorth.Ithasoverthreemillioninhabitants.哈尔滨是一个寒冷的工业中心。它有三百万居民。industrialadj.工业的,产业的theindustrialareas工业区ManyEuropeancountriesaredevelopedindustrialnations.许多欧洲国家是兴旺的工业国。思维拓展industrialareas工业区industrialworkers产业工人anindustrialcountry工业国20.Howdoyoufindit?你觉得怎样?—Isawafilmlastweek.我上星期看了一场电影。—Howdoyoufindit?你觉得怎样?思维拓展相当于Howdoyoulikeit?Whatdoyouthinkofit?Whatisyouropinionaboutit?21.It’stotallyfascinating.简直太迷人了!〔1〕totallyadv.完全地,整个地。例如:Itotallyagree.我完全同意。Bobistotallydifferentfromme.鲍伯和我完全不同。Shehastotallychangedhercharacter.她的性格已经完全改变了。〔2〕fascinatingadj.迷人的,醉人的。例如:afascinatinglovestory迷人的爱情故事afascinatingshopwindowdisplay吸引人的商店橱窗陈列22Ididn’tgetthat.我没听清楚。相当于:Ididn’thearwhatyousaid.或者是:Ididn’tquitecatchit.23.Let’sfindsomeoftheaction.让我们采取行动吧。action[U]&[C]动作,行动。例如:Thetimehascomeforaction.行动的时间到了。Actionsaremoreimportantthanwords.做比说更重要。Shehadafineaction.她姿态优美。思维拓展inaction活动outofaction不活动takeaction采取行动put...in/intoaction使……活动,实行,把……付诸实施24.Well,theyarebothmedium-sizedtownsofbetween100000and200000inhabitants.他们都是拥有十到二十万人口的中等城市。Medium-sizedadj.中型的,普通型的amanofmediumheight中等身高的人mediumsize中号largesize大号smallsize小号思维拓展kind-hearted好心的middle-aged中年的cold-blooded冷血的short-sighted近视的,目光短浅的25.Tourismisimportanttobothofthem,andtheyarebothclosetosomeofthemostbeautifulcountrysideintheregion.旅游业对它们两个城市都很重要,它们都临近本地区的一些美丽的乡村。becloseto离……很近。例如:Ourhouseisclosetoabusstop.我们家紧邻公共汽车站。Gofurtheraway!Youaretooclosetome.再远离一点,你靠我太近了。〔2〕beimportantto对……很重要。例如:Walkingisimportanttothehealth.散步对于健康很重要。思维拓展:与to搭配的形容词next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,married,close,similar,due,etc.26.Visitorsfromtheforeigntownusuallystayintheprivatehomesofthetowntheyarevisiting.来自国外的游客通常呆在他们参观访问的这个城镇的私人家庭里。privateadj.私人的,私有的。例如:Aprivatecargivesamuchgreaterdegreeofcomfortandmobility.私人小汽车能给人很大的舒服和机动性。Thisisprivateland,youcan’twalkacrossit.这是私人土地,你不能通过。思维拓展privatelyadv.私下地,秘密地inprivate秘密地;私下地。例如:Letussolvetheprobleminprivate.让我们私下里解决这个问题吧。重点语法:一、让步状语从句练习:1.Heisveryyoung,_____heknowsalotaboutcomputer.A.andB.howeverC.butD.while2.Excusemeforbreakingin,_____Ihavesomenewsforyou.soB.andC.butD.Yet3.Somepeoplewastealotoffood_____othershaven’tenoughtoeat.A.howeverB.whenC.asD.while4._____hehadtowriteahistorypaper._____hecouldn’tfindtimetodoit.A.Although;butB.Although;/C.Eventhought;/D.Evenif;/but和however两者都可以翻译为“但是、然而〞,但是两者的用法不同。However既可以放在句首也可以放在句中,并且后面一般要有逗号,but常用于句中,不加逗号。

