学术英语阅读学术英语阅读材料(双语)

Whereastheinstallationofpipelinesforthetransportationomaybetracedbacktoantiquity,theestablishmentofmarinepipelinesisamorerecentdevelopmentofthelatterpartofthetwentiethexportlineshadalreadybeeninstalledinshallowwateoffshorehydrocarbonexplo径石油出口线已经安装在美国墨西哥湾沿岸的浅水区，也可能安装在卡多多湖(路易斯安那州),加利福尼亚州和里海的海上油气勘探开始。Thefirstoil-producingwell'outofsightofland’(intheMexicanGulf)wasmarinepipelineswereinstalledforthetransportatioarelocatedintheheavilydevelopedregionsoftheArabianGulf,the艘铺管驳船，1954年第一条铺设在海床上的管道。海上管道的单独统计没有从1968年开始，但在接下来的三十年中，估计为运输碳氢化合物安装了近9万公里diameterpipelinesthattransportcrudehydrocarbonsfromawellheadtoaproduinjectionwater)intheotherdirection,whereasumbilicalsprovidepowerandtrunklinestransportlargeqbetweentwolandmasses.化合物的管线。通常小直径的服务管线将输送辅助介质(例如腐蚀抑制剂，提升气体或注入水)在另一个方向，而脐带提供电力和信号。场间管道是用于在typicallyanotheroffshoreplatformoranonshorereceiverstation,andtheinterfacesofcompletions.Normally,facilitiestolaunchvehicles(pigs)forcleaning,batcinternalinspectionoftpointhasthefacilitiestoreceivethesetools.管道系统被定义为从入口点(通常是海上平台或陆上压缩站)延伸到出口点 (通常是另一个海上平台或陆上接收站)的管道部分，并且管道设计的界面通常遵循此定义。特殊情况是通过发球台或天线连接到主干线的支线和终止于海底辆(猪)的设施，而出口点具有接收这些工具的设施。onshoretreatmentplant.1.1给出了典型管道系统的示意图，在这种情况下是从海上平台到proper,platformrisers,tie-inandspoolconnectionparts,hydrostatictesting,possibleactivitiesconductedinassociationwithstart-upofproduction.Anumberofareapipelines),particularlyhazardouszonesofintensefishingormarinetraffic,Asmentionedabove,theconstructionexamplebeingOffshorePipelineDesign,Analysis,andMethods(Mouselli1981).ADuringthesubsequentdecades,however,thedevelopmentofmatechnologyhasmainlybeenreportedatconferences,suchastheaMechanicsandArcticEngineering(OMAE),theTechnology(OPT)EuropeanSeminar,andthebiennialPipelineProtectionConference.Othersourcesofinformationarelecturecoursesbut,likeconferenceproceedings,thedocumentationisnotreadilyavailabletothepublic.Recentoverviewofdesignmethodsbasedupontwodecadesofresearchandteachingemphasisonpracticalconstructionissues.要在会议上报告，例如年度海上技术会议(OTC),两年一次的海洋力学和北极工程国际会议(OMAE),年度海上管道技术(OPT)欧洲研讨会和两年一度的Thisbookaddressessystemlayoutdeselection,fabrication,installationandtie-inmethods,andpre-commissioningmethodologies.Themainemphasisisonstructuraldesigthebasicparametershavebeenselected.Systemdesign(flowandcapacitycalculations)andoperationalissuesaretreated安全可靠的管道系统的保证和验证。系统设计(流量和容量计算)和操作问题numericalcoefficientsproposed.Thetermmarineslurryandcarbondioxidearecoveretransportationofpotablewaterarenotincluded.Thescopeislimitedtopressurecontainmentsteelpipelines,includingflecementitiousmaterialsmaybeusedformarinecrossingsorcoastalopipelinesarenotcovered,exceptbyextension.Thesa或多相)的运输，但也包括水，泥浆和二氧化碳等介质。但是，不包括与饮用该文本分为十一章。