宽心是福课件

Whereisthenewsleadingus?NormanCousins(1915-1990)1宽心是福BackgroundknowledgeTheauthor’spoliticalview

“NormanCousins

(1915–1990)wasanAmericanpoliticaljournalist,author,professor,andworldpeaceadvocate.”----Wiki“Cousins’longstandingleadershipasaglobalpeacemakerisexploredaswellasenvisioningaworldwithinwhichpeaceandmutualrespectcouldexistamongstallpeople&nations.”“thelegendaryeditor&authortoexplorethepowerofbelief.”

----2宽心是福3宽心是福4宽心是福Ina1984forumattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleyentitled“QuestforPeace,”CousinsrecalledthelongeditorialhewroteonAugust6,1945,thedaytheUnitedStatesdroppedthebombinHiroshima.Titled“TheModernManisObsolete,”Cousins,whostatedthathefelt“thedeepestguilt”overthebomb’suseonhumanbeings,discussedintheeditorialthesocialandpoliticalimplicationsoftheatomicbombandatomicenergy.HerushedtogetitpublishedthenextdayintheReview,andtheresponsewasconsiderable,asitwasreprintedinnewspapersaroundthecountry,andenlargedintoabookthatwasreprintedindifferentlanguages.5宽心是福BackgroundknowledgeHishonor

CousinsreceivedtheAlbertSchweitzerPrizein1990.

(Itisaprizegiventopeoplewhomadeexemplarycontributionstohumanityandtheenvironment.Theprizewasestablishedin1986byaninternationalgrainGerman

merchant,AlbertToepfer.ItisnamedafternotedhumanitarianandphysicianAlbertSchweitzer)Otherprizesnamedafteraperson(knownintheworld)

尤金·史密斯人道主义摄影奖(KnowninChina鲁迅文学奖、茅盾文学奖)6宽心是福Hiscombatwithhisdisease:Toldthathehadlittlechanceofsurviving,Cousinsdevelopedarecoveryprogramincorporatingmegadoses(大剂量)of

VitaminC,alongwithapositiveattitude,love,faith,hope,andlaughterinducedbyMarxBrothersfilms."Imadethejoyousdiscoverythattenminutesofgenuinebellylaughterhadananestheticeffectandwouldgivemeatleasttwohoursofpain-freesleep,"hereported."Whenthepain-killingeffectofthelaughterworeoff,wewouldswitchonthemotionpictureprojectoragainandnotinfrequently,itwouldleadtoanotherpain-freeinterval.“hisdignityasatoughfighteragainsthisdisease7宽心是福Hisnotablequotes:"Deathisnotthegreatestlossinlife.Thegreatestlossiswhatdiesinsideuswhilewelive.""Historyisavastearlywarningsystem.”Questionfordiscussion:

howdoessuchbackgroundrelatetothethemeinthetext?8宽心是福StructureofthetextThetextcanbedividedintotwomajorparts,withtheauthor’sargumentinthemiddle:Part1fromPara1toPara8

Para9containstheauthor’spositionPart2fromPara10toPara139宽心是福Part1.1.WhatisCousins’spurposeinthefirst8paragraphs?2.Hashesuccessfullyledhisreaderstohisconclusiveargument?Howdoeshedothat?3.HisargumentwaspresentedinPara.9.Canyouidentifyit?Theresponsibilityofthenewsmediaistosearchoutandreportonimportantevent---whetherornottheycomeundertheheadingofconflict,confrontation,orcatastrophe.10宽心是福Howdoeshebringouthisviewpointsuccessfully?Hebeginswithaquestiontotwojournalists:whyarethenewspapersandthetelevisionnewsprogramssodisaster-prone?(para.3)Hethenjudgestheiranswerstobemissingthepoint:hebelievesthatitisnottheresponsibilityofthejournalistsfortheexistenceofnegativenewsbut...Hethinksthereasonlieswiththedefinitionoftheterm“news”(para.4-6)11宽心是福TheconceptofnewsEruptivevs.non-eruptiveDisastersvs.humanprogresswhichhappensonlyinbitsandpieces.Totheauthor:humanprogresscontainseventsworthyofcoverage.(para.7-8)

12宽心是福Thelast4paragraphs:Cousinsstrengthenshisviewpointbycitingexamplesofwhatheconsiderspositivedevelopmentsoftheworld(para.10),andcallingattentiontotheresponsibilityjournalistshaveforaffectingthewaypeoplethinkandtherolethemediaplayinshapingthemindofthepeople.(para.11-13)13宽心是福DetailedanalysisLine5:Thepurposeofthesymposium,asIunderstoodit,wastoscrutinizetheobligationsofthemediaandtosuggestthebestwaystomeetthoseobligations.[Weneedfurtherinformationonthis.]14宽心是福ProfessionalEthicCodesofthejournalistPublicTrust：theirfirstobligationistothepublic-Understandthatanycommitmentotherthanservicetothepublicunderminestrustandcredibility.-Recognizeanobligationtoreflectthediversityofthecommunityandguardagainsttheoversimplificationoftheissuesandevents.Onthecontrary,theyshouldprovideafullrangeofinformationtoenablethepublictomakeenlighteneddecisions.-Notlibelothers.不损坏他人名誉……(tobecontinuedinthediscussionofTextII)15宽心是福Line15-16Hewasjustwonderingwhydistortionsaremostreported.Thenewsmediaseemtooperateonthephilosophythatallnewsisbadnews.Line21Newsissupposedtodealwithhappeningsofthepast12hours-24hoursatmost.Line28Themostimportantingredientinanycivilizationisprogress,whichisnoteruptiveandcomesinbitsandpieces.16宽心是福Line35-37(Para.8)“Anunrelieveddietoferuptivenewsdepletes(exhausts)theessentialhumanenergiesafreesocietyneeds.”Paraphrase:Acontinuousamountofnegativenewsreducesthehumanpotentialthatafreesocietyisinneedof.Question:Why?

