2022年大学英语考试真题卷七

2022年大学英语考试真题卷七

（本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。）

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1.{{BJ1TEXTBH/B}}

AuthorEmmaHeathcote-JameshasspentnineyearsIookinginto

real-lifeghoststories,coIIectingtalesfromhundredsofpeopIewho

claimtohaveseenevidenceofanafterIife.The27-year-oldstartedher

researchatuniversityandherthesiswasturnedintoaBBCdocumentary

thatshere-wroteasherdebutbestse11erSeeingAngeIs.Thebookprompted

somanypeopIetowritetoherwiththeirghostIyexperiencesthatshe

usedthemforasecondbookAfterDeathCommunication,whichhasjust

beenreleasedinpaperback.

HernewbookTheyWalkAmongUsdescribess6anceswithmediumswho

cansummonsolidghostsoutofthinair.Whileworkingonthebookshe

invitedamediumtoherhomeintheCotswoldstodemonstrateaformof

ghostIycommunicationwherespiritstakeoverthebody.SheexpIained:

nThismediumcametomyhouse,satinmyfrontroom,andwentintoatrance.

Anoldman'sbodyjustappearedoverthetopofthemedium-heturned

intoanoldmanrightinfrontofme.IwasabsoIuteIyterrifiedatfirst

—hishandsbecamealIarthriticandrheumatoidandhisvoicewasold

andstaggered.TheIightsinmyoldcottageweregoingmad,goingupand

downbythemseIvesbuttheyhadneverdoneitbeforeorsince.”Emma

added:"TheoldmanspoketomyboyfriendPaulandaskedhimtotakethe

medium'spulse.Paulyanarmydoctor,fe11hiswristandsaid'Ithink

he'sdead'-buthewasn1t,hehadletthespirittakehimover.M

TheyWalkAmongUsteIIsstoriesofpeopIeIikeNickMcGlynn,whowas

reunitedwithhiswifeMarieduringaseance.Shespoketohimthrough

amediumhoursafterdyinginhospitalfrommultipleorganfailure.Nick

recalIsthemoment,haIfwaythroughthes6ance,whenheheardhiswife

forthefirsttime:"Afairlyweakvoicesaid,9Nick,Nick19mhome,

IJmhome’,inthespeciaIwayIusedtoannouncemyarrivaltoherwhen

Icamehome."Hesayshetoldherhewashappyforher,andthatshethanked

himforstayingwithherinhospitalandtoldhim:"Iwantyoutohave

aball.Gooutandhaveagoodtime.M

Emmasaystheseparanormalexperiencesare"asnaturalasthesunand

therain"andsincethebook'sreleaselastmonthshe'shadhundreds

morelettersfromreaders.Sheadds:"It'ssuchahugesubject,Ifeel

IikeIamonthetipofamassiveiceberg."Afterthefirstbookthere

weresomanylettersthatthesecondonewroteitself.M

OnemiraculoustaleretoldinAfterDeathCommunicationisthatof

DaveBarber,whobeIieveshisdeadgrandmothersavedhimfromdrowning.

Davedescribesthedayhealmostdiedswimmingwithhisson:HAsneither

mywifeorIcanswimwesatatthesideofthepool,watchingmyson

splashabout.IdecidedtoclimbintotheshaIIowsandjoininthefun.

AlmostimmediateIyrIsiippedrandfell."Ashelayatthebottomofthe

poolDavesawa"whitemistMattheend,whichgotcloseruntiIhesaw

hisdeadgrandmotheremergefromit."Herarmswereoutstretchedtowards

meandshewasdressedinawhitesiIkengown,Hhesays."Suddenly,I

wasawarethatmynine-year-oIdsonhaddivedintosaveme.Hewasbanging

myheadonthefloorofthepoolinanefforttoIiftme.Mygrandmother,

AmeIiafwasnowverycloseandIknewthatifIturnedtoher,Iwould

die.IIookedatmysonandknewheneededme.Immediately,thepain

returned,IfeltmyselfrisingthroughthewaterandIbIacked-out.