根据第1章的介绍，第2章将对设计基础进行评估，包pressureandtemperature),envcurrent),accidentalloads(naturalforcesandthirdpartyinterferencandoperationalriskman第4章规定了载荷，它们分为功能载荷(内部压力和温度),环境载荷(主要是波浪和电流),意外载荷(自然力和第三方干扰)以及安装过程中产生的载buckling,burstingandfatigue,pipelinestabilityspanning,expansionandbuckling,aswellascorrosionpreventionbcathodicprotection.Chapter7dealswiththefabricationofindividualpipejoints,whichincludeslinepipeproduction,sacrificialanodemanufacture,anti-corrosionshallowordeepwateristreatedinChapter8.Thisinvolvesassemblyofollowedbytrenchingandcrossings,shoreapproaches,riserinstallatactivities.Therequirementstoqualitycontrolanddocumedesignandinstallatio防止腐蚀。第7章涉及单个管道的制造接头，以及预先调试活动。第9章将回顾整个设计appurtenancesareincludedinthechaptersmadditiontoadescriptionoftheflexiblepipestructure,iewofdesign,fabricationanfmaterialsandprototypes.Thefinalchapterdealswiththesystems,includingcommissioning,inspection,maintenanceandrepair.TheGlossaryandnotation(seepagesxvi-xlii)explainsmor词汇表和符号(参见第xvi-xlii页)解释了200多个特殊术语，因为它们在文本中使用，定义了所有首字母缩略词(参考相关章节以获取更多信息)并标识常regulatorydocuments(codes,standards,recommendations,guidelines)andotherreferences(monographs,papers,reports)ciIndex,listingpageswhereeachcitedauthorism议，指南)和其他参考文献(专着，论文，报告)。索引分为主题索引，列出AncientGreece.Forexample,amongtheinventionsofHeroofAlexandriawereawindmill-operatedpipeorganandamechanicaltheatricalplay.varietyofelectromechanicalmachinesdesignedtomimicbisystemswereconstructed.Perhapsthebest-knownandmostdirectlybioroboticsisW.GrayWalter'srobotic"tortoises"ElsieandElmer.WalterwaTheirbehaviorwascontrollbehavioralrepertoireofthetortoisesincludedephototropisms,andobstacleavoidance.Tinteractionwiththerobots'environmentcouldproduceavarietyosequences.AlthoughoriginallydesignedtoexploreWalter'stheoriesofbrainfunthetortoisesbecameobjectsofpopularfascinationinmuchthesamewaythatancient生物过程和系统的机电机器。也许最着名和最直接相关的生物机器人是W.格雷不同的行为可以产生各种行为序列。虽然最初的目的是探索沃尔特的脑功能理Theseedsofthemodernrebehavior-basedrobots.AlthoughnotasdirectlybasedonbiologyaslaterworkwouldbytheinteractioAnotherimportantmilestonewasRaibert'sworkonhoppingandleggedrobotroleoffserpentinemotion,Hirosedevelopedanumberofsnake-likemanipulators.IntheofhexapodrobotsbaseddirectlyonthebodymorphologyandneuralcontrolofofveryefficientswimmingrobotsbasedonstudiesoftcompoundeyebasedonstudiesofinsecteyesandmotionWebb'sroboticmodelofcricketphonotaxis,Grassoetal'sroboticmodeloflobstercompasswasinspiredbystudiesofhomingbehaviorinthedesertant.AexampleofrobotswhosecontrolwasbasedontheoriesofgivenbytheworkofEdelmanetal.和腿式机器人的工作，强调了能量学在动物的动态平衡和运动中的核心作用。