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No.2023-16(November)
brief
policy
KeyPoints
•G20’scommitmentshave
focusedonadvancingwomen’sentrepreneurshipbuthave
notfullyconsideredtheir
challengestoparticipatein
cross-bordertrade.Thereisa
needtoapplyagenderlenstotradefacilitationmeasurestopromotewomen’sengagementininternationaltrade.
•AnexaminationoftheUN’sGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationshowsthatthelevelof
gendermainstreamingintradefacilitationinG20countriesislow.
•Thereareseveralgapsintheavailabledataandinformationonspecificmeasuresas
reportingbycountriesonthesemeasuresislow.
•AholisticapproachthatassessestheoveralltradepolicyecosystemshowsthatseveralG20countries
haveundertakenvariedand
innovativeinitiatives,andusedvariouschannelstoaddress
women’sspecificconcernsintheirtradeecosystem.
•TheG20communiqué
shouldreflectthisgrowingimportanceofgender
mainstreamingintradeandincludecommitmentsto
addressspecificconcernsofwomentraders.
•G20countriesshouldalsojointlycollectandsharedataandbestpracticesongender-relatedtradefacilitationmeasurestopromoteinclusivetrade.
•Thedataandbestpractices
shouldguideandinspireothermemberstoincludeagenderdimensionintradefacilitation,foreigntradepolicies,
measurestosupportexporters,andfutureFTAs.
©2023AsianDevelopmentBankInstitute
ISSN2411-6734
DOI:
/10.56506/
WUTE8297
Thisworkislicensedundera
CreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike4.0InternationalLicense.
GenderMainstreamingand
TradeFacilitationinG20Countries
NishaTaneja,Professor,IndianCouncilforResearchonInternationalEconomic
Relations(ICRIER),NewDelhi,India
SanjanaJoshi,SeniorFellow,ICRIER,NewDelhi,India
ShravaniPrakash,Consultant,ICRIER,NewDelhi,India
PawaniDasgupta,FormerResearchAssociate,ICRIER,NewDelhi,India
SanyaDua,ResearchAssociate,ICRIER,NewDelhi,India
1.Introduction
Womenengagedinmovinggoodsacrossbordersfaceanumberofchallenges,includingtimeandskillconstraints,burdensomecustomsrequirements,limitedaccesstotradefinance,andhigherexposuretoextortionandphysicalharassment(WorldBankandWTO2020).Applyingagenderlenstotradefacilitationmeasurescanaddressthesegender-specificimpedimentsandprovideapowerfulimpetustowomen’sparticipationininternationaltrade.This,inturn,canhaveapositivespilloverimpactonglobalgrowthandsustainabledevelopment.
However,addingagenderdimensiontotradefacilitationmeasureshas,untilnow,proventobetoughbecausetheinequalitiesarenotobviousintradeprocedures.TheWorldTradeOrganization’sTradeFacilitationAgreement(TFA),20171wasgender-neutralinitsdesignasitdidnotincludeanyprovisionstomainstreamgender(UNCTAD2022).Nevertheless,tomaketrademoreinclusive,countriesaroundtheworldhavestartedproactivelyincludingprovisionsforfacilitatingwomen’stradeintheirnationaltradepoliciesandstrategies.Gender-relatedconsiderationsareespeciallybeingaddressedviaFreeTradeAgreements(FTAs)asmorecountriesareincludinggender-equalityprovisionsinthetextoftheseagreements.
Againstthisbackdrop,thispolicybriefexaminesgendermainstreamingeffortsintradefacilitation,tradepolicies,andFTAsbeingpursuedbyG20membercountries.ItexaminestheresultsoftheWomenandTradeFacilitationcomponentofthe2021UNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationforthemembercountries(henceforthreferredtoasthe“Survey”).Inaddition,weidentifythegendermainstreamingbestpracticesfromvariousG20memberstohighlightpolicymeasuresandinitiativesthatcanbeadoptedbyothermembercountriesintheirtradeecosystems.Basedonthesefindings,wesuggestapossibleG20commitmenttogendermainstreamingintradefacilitationandalsorecommendactionsthattheGroupcanjointlyundertakeinthisdirection.
