2023-2024年历年MPA、MBA考研英语真题及复习资料解析

2023年MBA全国考试英语真题和解析

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank

andmarkA,B,C,Donanswersheetl(lOpoints)

TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemic

onJune11,2023.Itisthefirstworldwideepidemic___1___bytheWordHealthOrganizationin

41years.

Theheightenedalert2___anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathat

assembledafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising3___inBritain,Japan,Chile

andelsewhere.

Buttheepidemicis“4"inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,the

organizationJsdirectorgeneral,5theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatients

experiencingonlymildsymptomsandafullrecovery,ofteninthe6ofanymedical

treatment.

Theoutbreakcametoglobal____7inlateApril2023,whenMexicanauthoritiesnoted

anunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths___8healthyadults.Asmuchof

MexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto9inNewYorkCity,the

southwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.

IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade10warmerweatherarrived.Butin

lateSeptember2023,officialsreportedtherewas___11_fluactivityinalmosteverystateand

thatvirtuallyallthe12testedarethenewswineflu,alsoknownas(A)HlNl,not

seasonalflu.IntheU.S,ithas13morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600

deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.

Federalhealthofficials14___Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileand

began___15___ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichis

differentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is16___aheadofexpectations.Morethanthreemillion

dosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2023,thoughmostofthose17_dosewere

oftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot18___forpregnantwomen,peopleover50or

thosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother___19_.Butitwasstillpossibleto

vaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroup,healthcareworkers,people___20____infantsand

healthyyoungpeople.

1.[A]criticized[B]appointedfC]commentedfD]designated

2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted

3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums

4.[A]moderate[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme

5.[A]with[B]in[C]from[D]by

6.[A]progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]favor

7.[A]reality[B]phenomenon[C]concept[D]notice

8.[A]over[B]for[CJamong[D]to

9.[AJstayup[B]cropup[C]fillup[D]coverup

10.[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]until

11.[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[DJmagnificent

12.[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples

13.[AJimparted[B]immersed[C]injected[D]infected

14.[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained

15.[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving

16.[Alfeasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable

17.[A]prevalent[BJprincipal[C]innovative[D]initial

18.[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced

19.[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings

20.[A]involvedin[B]caringfor[C]concernedwith[D]wardingoff

SectionIIReadingcomprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,

B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Textl

Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof

56worksbyDamienHirst,uBeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”,atSotheby,sinLondonon

September15th2023(seepicture).Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethana70m,arecordfor

asalebyasingleartist.Itwasalasthurrah.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneof

theoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.

Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrising

vertiginouslysince2023.Atitspeakin2023itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClare

McAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.

Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestforbeyondits

sizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyina

waymatchedbyfewotherindustries.MBA加油站

IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst'ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeply

unfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossof

thousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthat

meantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellby

two-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector-forChinesecontemporaryart-theyweredownby

nearly90%intheyeartoNovember2023.Withinweekstheworld'stwobiggestauctionhouses,

Sotheby'sandChristie's,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplaced

worksforsalewiththem.

MBA加油站编辑

ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuying

Impressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarket

sincethesecondworldwar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheir

peakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorevolatile.ButEdwardDolman,Christie'schief

executive,says:"I'mprettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom.”

Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthe

market,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeven

thoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie'srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2023werestill

higherthaninthefirsthalfof2023.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreport

saidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.

ThethreeDs-death,debtanddivorce-stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewho

doesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.

21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory“because

A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictoryies

B.lheauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbids

C.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpieces

D.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis

22.Bysayingspendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Linel-2,Para.3),the

authorsuggeststhat.

MBA加油站编辑

A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctions

B.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleries

C.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextent

D.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying

23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTture?

A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2023to2023.

B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.

C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.

D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.

24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare

A.auctionhouses1favorites

B.contemporarytrends

MBA加油站编辑

C.factorspromotingartworkcirculation

D.stylesrepresentingimpressionists

25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe___

A.FluctuationofArtPrices

B.Up-to-dateArtAuctions

C.ArtMarketinDecline

D.ShiftedInterestinArts

Text2MBA加油站编辑

IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom-awomen'sgroup

thathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative

frequentlyofferingideasandanecdoteswhilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.

TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbands

don'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklyconcurred.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid"She'sthe

talkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt,"Ifstrue'*he

explained."WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeepthe

conversationgoingwe'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence/1

ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomen

inpublicsituationstheyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.

ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate70s.Sociologist

CatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomenshe

interviewed-butonlyafewofthemen-gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheir

divorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percentthatamountstomillionsofcasesin

theUnitedStateseveryyear-avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.

Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednoton

tangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohis

ordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaningcookingsocial

arrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:”Hedoesn'tlistentome""He

doesn'ttalktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbands

tobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheir

wives.

Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofa

mansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisfacewhileawoman

glaresatthebackofitwantingtotalk.

26.Whatismostwives*mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?

A.Talkingtothem.

B.Trustingthem.

C.Supportingtheircareers.

D.Shsringhousework.

27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobably

means___.

Ageneratingmotivation.

B.exertinginfluence

C.causingdamage

Dcreatingpressure

28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT

A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublictanwomen

B.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation

C.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouples

Dafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse

29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemianideaofthistext?

A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.

B.Marriagebreak_upstemsfromsexinequalities.

C.Husbandandwofehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.

D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.

3O.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson

A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk

B.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoon

C.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.

DabriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHacker

Txet3

overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors

—habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollars

whencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,oftenin

responsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.

uTherearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremain

killersonlybecausewecan'tfigureouthowtochangepeople'shabits,"Dr.Curtissaid."We

wantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.^^

ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-Palmoliveand

Unilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers?

livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.

Ifyoulookhardenough,you,11findthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday-

chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,

antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsof

manufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.

Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabitually

givetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneof

theotherbrands.

Afewdecadesago,manypeopledicin'tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeverage

companiesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkingly

sipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnow

featuredincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skin

moisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingand

puttingonmakeup.

“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,saidCarol

Berning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythat

sold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.uCreatingpositivehabitsisahuge

partofimprovingourconsumers,lives,andifsessentialtomakingnewproductscommercially

viable?5

Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthat

thereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthis

newscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedto

sellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.

31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap.

[A]shouldbefurthercultivated

[B]shouldbechangedgradually

[C]aredeepiyrootedinhistory

[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns

32.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soas

to____

[A]revealtheirimpactonpeoplehabits

[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities

[CJindicatetheireffectonpeople'buyingpower

[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits

33.whichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople?shabits?

[A]Tide

[B]Crest

[C]Colgate

[D]Unilver

34.FromthetextwekonwthatsomeofconsumerJshabitsaredevelopeddueto

[AJperfectedartofproducts

(BJautomaticbehaviorcreation

[CJcommercialpromotions

[DJscientificexperiments

35.theauthor*sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople'shabitsis

[A]indifferent

[B]negative

[C]positive

[Dibiased

Text4

ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,

includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyare

equallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentative

crosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryon

accountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;

andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthe

law.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentative

democracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelecting

representativestogovernforthem.

Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.

Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,

education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibited

intentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofstrauderv.West

Virginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientway

aroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.

Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.

AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthata

majorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomatically

exemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonllyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthe

jurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkept

juriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,

usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducational

requirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionof

theentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourt

extendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestate

level.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutional

andorderedstatestousethesameproceduresfbrselectingmaleandfemalejurors.

36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat

[A]bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries

[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers

[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice

[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic

37.Thepracticeofselectingso—calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed

[A]theinadequavyofantidiscriminationlaws

[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces

[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures

38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause

[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws

fB]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications

[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties

[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement

39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed._

[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished

[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors

[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity

[DJstatesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem

4O.indiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson

[Ajitsnatureandproblems

(BJitscharacteristicsandtradition

[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions

[D]itstraditionanddevelopment

SectionIIITranslation

46.Directions:

InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.Writeyourtranslationon

ANSWERSHEET2

.(15points)

“Suatainability“hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwill

alwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlife

madeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayaction

andchoice.

Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He,dbeenthough

thedot-comboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.