(2)while与but两者都有“然而、而〞的意思。While强调两着的比照,而but强调转折。

(3)while与although都用来表示两者比照,但while是并列连词,引导并列句。although为附属连词,引导让步状语从句。But:1.连接两个并列分句Honeyissweet,butthebeestings.Ioughttohavehelpedher,butIevercould.2.连接两个并列成分Theyseethetreesbutnottheforest.Henolongerfeltdisappointed,buthappyandhopeful.3.后接状语Hetriedtosaveit,butinvain.Heglancedabout,butseeingonlytheemptyroom.whatever,whoever,however,whenever,whereverHedoeswhateversheaskshimtodo.她要他做什么,他就做什么。Comewheneveryoulike.你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。However:例句:1.Peoplelikethisareusuallyharmless.Theycan,however,beanuisance.(令人讨厌的人)2.Thismethodhasbeenwidelyadopted.However,itisnotyetclearthatitisthebestmethod.3.Peoplelikethisareusuallyharmless.Theycanbeanuisance,however.4.Youshouldreportanyincident,howeverseriousorminoritis.5.We’llhavetofinishthejob,howeverlongitmaytake.6.Ireallywanttobuythecar,howevermuchitcosts.用法:1.多插在句子中间(1)Hisfirstresponsewastosayno.Later,however,hechangedhismind.(2)Theproductionislowthismonth.However,therewillbeanincreasenextmonth.2.有时也放在句首或句I’llofferittoTom.However,hemaynotwantit.YouknowallthisaswellasIdo,however."nomatter+疑问词"或"疑问词+后缀ever"

Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.

Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.

替换:nomatterwhat=whatevernomatterwho=whoever

nomatterwhen=whenevernomatterwhere=wherever

nomatterwhich=whichevernomatterhow=however

注意:nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

〔错〕Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.

〔对〕Whateveryousayisofnousenow.

你现在说什么也没用了。(Whateveryousay是主语从句)

〔错〕Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey'regiven,

〔对〕Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey'regiven.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。whatever,however等-ever词用法说明这些词的用法应注意以下几点:(1)注意however以下两类句型结构:①however+主语+谓语:Howeveryoutravel,it’lltakeyouatleastthreedays.不管你怎么走,至少要三天。Howeveryoucome,besuretocomeearly.不管你怎么来,一定要早来。②however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语:Howevermuchheeats,henevergetsfat.无论他吃多少,他都不发胖。Howevercolditis,shealwaysgoesswimming.不管天多冷,她都会去游泳。有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略:Hewasofsomehelp,howeversmall.他总能帮些忙,不管多小的忙。Irefuse,howeverfavorablethecondition.不管条件多好,我都不接受。(2)有时从句谓语可用情态动词:I’llfindhim,whereverheis[maybe].无论他在哪里,我都要找到他。Keepcalm,whateverhappens[mayhappen].无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。(3)whenever有时可引导时间状语从句,wherever有时可引导地点状语从句:Wheneverweseehimwespeaktohim.每次见到他,我们都和他说话。Theyteachwherevertheirpupilsareworking.学生在哪里工作,教师们就在哪里上课。whether…or…I’lldoitwhetheryoulikeitornot.不管你是否喜欢,我都要做。Whetherwehelphimornot,hewillfail.不管我们帮助他与否,他都将失败。though,although

注意:当有though,although时,后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用

Althoughit'sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。

Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.虽然他很老,但仍然努力地工作。

Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。〔谚语〕

典型例题

1〕___sheisyoung,sheknowsquitealot.

A.WhenB.HoweverC.AlthoughD.Unless

2)as,though引导的倒装句

as/though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前〔形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前〕。

Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.

=Thoughhewasasmallchild,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.

注意:a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b.句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.

=Thoughhetrieshard,heneverseems…虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。when,while不要认为when和while只引导时间状语从句,其实它们也可引导让步状语从句,意思是“尽管〞或“虽然〞:(1)while当……的时候,引导时间状语从句。例如:WhileinLondonhestudiedart.他在伦敦时学习艺术。(2)while虽然,尽管,引导让步状语从句。例如:Whilehewasrespected,hewasnotliked.她虽然受到尊敬,但没有受到喜爱。Shestoppedwhensheoughttohavecontinued.尽管她应该继续下去,她却停住了。WhileIunderstandwhatyousay,Ican’tagreewithyou.虽然我理解你的意思,但我还是不同意。(3)while只要,引导条件状语从句。Therewillbelifewhilethereiswaterandair.只要有空气和水,就会有生命。然而Somecountriesarerich,whileothersareextremelypoor.三、让步状语从句与倒装引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though,但不是能用although:PoorthoughIam,Icanaffordit.我虽穷,但这东西还是买得起的。MuchasIlikeParis,Icouldn’tlivethere.尽管我喜欢巴黎,但我不能住在那里。【注】as可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语,但假设不倒装,那么不能用as,而与之相反,although在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语,但在倒装的结构中却不可以用。二、倒装句

一.概念:

英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序。

二.相关知识点精讲

按“主语+谓语〞这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语〔或谓语一局部〕+主语〞,就是倒装。倒装句分为:

完全倒装:整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。

局部倒装:只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫局部倒装。

1.当以there,here,out,in,up,down,away等副词开头的句子,为了起到强调的作用,可构成倒装句,只把副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。

Ourteachercamein.