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2.RationaleforIncluding
GenderMainstreaming
inTradeintheG20
G20membershaveundertakenseveralcommitmentstoenhancewomen’seconomicparticipation,includingmeasurestoeliminatelegalbarrierstowomen’semployment;addressgenderpayinequity;promote
women’seducation,entrepreneurship,andskill-building;participationinSTEMcareers;andincreasetheproportionofwomeninleadershippositions(Figure1).Theneedfor“collectingmoreandaccurategender-disaggregateddata”hasfeaturedhighontheG20’sagenda.Theyhavealsofocusedonmeasurestoaddressthehighburdenofunpaidcareworkonwomen,topreventandaddressgender‐basedviolence,andtoadvancefinancial inclusion(Figure1).
Figure1:FocusAreasofGender-RelatedCommitmentsbytheG20intheirAnnualCommuniqués
Increasingwomen’slaborforceparticipationrate
Expandingeconomicopportunitiesforwomen
Creatingfamilyfriendlylabormarket
Reducingthegenderpaygap
Enhancingqualityandquantityofwomen’semployment
Increasinginvestmentinskillsdevelopment
Increasewomen’semployabilitythroughtraining
Promotingwomen’sentrepreneurshipandsupportingwomen-ledMSMEs.
PromotingwomeninSTEM
Enhancingaccesstoeducationalopportunities
Increasingaccesstonancialservicesandnancialeducation
Promotingdigitalinclusionandbridgingthedigitalgenderdivide
Endingallformsofviolenceanddiscriminationagainstwomen.
Promotingwomen’saccesstoleadershipanddecision-makingpositions.
Enhancinghealthcareservicesforwomen
Source:Authors’analysisofannualG20communiquéssince2009.
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However,promotingwomenintradeorincludinggenderintradefacilitationhasnotbeenstatedintheG20communiquéssofar.Whilethe2022G20BaliLeaders’Declaration(G202022)recognized,forthefirsttime,“theimportanceofinclusiveinternationalcooperationondigitaltrade,”womenorgenderwerestillnotspecificallyacknowledgedinthecontextoftrade.Thefocusongenderneutrality,infact,madethecommitment“genderblind.”ThisexclusionissignificantbecauseG20membersrepresentover75%ofglobaltrade,andenhancingwomen’sparticipationinG20’stradecanhaveasignificantimpactonassimilatingwomen-ledbusinessesinglobalvaluechains.
Trade-relatedgendercommitmentswouldbeinlinewiththeG20membercountries’engagementsatthe
multilaterallevel.All20memberssignedtheWTO’s
MC12MinisterialOutcomedocumentinGenevain2022(WTO2022),whichrecognizeswomen’seconomicempowerment.Also,16oftheG20Members(exceptIndia,SaudiArabia,SouthAfrica,andtheUnitedStates)aresignatoriestotheWTO’sBuenosAiresDeclarationonTradeandWomen’sEconomicEmpowerment(2017)andarealsoapartoftheInformalWorkingGrouponTradeandGender,2whichseekstoincreaseparticipationofwomeninglobaltrade.
InlightoftheG20’sroleinglobaltradeandthepotentialbenefitsofinclusivetrade,itisvitalfortheG20toincludegendermainstreamingintradeintoitscoreagenda.Thiswouldencourageitsmemberstoundertakemeasurestoassimilatewomen-ledenterprisesinglobalvaluechainsandincreasewomen’sparticipationintradefacilitationandtrade-enablinglogistics.
3.StatusofWomeninTrade
FacilitationinG20Countries
AllG20countriesadoptedtheWTO’sTradeFacilitationAgreement(TFA)in20173tocommittoimplementingmeasuresto“expeditethemovement,release,andclearanceofgoodsbeingtradedacrossborders.”MeasurescontainedintheTFAdirectlycontributetoimprovementinaccesstotheinternet,reductionincorruptionandbribery,andformalizationandgrowthofMSMEs,allofwhichdirectlyimpactwomen(WTO2017).EventhoughtheTFAdoesnotincludeanyprovisionstomainstream
gender(UNCTAD2022),anumberofprovisionsundertheTFAprovidetheopportunitytoaddagenderdimensiontotheimplementationoftrade-facilitatingmeasures.Articles1,2,4,5,6,7,8,10,21,and23oftheTradeFacilitationAgreementincludeprovisionsthatcouldbemadegender-inclusiveintheirimplementation(GlobalAllianceforTradeFacilitation2020).Table1illustratesexamplesofincludingthegenderdimensioninsomeoftheArticlesoftheTFA.