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

A.ghostscancommunicatewithusthroughamedium

B.allthestoriesinherbooksarereal

C.Emmamadeupmostofthestoriesinherbooks

D.mostofthestoriesinhersecondbookarecollectedfromherreaders

whowroteherletters

2.WhydoesJohnwanttobuyabieyeIe

A.Toreplacehisstolenbicycle.

B.Tobeginbicyclingtowork.

C.Tojoinabicycleclub.

D.Totrainforabicyclerace.

3.{{I}}Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Atthe

endoftheconversation,youwiIIbegiven20secondstoanswerthe

questions.NowIistentotheconversation.{{/1})

Howwasthedistance-1earningcoursedifferentfromtraditionalcourses

A.Studentsarenotrequiredtoattendregularclasslectures.

B.Theprofessorvideotapesclasslecturesforreview.

C.Classesareheldatvariouslocationsthroughoutthearea.

D.Studentsreceivecreditforworkexperience.

4.WhatdoesLaurasuggestthatJohndo

A.Buyausedbicycle.

B.Buyaracingbicycle.

C.Replacethetiresonhisbicycle.

D.Sellhisoldbicycletotheshop.

5.{{1}}Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Atthe

endoftheconversation,youwiIIbegiven20secondstoanswerthe

questions.NowIistentotheconversation.{{/1}}

Whatdothespeakersagreeisthemajoradvantageofthedistance-1earning

course

A.Itallowsthemtomeetstudentsfromotheruniversities.

B.Itpromotestheconceptofself-learning.

C.Itallowsmoreflexibilityinstudentsschedule.

D.Itdoesn,trequireanyexaminations.

6.WhatdoesLaurasayismostimportantaboutabike

A.Itmustbetherightheight.

B.Itmusthaveseveralgears.

C.Itmusthavegoodtires.

D.Itmustbetherightweight.

7.{{I}}Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Atthe

endoftheconversation,youwiIIbegiven20secondstoanswerthe

questions.NowIistentotheconversation.{{/1}}

WhydidthewomandecidetoenrolIinthedistance-1earningcourse

A.It'sarequirementforpsychologymajors.

B.Shewasn'tabletogetintothetraditionalcourse.

C.Shelivesfarfromtheuniversity.

D.Shehastoworkalotofhoursthissemester.

8.{{1}}Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Atthe

endoftheconversation,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthe

questions.NowIistentotheconversation.{{/1}}

Whatdoesthemanthinkisadisadvantageofdistancelearning

A.Itrequirestoomuchtraveling.

B.Itlimitsinteractionamongstudents.

C.Itwillincreaseclasssize.

D.Itwillencouragestudentstowatchtoomuchtelevision.

9.{{I}}Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Atthe

endoftheconversation,youwiIIbegiven15secondstoanswerthe

questions.NowIistentotheconversation.{{/1}}

whatistheconversationmainlyabout

A.Theeffectsof.caffeine.

B.Somecausesofheadaches.

C.Howtodowellonexams.

D.Problemswiththestudentcafeteria.

10.Whatisthetalk'mainlyabout

A.Automobilesafety.

B.Increasingfuelefficiency.

C.California'spollutionlaws.

D.Electric-poweredcars.

11.{{I}}Questions14to17arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Atthe

endofthepassage,youwiIIbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.

NowIistentothepassage.{{/1}}

Whatisthemaintopicofthetalk

A.Jefferson'sviewsaboutcommercializedagriculture.

B.Internationaltradeinthenineteenthcentury.

C.ImprovementsinfarmmachineryintheUnitedStates.

D.FarmersJlossofindependence.

12.{{I}}Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage,Atthe

endofthepassage,youwiIIbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.

NowIistentothepassage.{{/1}}

Whatisthetalkmainlyabout

A.TheproblemscausedbytheRevolutionaryWar.

B.Howsomepeoplebecamerichinthelate1700's.