Incameourteacher.

这种倒装要求:主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语语序不变。

Hereitis.

Awayhewent.

这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。

Herecomesthebus.

Outrushedtheboys.

2.how,then,just,often表示时间的副词放在句首,可构成倒装句,只把副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。

Thencame8yearsoftheAntiJapaneseWar.

3.表地点状语的介词短语放在句首,要用倒装句式,以示强调。

这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置,不加助动词did,does或do.

Underabigtree________,halfasleep.

A.didsatafatmanB.afatmansatC.didafatmansatD.satafatman

4.there放在句首时,要用倒装句式。

在“there+be〞结构中的谓语动词有时不用be,而用表示类似“存在〞观念的其他不及物动词。如:live,stand,come,lie,flow,enter,rise和appear等。但是主语为代词时不用倒装。

Therecameshoutsforhelpfromtheriver.

Thereliesalargewheatfieldinfrontofthehouse.

Manyyearsagotherelivedanoldmaninthewoodenhouse.

Infrontofthetowerflewsastream.Thereheis.

5.so+动词+主语

neither/nor+动词+主语

表示两人的同样一个情况时,只能表示一件事,即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。

否那么要用soitiswith…

Youcanrideabike.SocanI.

HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.

Thefirstoneisn’tgood,neitheristhesecond.

Hisuncleisaworkerandhasbeenworkinginthefactoryformorethantenyears.Soitiswithhisaunt.

6.so+形容词/副词that的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示,也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下:so+形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that+从句。

Lighttravelssofastthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.

=Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.

Soeasywastheworkthattheyfinisheditinafewdays.

7.done做形容词在句中做表语时,常把表语放在句首,要用倒装句式。

GoneforeverarethedayswhentheChinesepeoplehadtouseforeignoil.

8.否认副词not,never,seldom,nowhere,little,rarely放于句首时要用倒装句式。

Weseldomgetupatfourinthemorning.

=Seldomdowegetupatfourinthemorning.

Notasinglewordfromhimcouldtheenemydrag.

RarelyhaveIheardofsuchasillything.

9.hardly…when;scarcely…when…;nosooner…than…可以用正常语序hadhardlydonewhen…did或用倒装句式Hardlyhad+主语+donewhen…did句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。

Thebellhardlyhadrungwhentheclassbegan.=Hardlyhadthebellrungwhentheclassbegan.

NosoonerhadhearrivedinBeijingthanhebegantowork.

10.notonly…butalso如连接两个成分时,不用倒装;连接句子时,前面的句子要用倒装。

Notonlywaseverythingthathehadtakenawayfromhim,butalsohisGermancitizenship.

Notonlyishebusy,butalsoIhavealotofworktodo.

NotonlydoeshespeakEnglishverywell,butalsohespeaksFrenchwell.

11.only及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时,要用:

only+状语+be/助动词/情态动词+主语及其他

OnlywhenhetoldmethenewsdidIknowwhathadhappened.

OnlyinthiswaycanyoumakeprogressinyourEnglish.

12.虚拟语气中的倒装句

IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakethejob.=WereIyou,Iwouldtakethejob.三、With复合结构与独立主格结构with复合结构与独立主格结构是英语中常见的两种结构形式。从某种意义上说,它们可以算作是非谓语动词用法的延伸。它们都可以在句中作原因状语、伴随状况状语、条件状语、时间状语或结果状语用,一般也可以相互转换。虽然它们的语法功能和意义相同,但其结构形式和名称却不相同。抓住这一点,就可以把二者融会贯穿,从而在阅读中减少不必要的理解障碍。

with复合结构的模式是:with+名词/代词〔作逻辑主语〕+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语〔作逻辑谓语〕

独立主格结构的模式是:主格名词/代词〔作逻辑主语〕+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语〔作逻辑谓语〕