Arkin在MichaelArbib早期的工作基础上，开发了一种基于模式理论的反应式机机器人直接基于蟑螂和棒状昆虫行走的身体形态和神经控制(后者像许多六足机学定向策略机器人模型，以及Sahabot,其导航偏光指南针的灵感来源于对沙漠vocaltracts,jaws,retinas,expressivefaces,hands,arms,legs,etc.deployedonroboticworms,snakes,ants,flies,crickets,cockroacdinosaurs,bats,lobsters,tuna,pickeral,turkeys,apesandthereiscloselyrelatedworkonswarmrobotics,developmevolutionaryrobotics.Thus,nobriefintroductioncouldpossiblydojusticetotherangeofworkcurrentlybeingundertaken.手，胳膊，腿等部署在机器人蠕虫，蛇，蚂蚁，苍蝇，蟋蟀，蟑螂，拐杖上昆hexapedalroboticclimbercalledRiSEwhich,likeanumberoverticalsurface,thisrstructureofgeckofeetandinterlockingmechanismsinspiredbythestructureofinsectforces.EachofthesixlegsofRiSEhavetwodegrandgaitregulation.Inaddition,therobothasapawingbsurfaces,includingclimbingtreesandbrickorcinderblockwalls.最近一个生物学启发的机器人技术的例子是斯宾科等人关于一个叫做’攀机器人使用波浪步态，其中一次只有一条腿从地面抬起。除了开环步态发生Apowerfulexampleofbioroboticmodelingisprovidedbytheaerodynamicsofbeenverysuccessfulforexpldelicatesizeandhighspeedofofonewingalloweddirectmeasurementoftheforcesproducedandillumiairbubblesinthetankalloweddirectobservationofthefluidflowaroueachstroke.Third,furtherforcesareproducedatttwomechanismstothetimingofwingrotation,themodelsuggessmalldetailsofwingmotioncanbeusedinsteeri (惯性与粘性力的比率),他们的模型浸没在矿物油中并在空间和时间上进行缩butasefficientasthe汽车/火车运输系统如此缺乏吸引力，以至于在有选择自由的社会中，它们永远demands,theredlines(10%)arethedemandsthatcanbemetbytheLightreasonitisabetteralternativetothecarthantradionthedrivercanrelaxuntileveryjunction,thespeedireasonforthisspeedreductiondradiusofcurvaturewouldbemuchhigher(itgoeswiththesquareofthespeed).Inansystemarecoupledtoformtrainswhentheyusetheguideway.Thedependsonthedemand.DuringnighteverybodywilCapacityismorethanjustanfrequency.Itismuchbettertohaveacintolargetrains.RUF系统将作为导航网络实施。典型的网格尺寸为5x5km,因此典型的通部分原因是如果速度更高，曲率半径会更高(它与速度的平方一致))。在现有的城市中，找不到柔和曲线的空间。在30km/h时，舒适标准将允许26m的曲这意味着大约可以创建10个rufs的列车。10秒可以在合并到主轨道之前创建该列mainfactoristhereductionofairresistanceduetoclosofwindmillsandaRUFrailcouldbeusedoverwater.SolarcellscanalsobeintegratedintothesystemandThismeansthatderailmentsareimduringbadweather.Thebrakecansqueetobringthevehicletoasafestop.Ifavehiclehastobeevacuated,awbetweenthetworailscanbe的密集区域),但也是一个双模式系统。在这方面，它可以被视为PRT+系统。由于RUF也使用maxi-ruf,因此可以将其视为PRT+inexpensive,suchasystemwillbelesscostlythantraditionalwouldalsobeasuccesscomparedtotraditionaltransitbecauseoftheveryhighlevelofserviceofferedinRUF.从一开始就不可能将RUF系统作为具有私有rufs的系统启动。如果不知道【A】卢米埃兄弟于1895年12月8日在巴黎的14卡布辛大道开设了他们的电影摄影师，在100多年前向100位付费用户开放。在震惊，激动的观众面前，照片变得生动起来平面屏幕。theimaginationtograsptheimpactofthosefirstmovingimages.Butitisworthtrying,fortounderstandtheinitialshockofthoseimagesistounderstandtheextraordinarypowerandmagicofcinema,theunique,hypnoticqualitythathasmadefilmthemostdynamic,effectiveartformofthe20thcentury.