ToassesshowG20countrieshaveundertakenthesegendermainstreamingactionsintheimplementationoftheTFA,themostcomprehensivesourceofdatathatprovidesacomparativeassessmentoftradefacilitationmeasuresacross144countriesisthebiannualUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationconductedbytheUNRegionalCommissionsandUNCTAD.4Theanalysisisbasedon60tradefacilitationmeasures,coveringWTOTFAmeasures,aswellasmeasuresbeyondthescopeoftheTFA.Eachofthetradefacilitationmeasuresincludedinthesurveyisrated“fullyimplemented,”“partiallyimplemented,”“pilotstate,”“notimplemented,”or“don’tknow”(UN2021).
Akeycomponentofthesustainableaspectsofthesurveyincludesscoresontheimplementationof“womenintradefacilitation”measures.Theoverallscoreisbasedonanswerstothreemainsurveyquestions:
•WomeninTradeFacilitationisakeycomponentincludedinthesustainabilityaspectoftradefacilitationofthesurvey.Doestheexistingtradefacilitationpolicy/strategyincorporatespecialsupporttoincreasewomen’sparticipationintrade?
•Hasyourgovernmentintroducedtradefacilitationmeasuresthatspecificallytargetwomenintrade?
•ArewomenrepresentedintheNationalTradeFacilitationCommittee(NTFC)?
Figure2showstheaverageratesofimplementationofthethreemeasuresin“WomeninTradeFacilitation”inG20countriesontheSurvey.SaudiArabiaistheonlycountrywitha100%score,reflectingtherecentprogressthecountryhasmadeinimplementingpoliciestoeliminatevariousformsofgenderdiscrimination.Australia(90%)andFinland(80%)arealsohighperformers,whileIndiahasthehighestscoreamongdevelopingcountries(67%).
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4
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GenderMainstreamingandTradeFacilitationinG20Countries3
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Table1:ExamplesofActionstoMainstreamGenderintoImplementationofSomeTFAArticles
TradeFacilitationMeasure
TFAArticle
tobeImplemented
ActionstoMainstreamGender
Article1:
Publication
andAvailabilityof
Information
Membersshouldpublisheasilyaccessibletrade-relatedinformation(aboutimport,export,andtransitprocedures)onthe
Internet.
Womenshouldbeconsultedtounderstandthemost
beneficialformatandaccessibleplatformforinformationtobeavailabletothem(i.e.,internet,apps,SMS).
Capacity-buildingtrainingforwomen-ownedbusinesses(WoBs)canbeprovidedtoexplaintradingbasicsand
waysofnavigatinginformationplatforms.
Article2:
Opportunityto
Comment,InformationBeforeEntryIntoForce,andConsultations
Allinterestedpartiesmustbeconsultedandgiventheopportunitytogive
commentsonrulesandprotocolsbeforetheyareenforced.
Membersshouldprovideforregular
consultationsbetweenitsborderagenciesandtradersorstakeholderslocatedwithinitsterritory.
Women’stradeandentrepreneurialorganisationsmustbeconsultedbeforepoliciesandrulesareenteredintoforce.
Women’sbusinessassociationsandgroupsmustbe
includedintheconsultativeprocessbetweenauthoritiesresponsiblefortradefacilitation.
Article10:
FormalitiesConnectedwithImportation,
ExportationandTransit
Membersshouldperiodicallyreviewformalitiesanddocumentation
requirementsinlinewithspecifiedcriteria.
MembersshoulduseaSingleWindowforproceduralformalities.
WoBsshouldbeincludedinthereviewofsimplifiedandharmonizedtradeprocesses.
FocusonsectorsthataremostlikelytoimpactWoBsandSMEs.
Supportmarketingandawareness-activitiesofthesimplifiedtradeprocessesamongWoBs.
Womenmustbeprovidedcapacity-buildingtrainingtonavigateelectronicplatforms,suchasthesinglewindow.