请看下例:一.with复合结构的构成1.with+宾语+名词Hediedwithhisdaughteryetaschoolgirl.他死的时候,他的女儿还是个学生。2.with+宾语+形容词Heusedtosleepwithallthewindowsopen.他过去常常开着窗子睡觉。Shelayinbedwithherfacepale.她躺在床上,脸色苍白3.with+宾语+副词Thegirlfellasleepwiththelighton.那位女孩睡着了,灯还亮着。Hermothersatinanarmchairwithherheaddown.她母亲坐在椅子上,头低着。4.with+宾语+不定式Ican’tgooutwiththeseclothestowash.因为这些衣服要洗,我不能出去。Ihadtogotobedwithnothingtodo.我没有事可做,只好睡觉。5.with+宾语+介词短语Hesatnearthefirewithhisbacktothedoor.他坐在炉子旁,背朝着房门。Theteachercameinwithabookinhishand.老师进来了,手里拿着本书。6.with+宾语+现在分词Withthemachinehelpingus,wecouldfinishtheworkontime.由于有机器的帮助,我们能按时完成任务。Shelivesintheroomwiththelightburning.她住在亮着灯的那个房间里。7.with+宾语+过去分词Witheverythingdone,shewenthome.做完一切事情以后,她回家了。Helayonhisback,withhisteethsetandhiseyesclosed.他仰卧着,咬着牙、闭着眼。二.with复合结构作定语Shesawabrookwithredflowersandgreengrassonbothsides.她看到一条两岸长着红花、绿草的小溪。ThewomanwithababyinherarmsisTom〞saunt.抱着小孩的那位妇女是汤姆的姑姑。Thecityliesinavalleywithhighmountainsaroundit.这位城市位于一个由高山环抱的山谷中。Anymanwitheyesinhisheadcanseethathe〞sexactlylikearope.任何头上长了眼睛的人都会看出他十足像一条绳子三、with复合结构作状语〔一〕、作时间状语

1、Withwintercomingon,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.

=Wintercomingon,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.

2、Withourworkhavingbeenfinishedwell,wewentoutforaholiday.

=Ourworkhavingbeenfinishedwell,wewentoutforaholiday.

3、Withthetrafficlightgreen,thebusgotmoving.

=Thetrafficlightgreen,thebusgotmoving.

4、Withtheweddingdinnerparty(being)over,weleftthehotel.

=Theweddingdinnerparty(being)over,weleftthehotel.

〔二〕、作原因状语

5、WithitbeingSunday,thelibrarywasclosed.

=ItbeingSunday,thelibrarywasclosed.

6、Withtheweatherterriblycold,weenteredtheroomtowarmourselves.

=Theweatherterriblycold,weenteredtheroomtowarmourselves.

7、Withustocareforthechildrenyouareabletobecarefreeawayfromhome.

=Wetocareforthechildren,youareabletobecarefreeawayfromhome.〔注意此处的we不得改成us,用了us便不是独立主格结构了。〕

8、Withthekeyhavingbeenlost,shecouldnotentertheroom.

=Thekeyhavingbeenlost,shecouldnotentertheroom.

〔三〕、作条件状语

1、Withtimepermitting〔许可〕,we’llvisittheSummerPalace.

=Timepermitting,we’llvisittheSummerPalace.

2、Withthecargoingwrong,we’llhavetostopatthefootofthemountain.

=Thecargoingwrong,we’llhavetostopatthefootofthemountain.〔四〕.表示结果Thebattleendedwiththeenemydefeated.战斗结束了,敌人被打败了。Theyhavefinishedthepeacetalkswiththeagreementsreached.他们结束了和谈,达成了协议。〔五〕、作伴随状况状语

1、Themotherwascleaningthehousewithherbabyplayingonthebed.

=Themotherwascleaningthehouse,herbabyplayingonthebed.

2、Heworeashirtwiththeneckopen.

=Heworeashirt,theneckopen.

3、LastnightIfollowedhim,andclimbedin,withaswordinmyhand.

=LastnightIfollowedhimandclimbedin,swordinhand.

4、Hesattherethinking,withhisheadonhishand.

=Hesattherethinking,headonhand.