【B】如此平凡和惯例对我们来说，想象力的确定性飞跃将会抓住那些第一个动凡力量和魔力，独特的催眠品质使电影成为20世纪最具活力，最有效的艺术形showedasectionofarailwayplatformfloodedwithsheadsstraightforthecamera.AndthatisallAndreiTarkovsky,oneofthegpeoplejumpedandranaway.Thatwasthemomentwhencinemawasborn.Thefrightenedaudiencecouldnotacceptthattheywerewatchingamwerestill,onlyreafearedthatarealtrainwasabouttocrushthem.’【C】卢米埃尔兄弟最早的一部电影是一部30秒钟的作品，展示了一片充满阳offilmbecamefamiliar,themagicwasaccepted-butitneverstoppedbeingmagic.Filmhasneverlostitsuniquepowerdifferentworld.ForTarkovsky,thekeytothatmagicwasthewayinwhichcincreatedadynamicimageoftherealflowofevents.Astillpicturecoutheexistenceoftime,whiletimeinanovelpassedatthewhimofthereader.Butin得熟悉，魔术被接受-但它永远不会停止变得神奇。电影从未失去其拥抱观众makestheworldsmaller.LongbeforepeopletravelledtoAmericaoranywtheyknewwhatotherplaceslookedlike;theyknowhowotherpeopleworkedandprimaryimageryoffilm.FilmcarriedAmericanlifeandvaluesarou图像-汽车，城市，牛仔-成为电影的主要形象。电影在全球范围内传播了centuryorinclassicalGreece.Butthelifeofthemodemworldhasbeenrecordedonfilminmassive,encyclopedicdetail.Weshallbeknown【F】而且，由于电影，后代将比任何其他时期更亲密地了解20世纪。我们只inevitably,theybecomesuper-real.Becausewewatchthemsocloseeverybodyintheworldseemstoknowwhotheyare,theyLumiereBrothersandotherpioneersbeganshowingoffthisnewinvention,itwasbynomeansobvioushowitwouldbeused.Allthatmatteredatfirstwasthewonderofaway.Itwasnomorethanapassinggimmick,afairgroundattractimighthavedevelopedliketelevision-asastrangenoisytransferofmusic,producersdoubtedtheabilityofaudiencestoconcentrateformorethanthelengthofasettleduponthenovel-lengthnarrativethatremainsthedominan【I】例如，电影可能主要成为一种纪录片形式。或者它可能像电视一样发展-讲故事的媒介。最初这些被认为是短篇小说-早期制作人怀疑观众集中精力的sincethattrainarriveda尖叫和逃离仅仅100年，他们所看到的危险现实深信不疑，也许突然意识到世界Passage5collective,doremarkablethings.Asingleneuroninthehumanbraincanretowhattheneuronsconnectedtoitaredoing,butallofthemtoImmanuelKant.ThatresemblanceiswhyDeborahM.Gordon,StanfordUniversityassistantprofessorofbiologicalsciences,studiesystemwheresimpleunitstogetherdobehavthecolony'sterritorysizeexpandsorcontracts,preconnaissancepatterntoconformtothenewrealities.Sincenoone变其侦察模式的形状以符合新的现实。由于没有人负责一个蚁群-包括那个名不副实的“女王”,这只是一个饲养员-每个蚂蚁如何决定做什么?Thiskindofundirectedbehaviorisnotuniquetoants,GoArgentineantsthatareubiquitoustocoaclearwhethertheyarequietlyaggressiveorjustfindwaysoftakingoverfoodanastyglue-likesubstancealongthetopsoftheboardsthatkeepstheantdiagramoftheants'activities.Themotionsoftheantsconfirmtheexistenceofacollective."Acoloanalogoustoabrainwheretherearelotsofneuronstothinkant."Forinstance,antsscoutforfoodina经元可以思考蚂蚁，但大脑可以思考蚂蚁，尽管没有在脑中告诉神经元思考蚂发生什么,例如当戈登移动墙壁时?forantstofindeverything-ifyouthinkofthecolonyasdothis-istohaveananteverywherealthemtocoverspaceefficiently."