17宽心是福Whereisthenegativenewsleadingus?Anexample:Inthepasttwoweeks,theworldhaswitnessedthedesecrationofthebodiesofAmericancitizensinIraqandseentheterrifiedfacesofkidnapvictimsofIraqiinsurgents.Onanygivenday,onecanopenthenewspaperandseethatsomeguymurderedhiswife,amotherislackingfoodinanurbanghettoorastudyappearssayingAIDSinfectionratesareskyrocketing.18宽心是福Iamavoracious（贪婪的）newsreader,andevenIcannottakethesaturationofviolenceandotherdepressingstoriesinthenewsanylonger.PeoplethatIhavecontactwithhaveaperceptionthattheworldisgoingdownthetoilet（彻底没希望了）,butIbelieveit‘snotasbadasitmayseem.Thissaturation(浸润，渗透，饱和)ofthenewswithviolenceanddepressingstoriesisamischaracterizationoftheworldthatispoisoningthemindsofourchildren.Theyneedtolearnthatforeverybadanddishearteningstory,therearetrulyupliftingonesthatgoignoredeveryday.

……19宽心是福Line55(Para11)Weareonlywhatwethinkweare;wecanachieveonlythosegoalswedaretoenvision.Newspeopleprovideuswiththeonlypicturewehaveofourselvesandoftheworld.Differentlevelsofunderstandingwe/Iandthink

20宽心是福1st:areligiousunderstanding

Proverbs23:7states,“Forashethinkethinhisheart,soishe.”“Lifeconsistsinwhatamanisthinkingofallday,”saidRalphWaldoEmerson.Or,astheBuddhasaidintheopeninglineoftheDhammapada（《句法经》）(1:1):“Wearewhatwethink.Allthatweareistheresultofourthoughts.”21宽心是福2ndlevel:aphilosophicalunderstanding

René

Descartes(1596-1650)Descartes'mostfamousstatementis:

Cogitoergosum

French:Jepense,doncjesuis;

English:Ithink,thereforeIam;OR

Iamthinking,thereforeIexist.Hehasbeendubbedthe"FatherofModernPhilosophy,"andmuchofsubsequentWesternphilosophyisaresponsetohiswritings,whichcontinuetobestudiedcloselytothisday.22宽心是福我思故我在意思是：“当我怀疑一切事物的存在时，我却不用怀疑我本身的思想，因为此时我唯一可以确定的事就是我自己思想的存在”

23宽心是福3rdinterpretation:

Youarewhatyouthinkyouare:Theimpliedmeaning:yourattitudemanipulateyourwayofdoingthingsandyourfutureachievements.Yourattitudeinfluenceshowyourelateyourselftotheexternalworld.E.g.:Cousins’ownexampleofcombatingtheseriousdisease:thepowerofbelief24宽心是福L60(Para12)Theacquiredcultureisnottransmittedinourgenes.Theacquiredculture(i.e.,thegoodlifeinagoodsociety)canneverbeattainedandpossessedonceandforall.Itwillnotautomaticallybeingrainedinourblood/ourgeneticsystem.So,thewisdomofthegoodlifeinagoodsocietyneedstobetransmittedthroughthemedia.25宽心是福Para13BernarddeChartres(1080?-1167),suggestedthatweusedhistory—boostingourselvesuponourexperiences:“likedwarfsseatedontheshouldersofgiants”Humanistandphilosopher,headofthecelebratedschoolofChartres,inFrance,whoseattempttoreconcilethethoughtofPlatowiththatofAristotlemadehimtheprincipalrepresentativeof12th-centuryPlatonismintheWest.26宽心是福PlatowastheteacherofAristotle.Aristotleoncesaid:“Platoisdeartome,butdearerstillistruth”吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理。AristotlerefutesPlato'sTheoryofIdeasonthreebasicgrounds:thattheexistenceofIdeas

contradictsitselfbydenyingthepossibilityofnegations;thathisillustrationsofIdeasaremerelyemptymetaphors;andthatthetheoryusesimpermanentabstractionstocreateexamplesofperception.27宽心是福BernardisaPlatonistandyettherepresentativeofa"returntoNature"whichcuriouslyanticipatesthehumanismoftheearlyRenaissance.JohnofSalisbury(Metalogicus,iv.35)attributestohimtwotreatises,ofwhichonecontraststheeternityofideaswiththefinitenatureofthings,andtheotherisanattempttoreconcilePlatoandAristotle.

28宽心是福Dwarfsstandingontheshouldersofgiants(Latin:nanosgigantumhumerisinsidentes)

ThisisaWesternmetaphormeaning“Onewhodevelopsfutureintellectualpursuitsbyunde