Article21:
ProvisionofAssistanceandSupportfor
CapacityBuilding
Donormembersshouldfacilitatethe
provisionofassistanceandsupportforcapacitybuildingtodeveloping-countryandleast-developedcountrymembers.
Capacity-buildingfundsshouldincludespecific
assistancetofemaleentrepreneurstoimprovetheabilityofwomentraderstomeetcustomsrequirementsandtotakeadvantageofpreferentialtradeagreements.
Article23:
Institutional
Arrangements
Membercountriesshouldsetup
institutionalarrangementsforoverseeingtheimplementationofmeasuresof
theTFAbyestablishingNationalTradeFacilitationCommittees(NTFCs).
NTFCsshouldbemadegenderbalancedandincorporategenderissuesintotheiragendas.
Theyshouldincludeprovisionstoaddresswomen’s
concernsinthenationaltradefacilitationstrategiesandbyimplementingspecifictradefacilitationmeasures
targetedatwomen.
TheagendaoftheNTFCsshouldbemadegendersensitivebymakingsurethereisanadequate
representationofwomentradersandwomenentrepreneurialsupportorganizationsinthelistofmembers.
Source:GlobalAllianceforTradeFacilitation(2020)andTanejaetal.(2018).
Basedonresponsestothesequestions,only36%ofthecountrieshaveimplementedtherequirementof“womenmembershipinNTFCorsimilarbodies”(Figure3);while33%ofG20membershaveimplemented“TFmeasurestobenefitwomeninvolvedintrade,”“measuresregardinghowspecialconsiderationisgivenintradefacilitationpolicies/strategiesoffemaletraders”haveonlybeenimplementedinabout26%ofthecountries.However,implementationofallthreemeasuresismostlyonapartialandpilotbasis,andfullimplementationislimited.
Currently,therearesomelimitationsinreportinggender-relatedsurveyresponsesfortradefacilitationthathindercomparablemeasurementacrosstheG20countries.Forone,thereisaveryhighproportion(30%to60%)ofcountriesthatreport“datanotavailable”or“don’tknow”inresponsetooneormorequestions.DiscussionswithUNESCAPofficialsindicatedthatwhencountryexpertsandgovernmentsdonotprovideresponsesorvalidatethedata,itisreportedas“notavailable.”And,“don’tknow”isreportedwhentheexpertsandofficialsfromnational
ADBIPolicyBriefNo.2023-16(November)4
SaudiArabia
Australia
Finland
India
Canada
Japan
Ireland
Argentina
Indonesia
Italy
Rep.ofKorea
Mexico
UnitedKingdom
People’sRepublicofChina
France
Netherlands
Sweden
Brazil
Germany
RussianFederation
Turkïye
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
RepublicofCyprus
CzechRepublic
Estonia
Greece
Hungary
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Poland
Portugal
Spain
SouthAfrica
UnitedStates
Denmark
Latvia
Romania
Slovakia
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Figure2:OverallImplementationRateofWomeninTradeFacilitationMeasuresintheG20(2021)(%)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
89
78
67
565656
444444444444
222222
11
0000000000000000000
Source:UnitedNations(2021).DigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation:GlobalReport2021.
.
Figure3:StateofImplementationofSub-MeasuresforWomeninTFintheG20(%)
35-
30-
25-
20-
15-
10-
5-
0-
Tfpolicy/strategytoincreasewomen'sparticipation
TFmeasurestobenetwomeninvolvedintrade
Women'smembershipintheNTFC
orsimilarbodies
NotimplementedPilotstageofimplementationPartiallyimplemented
FullyimplementedDon'tknowDatanotavailable
Source:UnitedNations.4thUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation.
/report
.
customsandtradefacilitationdepartmentsdonothaveknowledgeofgender-relatedmeasuresasitisnotapartoftheircoremandate.Therefore,bynotreportingthedata,somedevelopedandadvancedmembercountriesliketheUSpreventothercountriesfromlearningfromtheirexperience.
Anotherlimitationisthatthesurveyresultsdonotdisclosetheanswerstothesub-questions(Figure4)thatareusedtocalculatethelevelofimplementationofeachcomponent.Thismakesitdifficulttounderstandwhichpoliciesarebeingassessedinthescoringandhowtheimplementationrateswerearrivedatforeachcountry.