-如果你认为殖民地是一个试图做到这一点的个体-就是一直到处都有一只蚂蚁，因为如果它不会发生在蚂蚁附近，它们会当然，殖民地里没有足够的蚂蚁anotherant.Iftheareaoftheirterritoryisexpanded,thefrequencyofcontactitspathshapedependingonhowoftenthenumberofencounofthatthreshold.searchpattern.Ifitexpands,contacjob."Idividethetasksintofour:foraging,nestmaintenance,midden[pilingrefuse,theendofanhour'spatrolling,mostpatrollersareonjustafewtrailhavetodoisgowheretherearethemostpatrollers."巢维护，打捞[打桩垃圾，包括种子外壳]和巡逻-巡逻员是早上出来寻找食物的andGordonandosaid."Mostofwhatweknowaboutantsistrueofavery,verysmallnumberofspeciescomparedtothenumberofspeciesoutthere."蚁无法评估全球殖民地需要多少食物。“我已经完成了扰动实验，其中我根据他们在某一天所做的任务来标记蚂蚁。觅食的蚂蚁是绿色的，那些正在清理巢穴的蚂蚁是蓝色等等。然后我在环境中创造了一些新情况；例如，我创造了一个窝窝少的物种，与那里的物种数量相比。”YoutookthewordsrightoutunderthenameofFestvox,byCarnegieMellInstitute,isalsoavailable.AndBaidu,aCh现在可以轻松而精确地模仿人们的语音模式。这可能会给由巴黎新公司CandyVoice开发的手机应用程序带来麻烦大约160个法语或英语短语，该应用它的软件只需要50个句子来模拟一个人的声音。bespokeindustrywhichservedthoseatriskoflosingthepowerofspeechtocancerormeantrecordingmanyphrases,eachspokenmanytimes,withdifferentemotionalcompany,chargesE3,000($3,200)foraprocessthatrequireseighthoursofrecording.直到最近，语音克隆-或语音银行业务，正如当时所知-是一个定制的行业，和不同的语境(陈述，问题，命令等),以涵盖所有可能的发音。比利时语音银行公司AcapelaGroup收取3,000欧元(3,200美元)的流程需要8小时的录音。Andsoon.Atleast,thatisthevisionofGershonSilbert,bossofVivoText,aandlevelofhappinessorsadnesswithwhichindividualwordsandphraseproduced.MrSilbertreferstotheemotivequalityofthehumanburstintotearsonhearingthemspokenbyatoyusingmum'svoicMoretroubling,anyvoice—includingthatofastranger—canbeclonedifdecentunauthorisedaccesstoaccountsvoice-IDsoftwarearenow更令人不安的是，如果在YouTube或其他地方提供体面的录音，任何声音-包括陌生人的声音-都可以克隆。由尼西什萨克斯纳领导的伯明翰阿拉巴马大学许多银行用来阻止未经授权访问帐户的语音生物识别软件(如VivoText)进行测And,lestpeoplegetsmugabouttheinferiorityofmachines,humanshaveprovedonlyifavoicesamplebelongedtoapersonwhoserealspeechtheyhadjustlistenedtoforabout90seconds.Thevolunteersrecogni(ie,nobetterthanchance).Theupshot,accordingtoGeorgePapcun,aemergenceofatechnologywith“enormouspotentialvaluefordisinformation”.DrPapcun,whopreviou他们刚刚听了他们真正的讲话，大约90秒。这些志愿者只有一半的时间认可克在新墨西哥州武器机构洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室担任语音合成科学家的帕普村Asmightbeexpected,cdeveloped.NuanceCommunications,amaarestucktogether.Adobe,voice-cloningfeaturecalledVoComightbecreatedinaworldwhichmakesiteasytopthemouthsofadversaries—betheycolleaguesorheadsofstate.正如所料，正在制定嗅出这种欺骗的对策。语音激活软件制造商纽昂斯通讯公司正在开发一种算法，可以在语音切片粘在一起的位置检测微小的跳频。Adobe,最着名的Photoshop图像编辑软件这种混乱使得将真实的话语放入对手的口中变得容易-无论是他们的同事还是Passage7ElonMuskenterstheworldofbrain-computerinterfacesofallthisisthatcomputerswill,oneday,enterthebrain.自从1946年第一台可以由一个人操作的计算机ENIAC(电子数字积分计算机)开计算机在20世纪80年代进入家庭，然后迁移到圈，口袋和手腕周围。