Itdidin'tgowell,"Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat'snotmypassion,“saysNing,

whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales."Iwasmiserable,Ihad

somuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadno

moneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,'Justwait,you'Htrunthecorner,giveitsometime.'"

翻译参考

“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念始终有个人含义，

经验了一段苦痛松懈的个人生活，使他清晰面对以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必需贯彻到每

天的行动和选择中。

Ning回忆起20世纪90年头末期卖保险的那段迷茫时间，他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂

地找工作，并且与Boulder代理机构签了约。

事情进展并不顺当，TedNing说到：“那真是个糟糕的选择，因为我对此没有激情，”可

以预料，他把工作中的冲突能说明为没有业务。Ning说：“我很苦痛渴望午夜起来盯着天花

板，我没钱，我须要工作，每个人都说‘等吧，只要有耐性会好转的J”

47.Directions:

YouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchange

program.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleagueto

1)Expressyourthanksforhis/herwarmreception;

2)Welcomehim/hertovisitChinainduecourse.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"ZhangWei“instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)

Dearxxx,

IwouldliketoconveymyheartfeltthankstoyouforyourkindnesstoreceivemewhenI

participatedinanexchangeprograminUSA.

YourgeneroushelpmadeitpossiblethatIhadaverypleasantstayandachancetoknow

Americanculturesbetter.Besides,IthinkitisanhonorformetomakefriendswithyouandIwill

cherishthegoodwillyoushowedtomewhereverIgo.IdohopethatyouwillvisitChinaoneday,

sothatIcouldhavetheopportunitytorepayyourkindnessandrefreshourfriendship.

Ifeelobligedtothankyouagain.

Sincerelyyours,

ZhangWei

48.Directions:

Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,

youshould

1)Interpretthechartand

2)Giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

WriteyouressayononANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

Inthischart,wecanseethemobilephonesubscriptionsindevelopedcountrieshaveasteady

andslightincreasefrom1990to2023andthenremainconstantin2023.Meanwhilethemobile

phonesubscriptionsindevelopingcountrieshavewitnessedaslowincreasefrom1990to2023

andthenagreatsurgefrom2023to20007:thebiggestsurgehappensfrom2023to2023.

Thischartreflectsdifferentdevelopingmodesofmobilephoneindustryindevelopedand

developingcountries.Thedevelopedcountrieshavealimitednumberofpopulations,mostof

whomarewell-educated.Therefore,thespreadingofthemobilephoneserviceisefficientand

soonthemarketissaturated.Alsoatthebeginningthedevelopedcountrieshavemorepeoplewho

canaffordthisservice.Thedevelopingcountrieshavealargepopulationwhokeepsalarge

demandformobileservice.Asthemobilephoneservicebecomescheaperandcheaper,the

increasingcustomerssubscribetobenefitfromthisservice.

Asdiscussedabove,itisnotsurprisingtoseethischange.Inmyopinion,thistrendthatthe

numberofmobile-phonesubscriptionsisincreasinglyincreasingwillcontinueforawhileinthe

future.

2023年考研英语二真题答案：

21D22A23B24C25C

26A27C28D29D30B

31A32A33D34C35B

36A37C38C39C40D

新题型

FTTTF

2023年MBA全国考试英语真题和解析

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,C

orDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.But

thatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrossthe

Web.

Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseems

increasingly3

Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation?scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta

4tomaketheWebasaferplace-auvoluntarytrustedidentity“systemthatwouldbethe

high-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6

one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecific

computer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould

9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticated

couldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternet

driver'slicense10bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on“systems

thatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden“ncyberspace,withsafe

“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights“toestablishasenseofa13

community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem“inwhichuindividualsand

organizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesof

eachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”.

Still,theadministration?splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudthe

approach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhat

would17beacompulsoryInternet“drive'slicense“mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,who

worrythattheuvoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.Schmidtwouldstillleavemuchofthe

Internet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregister

andidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden

2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though

3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless

4.A.reasonB.reminderCpromiseD.proposal

5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent

6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over

7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedDpared

8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve

9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize

10.A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered

11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login

12.A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast

13.A.trustedB.modernizedC.thrivingDpeting

14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience

15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across

16.A.divided