C.TheimportanceofprovidingforataxsystemintheConstitution.

D.MotivesforcreatingtheUnitedStatesConstitution.

13.{{I}}Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.At

theendoftheconversation,youwiIIbegiven15secondstoanswerthe

questions.NowIistentotheconversation.{{/1}}

whatistheman'sproblem

A.Hehasaheadache.

B.Hefailedhishistoryexam.

C.Heistired.

D.Heistoobusy.

14.Whatisthemainadvantageofelectriccarsovergas-poweredcars

A.Theyarecheaper.

B.Theydonotpolluteasmuch.

C.Theyaresimplertodrive.

D.Theyarefaster.

15.{{IllQuestions18to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage,Atthe

endofthepassage,youwiIIbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.

NowIistentothepassage.{{/1}}

Accordingtotheeconomicview,whobenefitedthemostfromthenew

Constitution

A.Taxcollectors.

B.Thewealthy.

C.Soldiers.

D.Stateofficials.

16.{{I}}Questions14to17arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Atthe

endofthepassage,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.

NowIistentothepassage.{{/1}}

Accordingtotheprofessor,whatwasthemajorchangeintheagriculture

duringthe19thcentury

A.Cropproductionbecameincreasinglyspecialized.

B.Economicdepressionsloweredthepricesoffarmproducts.

C.Newbankinglawsmadeiteasytobuyfarmland.

D.TheUnitedStatesincreaseditsagriculturalimports.

17.Whatisthemaindrawbackoftheelectriccar

A.Itisnotcomfortable.

B.Itisdifficulttosteer.

C.Itcannotgolongdistanceswithoutrecharging.

D.Itsengineeasilyoverheats.

18.{{I}}Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.At

theendoftheconversation,youwi11begiven15secondstoanswerthe

questions.NowIistentotheconversation.{{/1}}

whatdoesthewomanprobablythinkaboutcoffee

A.Ithelpspeopleworkefficiently.

B・It'smorerefreshingthansoda.

C.Itshouldbedrunkinmoderation.

D.Ithaslessflavorthantea.

19.{{I}}Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage,Atthe

endofthepassage,youwiIIbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.

NowIistentothepassage.{{/1}}

Whatcanbeinferredabouttheviewsofthehistorians

A.Theyarenotinfluencedbygovernmentpolicy.

B.Theyareopinionsthathavenobasisinfact.

C.Theyareaffectedbytheconditionsofthetimeinwhichtheyarewritten.

D.Theywouldbemoreaccurateifhistoriansfollowedoneideology.

20.{{I}}Questions24and25arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheend

ofthenewsitem,youwiIIbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.

NowIistentothenews.{{/I}}

Whatistheaimoftheoil-for-foodprogram

A.TopunishSaddamHussein'sgovernment.

B.TolessenUNsanctionsagainstIraq.

C.Toincreasetheproductionofcrudeoil.

D.TomakemoremoneyfortheUnitedUnion.

21.Howmanydeadbodieshavebeenrecoveredaccordingtothereport

A.33

B.53

C.73

D.83

22.{{I}}Questions14to17arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Atthe

endofthepassage,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.

NowIistentothepassage.{{/1}}

Accordingtotheprofessor,whywasworIdmarketimportantfortheUnited

Statesagriculture

A.TheyprovidedevidencethatJefferson,sidealcouldbeachieved.

B.Theymadefarmerslessdependentonlocalbankers.

C.Theyaffectedthepricesthatfarmerscouldreceivefortheircrops.

D.Theydecreasedthepoweroftherailroadstocontrolfarmprices.

23.{{I}}Questions24and25arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheend

ofthenewsitem,youwiIIbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.

NowIistentothenews.{{/I}}

Accordingtothenews,whichprobIemoftheUnitedNationisnotmentioned

inPaulVolcker'sreport

A.Illegalactions.

B.Immoralbehavior.

C.Corruption.

D.Hegemonicbehavior.