在实验aserialtechnologicalentrepreneur.Informationneurologicalailments.MrMuskclearlyhasbtweetedcrypticmessagesreferringto“neurallace”,ascience-fictionalconceptinventedbylainM.Banks,anovelist,thatis,inessence,amachinein这至少是一家名为Neuralink的公司的赌注，该公司刚刚由连续技术企业家伊wouldtoandfromacomputerremainfirmlyintherealmofimaginatTheodoreBergeroftheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniaproposedthatbrainimplantsmightbeusedtostoreandretrievememories.DrBerger'sprosthesiswouldbeintendedtohelpthosewhosebrainscannotformlong-termmemoriesbecau虽然能够像进出计算机一样轻松地从大脑读取和写入数据的设备仍然处于想象的境界，但这并没有阻止神经科学家(当然，马斯克先生)沉迷于一些猜测。。Ofmindsandmeldingtheywanttocreatecognition-enMusk,gotrichbyprocessingpaymentsonline(PayPal,whichMrMuskhelpedfound,boughtBraintree,MrJohnson'scompany,in2013).MrJohnsonput$100mofhisconsequentialopportunityinhistory."Kernel由布莱恩·约翰逊于2016年10月创立，他是一位企业家，像马斯克先生一样，通过网上处理方式致富(PayPal,马斯克先生帮助发现，在2013年收购了布伦特里，约翰逊先生的公司)。约翰逊先生将1亿美元自己的资金投入内systems,thoughtheydidnotworkwell.Cochlearimplants,torestorehearing,havedonemuchbetter.Hundredsofthousandsofpeoplenowhavethem—though,strictlyordertorestoremovementtothelimbsoftheparalysed.耳蜗植入，恢复听力，做得更好。现在有成千上万的人拥有它们-但严格来说，金森氏症的症状可以通过电极来控制，这是一条深入大脑的意大利Inoneimportantway,however,KernelandNeuralinkaredifferenpossiblenon-medicalusesofthiskindofimplanttechnology.InFebruaryMrMuskputtinghismoneywherehismouthis.Mostneuroscientistswould,itmustbeacknowledged,regardallthisasheroicallyPolinaAnikeevaandhebroughtdevicesdowntoasizewhere必须承认，大多数神经科学家都认为这一切都是英雄乐观的。在1月份发表在大小进入大脑可以考虑，未来面临巨大挑战。Thebrain'scomplexity,andresearchers'presentlackofunderstandingofhowthatorgan'scomponentcellsworktogethertodobetweenbrainandmachinehard.But,evenwereitsimpleinprinciple,therigid,soft-tissueofbiolosurgeryneededtoputtheminplacecarriesrisksofitsown.大脑的复杂性和研究人员目前缺乏对器官组成细胞如何协同工作以实现其功能usingmagnets.Eachparticleproducesanelectricfie常小，可以与单个神经细胞产生的电场相互作用。研究小组将这些粒子(每次数百亿)注入大鼠尾巴的静脉，然后用磁铁将它们拖入动物的大脑。当受外部子来影响附近神经细胞的电状态-因此，实质上，重新编程它们。但是，在实Anotherapproach,beingpioneeredbyJoseCarmenaoftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,andhiscolleagues,usesdevicesthesizeofagrainofricetoconvertmusclecells.Ultrasoundtravelsthroughthebody,socanpoweradeviceswithoutwires.由加州大学伯克利分校的乔斯-卡梅纳和他的同事们开创的另一种方standardbraininterface,apatchofneedlelikeelectrodesknownasaUtaharraytpluggedintothebrain'ssurface.Thnaturalequivalentofsoftware—thewaythebrainencodesinformation.Suchwouldbepossibleonlyifbrainsignalswereproperlyunderstood.个问题是，没有人理解软件的自然等效背后的机制-大脑编码信息的方式。必medicalpurposesmightleadtomoreconsumer-orientatedapplications—doesseemasensiblewaytodothings.造使用光而不是电力刺激大脑的设备。但这两家公司共同的潜在前提-医疗目的可能会导致更多以消费者为导向的应用-似乎是一种明智的做事方式。PeopleunderstandthatmedicalproceduafterwardsbuildupexpertisethatmightbeAsforMrMuskhimself,Neuralinkbringstofivethenumberofambitioustechnologytechgiant;SpaceX(rocketry);theBoringCompany(tunnelling);andHyperloop他的是特斯拉(电动汽车，电池和太阳能),它们在3月底吸引了中国科技巨头公司(隧道);和Hyperloop(真空列车)。