注意:假设with复合结构在句中作伴随状况状语,且结构模式又是“with+名词+介词短语〞,那么with复合结构转换成独立主格结构时,介词前后的两个名词就应该用单数形式且不带包括冠词在内的任何限定词。上述句3、句4便是例证。

〔2〕无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构,都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语。如下例中的was就必须去掉:Hesatatthedeskreadingwithapenwasinhisrighthand.

〔3〕这两种结构在句中作时间、条件或原因状语时,分别与表示时间、条件或原因的状语从句同义。例如:

Timepermitting;wewillvisittheYellowMountain.=IftimepermitswewillvisittheYellowMountain.

ItbeingSunday,peoplegotuplatethatday.=AsitwasSundaypeoplegotuplatethatday.

Themeetingover,weallwenthome.=Whenthemeetingwasoverweallwenthome.

〔4〕with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词,而独立主格结构那么不可作后置定语修饰名词。例如:

Soonshearrivedataparkwithgrassgreenandflowersinblossom.

=Soonshearrivedataparkwhosegrasswasgreenandwhoseflowerswereinblossom.

独立主格结构什么是独立主格结构?它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语构成的结构。它不修饰单个的词,而修饰整个句子。独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。它构成一个单独实体,在句中作状语,并具有如下两种功能:(1)解释原因或情景(2)提供主句中重点局部的相关细节。非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构。其实,所谓“独立主格结构〞也并非真正独立,它还是一种附属的结构。一〕非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。1.不定式“独立主格结构〞在“逻辑主语+动词不定式〞结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。例如:1〕Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest____inayear.(2005湖南)A.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowed2.-ing形式“独立主格结构〞1〕表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构〞Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass.每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。〔相当于一个时间状语从句Wheneveryonewasready.)Thechairmanbeganthemeeting,everyonebeingseated.每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。〔相当于一个时间状语从句aftereveryonewasseated〕2〕表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构〞Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。〔相当于一个原因状语从句Becausetheboyledtheway〕Manyeyeswatchinghim,hefeltabitnervous.许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张。〔相当于一个原因状语从句Asmanyeyeswerewatchinghim〕3〕含有being的独立主格结构。ItbeingNationalDaytoday,thestreetsareverycrowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。=AsitisNationalDaytoday,thestreetsareverycrowded.Therebeingnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。=Astherewasnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.4〕表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构〞Timepermitting,wewillhaveapicnicnextweek.时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。〔相当于一个条件状语从句Iftimepermits)Myhealthallowing,Iwillworkfarintothenight.我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。〔相当于一个条件状语从句Ifmyhealthallows〕5〕表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构〞Thestudentsarewalkingintheschoolhappily,eachwearingacardinfrontofhischest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡。〔相当于一个并列分句andeachwearsacardinfrontofhischest〕Theboylayonthegrass,hiseyeslookingatthesky.男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。〔相当于一个并列分句andhiseyeswerelookingatthesky〕3.不用“独立主格结构〞的情况动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时,逻辑主语通常省去。例如:1〕_____inthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.(2004北京)A.TowaitB.HavewaitedC.HavingwaitedD.Tohavewaited_____theprogramme,theyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.(2004广东)A.NotcompletingB.NotcompletedC.NothavingcompletedD.Havingnotcompleted4.-ed形式“独立主格结构〞与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。=1\*GB3①ThebookwritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.〔独立主格结构在句中作原因状语〕=AsthebookwaswritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂。〕=2\*GB3②Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.〔独立主格结构在句中作方式状语=Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,andhiseyeswerefixedontheblackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。=3\*GB3③Thetaskcompleted,hehadtwomonths``leave.〔独立主格结构在句中作时间状语〕=Whenthetaskhadbeencompleted,hehadtwomonths``leave.任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假。5.不用-ed形式“独立主格结构〞的情况动词的-ed形式作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时,逻辑主语通常省去。例如:1._____inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.(NMET1996)A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose2.______thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.(2000spring)A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven3._______time,he``llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.(2003北京)A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given4.Afterhisjourneyfromabroad,RichardJonesreturnedhome,_____(2004上海春季)A.exhaustingB.exhaustedC.beingexhaustedD.havingexhausted5.______andhappy,Tonystoodupandacceptedtheprize.(2006全国〔1、2〕)A.SurprisingB.SurprisedC.BeingsurprisedD.Tobesurprising比拟:动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。Themanagerlooksworried,manythingstosettle.经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。〔事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式tosettle〕Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled.许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。〔事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束〕Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV.小孩一边做饭,一边看电视

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