24.WhathasDr,JulieGerberdingaskedthepeopIeinthestrickenareas

todo

A.Toevacuatefromthescene.

B.Tostayathome.

C.Towaitfortherescueteams.

D.Torepairtheirhouses.

25.{{l}}Question26and27arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheend

ofthenewsitem,youwi11begiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.

NowIistentothenews.{{/1}}

Accordingtothenews,Israeliapprovalofabordersecuritydealwith

Egyptwould.

A.endaconfrontationbetweenIsraelandEgypt

B.irritatethepeopleofIsrael

C.promoteacompleteIsraeliwithdrawalfromtheGazaStrip

D.causesuicidebombattacksinIsrael

26.{{I}}Question28isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthe

newsitem,youwi11begiven5secondstoanswerthequestion.NowIisten

tothenews.{{/I}}

A.ChineseproductsarebetterthanAmericanJs.

B.ChineseproductsarecheaperthanAmerican,s.

C.Chinadoesnotobeythespiritoffreetrade.

D.ChineseproductsaremorecompetitivethanAmerican's.

27.{{l}}Question29and30arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheend

ofthenewsitem,youwi11begiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.

NowIistentothenews.{{/I}}

Accordingtothenewsthebusstationisamajortransitpointto.

A.thecastofthecapital

B.thesouthofthecapital

C.thewestofthecapital

D.thenorthofthecapital

28.Accordingtothedoctor,whatisthecurrenthazardbroughtthe

Hurricane

A.Badweather.

B.Extremecoldness.

C.Contaminatedwater.

D.Foodandclothing.

29.{{I}}Question26and27arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheend

ofthenewsitem,youwi11begiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.

NowIistentothenews.{{/1}}

Afterthebomberattackedthestation,he.

A.killedhimself

B.escapedthearrest

C.wasnotnoticed

D.plannedtosetanotherbomb

30.{{I}}Question29and30arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheend

ofthenewsitem,youwi11begiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.

NowIistentothenews.{{/1}}

ThethirdbombexpIodedwhen.

A.peoplegatheredatthestationwaitingforbuses

B.thepolicecame

C.ambulancessentthedeadandwoundedtothehospital

D.thecarbomberwentintothegarage

31.

{{B}}TEXTA{{/B}}

Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethan

ageneration.AlIhighschoolgraduatesOughttogo,saysconventionaI

wisdomandstatisticalevidence,becausecoIIegewiIIhelpthemearnmore

money,become“better"people,andIearntobemoreresponsibIethanthose

whodon5tgo.

ButcoIIegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.And

nowthatclosetohalfourhighschooIgraduatesareattending,those

whodontfitthepatternarebecomingmorenumerousandmoreobvious.

CoIIegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;coIIegestudents

interferewitheachother1sexperimentsandwritefalselettersof

recommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduate

school.OthersfindnostimuIationintheirstudies,anddropoutoften

encouragedbyco11egeadministrators.

SomeobserverssaythefaultiswiththeyoungpeopIethemseIves-

theyarespoiledandexpectingtoomuch.Butthat'sacondemnationof

thestudentsasawhoIeanddoesn1texplainalIcampusunhappiness.Others

blamethestateoftheworld,andtheyarepartlyright.We'vebeentold

thatyoungpeopIehavetogotoco11egebecauseoureconomycan5tabsorb

anarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-oIds.Butdisappointedgraduatesare

learningthatitcannolongerabsorbanarmyoftrainedtwenty-two-year

oldseither.

SomeadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenIybegun

tosuggestthatco11egemaynotbethebest,theproper,ortheonlyplace

foreveryyoungpersonafterthecompIetionofhighschooI.Wemayhave

beenIookingatalIthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedownritseems,

andthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperiences.

PerhapscoIIegedoesn,tmakepeopIeintelIigent,ambitious,happy,

Iiberal,orquicktolearnthings.Maybeit'sjusttheotherwayaround,

andinteIIigent,ambitious,happy;Iiberalvquick-1earningpeopleare

merelytheoneswhohavebeenattractedtoco11egeinthefirstplace.