AEconomistsacceptthatifpeopledescribethemselvesashappy,thentheyarehappy.However,psychologistsdifferentiatebetwpsychologistMartinSeligmanhasspearheadedanhappiness.Thebadnewsisthatwe'renotwiredtobehappy.Thegoodnewsisthatpsychologyhashadlittletosayaboutgoodnessandcontenpsychologistshaveconcernedthemselveswithweaknessandmisery.Therearerespectablesciencetostudywhathappenswhenlivespsychologypapersdealin的经历，如喜悦，善良，利他主义和英雄主义，主要被忽视了。对于每100篇关BAfewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologybuckedthetrend.ProfessorAliceIsenofCornellUniversityandcolleagueshavedemonstratedhowpositiveemotionsmakepeoplethinkfasterandmorecreatively.Showicontrolgroup.Thedoctorswhohadcandydisplaymillionsofdollarsofresearchmoneyandfunded50researchgroupsinvolving150cheerfulcoloursandfuronMexicanbeacheswherepsychologistswouldsnorkelandea资助了50个研究小组，涉及全球150名科学家。四个积极的心理学中心开业，CButcriticsaredemandinganswerstobigquestions.Whatislevelsofhappinessandclassifyingthevirtues?Aren'ttheseconceptsvagueandimpossibletopindown?Canyoujustifyspendingfundstoresearchpositivestateswhenthereareproblemsofpositivethinking".Hisplantostopthenewsciencefloating"onthewavesofself-improvementfashions"istomakesureitisancC但批评者要求回答大问题。定义幸福水平和分类美德有什么意义?难道这些概念不是模糊而且不可能确定的吗?当饥荒，洪水和流行抑郁等问题得到解决时，你能否证明花钱资助研究积极的国家?塞利格曼知道他的作品可以与诸如我改善的时尚浪潮中漂浮”,这是为了确保它坚持上面的积极哲学，以及下面的DAndthistakesusbacktoourevolutionarypast.Homofloodsastheicemassesmeltlargebrainsandusedtheirintelligencettalkandsocialrituals.Survivalinatimeofadversityforgefavouredyou,butitdoesn'tworkinthemodemworld."D这将我们带回到我们的进化过去。人类智慧在更新世时期(1.8米至10000年前)发展，这是一个艰难和动荡的时期。这是冰河时代，我们的祖先在冰川形是，在更新世时代有效。它有利于你,但它在现代世界中不起作用。"EAlthoughmostpeopleratethemselvesashappy,thereisawealthofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplyingrainedinthehumanpsyche.Expershowthatwerememberfailuresmorevividlythansuccbadly,notwhatwentwell.Ofthesixuniversalemotions,fourDanielNettle,authorofHappiness,andoneoftheRoyalInstitutionlenegativeemotionseachtellus"somethingcourseofactionFWhatisitaboutthestructureofthebrainthatunderliesourbiastowardsnegativethinking?Andisthereabiologyofjoy?AtlowaUniversity,neuroswhathappenswhenpeopleareshownpleasantandunpleasantpictures.Whensubjectsseelandscapesordolphinsplaying,partofthefrontallobeofthebrainadeadsoldierwithpartofhisfacemissingtheresponsecomesfrommoreprimitivepartsofthebrain.Thdanger-recognitionsysteF什么是大脑的结构，这是我们对消极思维的偏见的基础?是否有喜悦的生物?在爱荷华大学，神经科学家研究了当人们看到愉快和令人不快的照片时会wantingareseparate.Wantinginvolvestwonucleusaccumbensthatcommunicateusingthechemicaldopambrain'srewardsystem.Theyareinvolvedinanticipatingthepleasureofeatingandaddictiontodrugs.Aratwillpressabarrepeatedly,ignoringsexuallypartners,toreceiveelectricals