GenderMainstreamingandTradeFacilitationinG20Countries5
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Figure4:Sub-QuestionstotheUNTFSurveyQuestionsonGender
Q48.Doestheexistingtradefacilitationpolicy/strategyincorporatespecialsupporttoincreasewomen’sparticipationintrade?
48.1Doesthetradefacilitationonpolicy/strategymakeanyreferencetogenderequalityasoneoftheobjectives?
48.2Doesthetradefacilitationpolicy/strategyaddressgender-basedbarrierstotradeforwomentraders?
48.3Isdatacollectedorusedtosupporttradefacilitationpolicy/strategydisaggregatedbysex?
48.4Doestheresponsibleauthorityconsidergender-specificimpactsintheassessmentofanytradefacilitationpolicy/strategy?
Q49.Hasyourgovernmentintroducedtradefacilitationmeasuresthatspecificallytargetwomeninvolvedintrade?
49.1IsthereagenderfocalpointintheMinistryofTradeand/orCustoms?
49.2Havetherebeenspecificmeasurestopromotebalancedparticipationofmenandwomenintrainings?
49.3Hastherebeenatleastonespecifictrainingforwomeninvolvedintradeduringthepast12months,bytheMinistryofTradeand/orCustoms?Ifyes,pleaselisttopicsoftrainingsorganizedforwomeninvolvedintrade
Q50.ArewomenrepresentedintheNationalTradeFacilitationCommittee(NTFC)?
50.1WhatpercentageofmembersintheNTFCCommitteearewomen?
50.2Isthereaminimumnumber/percentageofwomenrequiredtobemembersoftheNTFC?
50.3DoestheNTFCincludearepresentativeofwomentraders/entrepreneurs?
50.4HastheCommitteeeverbeenchaired/co-chairedbyawoman?
Source:UnitedNations.QuestionnaireforUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation.
/
.
Despitethelimitations,theinsightsongendermainstreamingintradefacilitationprovidedbytheUNsurveyresultsareagoodstartingpointtounderstandhowcountriescanincludegenderintheimplementationoftheTradeFacilitationAgreement.Mostoftheinformationcollectedthroughthesurveyiseithernotinthepublicdomainorisavailableindifferentdepartmentsoragencies.Therefore,agoodandcompletedatasetcouldbeofimmensevaluetoallcountries.
4.G20BestPractices:Holistic
ApproachtoGender
MainstreamingTrade
Facilitation
ThescopeoftheUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationdoesnotincludeanyinformationonspecificmeasurescountrieshavetakentoachievethegivenlevelofimplementationoftrade
facilitationmeasures.Tofillthisknowledgegap,itisimportanttoexaminegendermainstreamingmeasures,initiatives,andchannelsthatcountrieshaveusedtoachievethisgoal.
TheinsightsfromtheUNsurveyontradefacilitationmeasuresindicatethatveryfewcountrieshaveimplementedmeasuresthatapplyagenderlenstotheirtradefacilitationinitiatives.Onereasonforthisisthataddinggenderinequalityintradefacilitationisdifficult,andawiderlensisrequiredtoobserveinequalitiesforwomenwhentheyengageincross-bordertrade.Therefore,asrecommendedbytheUNECE(UN/CEFACT2018),amoreholisticapproachtotheanalysisofgendermainstreamingintradefacilitationisrequired,whichincludes“allthefunctionsthatwomenplayininternationaltradeactivitiesasproducers,traders,entrepreneurs,workers,andpolicydecision-makers.”
Asaresult,inadditiontogendermainstreamingtheimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures,theimplementationofgendermainstreamingintheoveralltradepolicyecosystemisrequired.
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ADBIPolicyBriefNo.2023-16(November)6
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AnassessmentofG20countriesusingthiswidergenderlensshowsthatsomemembershavebeguntomainstreamgenderintotheireconomicgrowthstrategies.Someofthesecountrieshavespecificallyincludedtheempowermentofwomenentrepreneursintheirvisionforlong-termeconomicgrowth.Forexample,SaudiArabia,whichisthebestperformeramongG20countriesonthewomenandtradefacilitationcomponentoftheSurvey,hasdonesobyimplementinglarge-scalereforms5toadvancewomen’seconomicparticipation,especiallywomen’sentrepreneurship.OtherG20members,liketheEU,Canada,Australia,theUS,andGermanyhaveintroducedvariousformsofgendermainstreamingintotheirtradepolicyactionsbasedontheirnational-levelgenderstrategies.