AndperhapsalIthosesuccessfulco11egegraduateswouldhavebeen

successfulwhethertheyhadgonetocoIIegeornot.Thisisheresyto

thoseofuswhohavebeenbroughtuptobeIievethatifaIittIeschooIing

isgood,morehastobebetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningto

mountup.

Accordingtothepassage,theauthorbeIievesthat.

A.peopleusedtoquestionthevalueofcollegeeducation

B.peopleusedtohavefullconfidenceinhighereducation

C.allhighschoolgraduateswenttocollege

D.veryfewhighschoolgraduateschosetogotocollege

32.{{B}}TEXTB{{/B}}

Educatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropouts

betweenthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossof

taIenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.SomehavepIacedthedropouts

lossashighas50percent.Theextentofthelosswas,however,largely

amatterofexpertguessing.Lastweekawe11-roundedstudywaspubIished.

ItwaspubIished.Itwasbasedon22,000questionnairessenttoformer

graduatestudentswhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedto

showmanypastfearstobegroundless.

Thedropout,sratewasfoundtobe31percent,andinmostcases

thedropouts,whilenotcompIetingthePh.D.requirement,wentonto

productivework.TheyarenotonIydoingweIIfinanciaIIy,but,according

tothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomeIeveIsofthosewhowenton

tocompIetetheirdoctorates.

Discussingthestudylastweek,Dr.Tuckersaidtheprojectwas

initiatedbecauseoftheconcernfrequently1expressedbygraduate

facultiesandadministratorsthatsomeoftheindividuaIswhodropped

outofPh.D.programswerecapableofcompetingtherequirementforthe

degree.AttritionatthePh.D.levelisalsothoughttobeawasteof

preciousfacultytimeandadrainonuniversityresourcesalreadybeing

usedtocapacity.SomepeopIeexpressedtheopinionthattheShortage

ofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedby

persuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompIetethe

Ph.D.

"Theresultsofourresearch,MDr.Tuckerconcluded,"didnotsupport

theseopinions."

1.Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.

2.Mostdropoutswentasfarintheirdoctoralprogramaswas

consistentwiththeirIeveIsofabilityortheirspecialties.

3.Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeir

educationandmotivation.

Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreason

fortheirdecision,butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfaiIure

topassthequaIifyingexamination,uncompIetedresearchandfailureto

passIanguageexams.Amongthesinglemostimportantpersonalreasons

identifiedbydropoutsfornon-compIetionoftheirPh.D.program,lack

offinanceswasmarkedby19percent.

AsanindicationofhowweIIthedropoutsweredoing,achartshowed

2%inhumanitieswerereceiving$20,000andmoreannuallywhiIenone

ofthePh.D.swiththatbackgroundreachedthisfigure.ThePh.D・'

sshoneinthe$7,500to$15,000bracketwith78%atthatlevelagainst

50%forthedropouts.Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthat

topsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.’stendtorisetothe

highestsalariesrarestilllaggingbehindotherfields.

AstothepossibiIityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutIook

wasglum.ThemainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevaiIforatleast

25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschooIwould

betoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeand

insomecasestheirpresentjob.

TheauthorstatesthatmanyeducatorsfeeIthat.

A.stepsshouldbetakentogetthedropoutsbacktocampus

B.thedropoutsshouldreturntoalowerqualityschooltocontinuetheir

study

C.thePh.D.holderisgenerallyabetteradjustedpersonthanthedropout

D,thehighdropoutsrateislargelyattributabletothelackof

stimulationonthepartoffacultymembers

33.{(Bl}TEXTD{{/B}}

Crypticcoloringisbyfarthecommonestuseofcolorinthestruggle

forexistence.ItisempIoyedforthepurposeofattack(aggressive

resemblanceoranticrypticcoIoring)asweIIasofdefense(protective

resemblanceorprocrypticcoloring).Thefactthatthesamemethod

concealment,maybeusedbothforattackanddefensehasbeenweII

expIainedbyT.BeltwhosuggestsasaniIlustrationtherapidityof

movementwhichisalsomadeuseofbybothpursuerandpursued,which

issimilarlyraisedtoamaximuminbothbythegradualdyingoutofthe

slowestthroughaseriesofgenerations.CrypticcoloringiscommonIy

associatedwithotheraidsinthestruggleforIife.ThusweII-conceaIed

mammaIsandbirds,whendiscovered,willgenerallyendeavortoescape

byspeedandwiIIoftenattempttodefendthemselvesactively.Onthe

otherhand,smalIanimalswhichhavenomeansofactivedefense,such

aslarge,numbersofinsects,frequentlydependuponconcealmentaIone.

Protectiveresemblanceisfarcommoneramonganimalsthanaggressive

resemblance,incorrespondencewiththefactthatpredaceousformsare

asarulemuchlargerandmuchlessnumerousthantheirprey.Inthecase

ofinsectivorousVertebrataandtheirpreysuchdifferencesexistinan

exaggeratedform.Crypticcoloring,whetherusedfordefenseofattack,

maybeeithergeneralorspeciaI.Ingeneralresemblancetheanimal,in

consequenceofitscoloring,producesthesameeffectasitsenvironment,

buttheconditionsdonotrequireanyspecialadaptationofshapeand

outIine.Generalresemblanceisespeciallycommonamongtheanimal

inhabitingsomeuniformlycoloredexpanseoftheearth'ssurface,such

asanoceanoradesert.Intheformer,animalsofalIshapesare

frequentlyprotectedbytheirtransparentbluecolor,onthelatter,

equallydiverseformsaredefendedbytheirsandyappearance.Theeffect

ofauniformappearancemaybeproducedbyacombinationoftintsin

startIingcontrast.Thustheblackandwhitestripesofthezebrablend

togetherataIittIedistance,and“theirproportionissuchasexactIy

tomatchthepaletintwhicharidgroundpossesseswhenseenby

moonIight."SpeciaIresemblanceisfarcommonerthangeneralandisthe

formwhichisusuallymetwithonthediversifiedsurfaceoftheearth,

ontheshores,andinshaIIowwater,asweIIasonthefIoatingmasses

ofalgaeonthesurfaceoftheocean,suchastheSargassoSea.Inthese

environmentsthecrypticcoIoringofanimalsisusuaIlyaidedbyspeciaI

modificationsofshape,andbytheinstinetwhichleadsthemtoassume

particularattitudes.CompIetestiIInessandtheassumptionofacertain

attitudeplayanessentialpartingeneralresemblanceonland;butin

speciaIresembIancetheattitudeisoftenhighlyspecialized,andperhaps

moreimportantthananyothereIementinthecompIexmethodbywhich

concealmentiseffected.InspeciaIresemblancethecombinationof

coloring,shape,andattitudeissuchastoproduceamoreorlessexact

resemblancetosomeoneoftheobjectsintheenvironment,suchasaleaf

oftwig,apatchofIichen,aflakeofbark.InalIcasestheresemblance

istosomeobjectwhichisofnointeresttotheenemyorpreyrespectively.

Theanimalisnothiddenfromviewbybecomingindistinguishablefrom

itsbackgroundasinthecaseofgeneralresemblance,butitismistaken

forsomewe11-knownobject.

Inseekingtheinterpretationofthesemostinterestingandelaborate

adaptations,attemptshavebeenmadealongtwoIines.Thefirstseeks

toexplaintheeffectasaresultofthedirectinfIuenceofthe

environmentupontheindividual(G.L.L.Buffon),orbytheinherited

effectsofeffortsandtheuseanddisuseofparts(J.B.P.Lamarck).

ThesecondbeIievesthatnaturalseIectionproducedtheresultand

afterwardsmaintaineditbythesurvivalofthebestconceaIedineach

generation.Theformersuggestionbreaks