ThefollowingsectionshighlightG20members’effortstomainstreamgenderintotradefacilitationorintotheiroveralltradepoliciesandinFTAs.
4.1MainstreamingGender
inTradeFacilitation
FollowingarethebestpracticesandexamplesfromG20membercountriesformainstreaminggenderintotheimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:
4.1.1India:GenderMainstreamingin
NationalTradeFacilitationActionPlan
India’sNationalTradeFacilitationActionPlan(NTFAP)laysoutthereformagendatomeettherequirementsofthe implementationoftheTFA.Itcontainsspecificmeasuresassignedtostakeholderswithindicativetimelinesfor implementation.TheNationalTradeFacilitationActionPlan2020–2023(GOI2020)specificallyincludesthepromotionof“genderinclusivenessintrade”asanactionpoint(ActionPoint27).TheNTFAPincludedthegendercomponentfollowingtheassessmentoftheUnitedNation’sGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation(UN2020),whichpointedoutthat“gendermainstreamingistheonlyparameteronwhichIndiahasnotperformedaswellasitsregionalcounterpartsTheActionPlanhasconceptualizedanddevelopeda“WomeninGlobalBusinessProgram”thatprovides information,resources,andmentoringprogramsforIndianbusinesswomen.ImplementationoftheactionpointsundertheNTFAP2020–2023includesperformance indicatorssuchasthesharingofaninclusivenessreport,
thenumberofoutreachprogramsconducted,andthenumberoffemalemembersparticipatinginCustomsClearanceFacilitationCommitteemeetings(GOI2020).
4.1.2Germany:GenderMainstreaming
inTradeFacilitationProjects
TheGermangovernmentsupportsTheGermanAllianceforTradeFacilitation,6whichundertakestradefacilitationprojectsthatcontributetotheimplementationoftheWTO’sTFA.TheAllianceworkswithbusinesses,tradeassociations,andgovernmentinstitutionsworldwidetomakeinternationaltradesimplerandfasterwithanemphasisondigitalsolutionsforcross-bordertrade.ThegoalsoftheAlliance’sprojectsaretoreducethetimeandfinancialexpenditureforcustomsproceduresandthemovementofgoods.
AsperinformationontheGermanTradeAlliance’swebsite,theAlliance“recognizesthattradefacilitationmeasurescanhavedifferentiatedeffectsondifferentgenders,”andhastherefore,“setitselfthegoalofdesigninggender-sensitiveprojectsthatwouldcontributetoafeministdevelopmentpolicyintheareaoftrade.”AGenderTaskForcehasbeensetuptoraiseawarenessofgendersensitivityintradefacilitationprojects,andGenderGuidelinespromotegendersensitivityanda“donoharm”approachintheprojects.Inseveralprojects,theyclaimtotrackkeyperformanceindicators(KPIs)likethenumberofwomenexpectedtoparticipateinthetrainingsandthusintheirprojects.BysigningtheCodeofConduct,thepartnersoftheGermanAllianceandtheSecretariatcommittoactinginagender-sensitivemanner.
4.1.3Indonesia:GenderMainstreaming
inCustomsOperations
Indonesiancustomshaveundertakenseveralproactivemeasurestomainstreamgenderintotheirorganizationaswellasintheirworkwithexternalstakeholders.TheDirectorateGeneralofCustomsandExcise,underIndonesia’sMinistryofFinanceguidance,focusesontheimplementationofGenderEqualityandDiversity(GED)(DirectorateGeneralofCustomsandExciseofIndonesia2021).
Followingthis,theIndonesiancustomsdepartmentusedtheWCO’sGenderEqualityOrganizationalAssessmentTool(GEOAT)toassesswhethertheexistingpolicies
6
https://tradefacilitation.de/en/projects-and-topics/topics/gender/
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GenderMainstreamingandTradeFacilitationinG20Countries7
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