06年秋季中口真题

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.

Britishpeoplearefarmoresophisticatedaboutbeveragesthantheywere50yearsago.WitnesstheStarbucksrevolutionandyou’llknowwhere___________(1)goes.However,spurredonbyrecentstudiessuggestingthatitcancuttheriskof___________(2)andretardtheagingprocess,teaisenjoyinga___________(3).

Althoughteaisavailableinmoreplacesthanever,itremainstobe_____________(4)ofatypicalBritishfamily.

IfyouareinvitedtoanEnglishhome,_____________(5)inthemorningyougetacupoftea.Itiseitherbroughtinbyaheartily_____________(6)oranalmostmalevolentlysilentmaid.Whenyouare_____________(7)inyoursweetestmorningsleepyoumustnotsay:‘Goaway,you_____________(8).’Onthecontrary,youhavetodeclarewithyourbestfiveo’clocksmile:‘Thankyouverymuch.I_____________(9)acupoftea,especiallyinthemorning.’Iftheyleaveyoualonewiththeliquidyoumaypourit_____________(10)!

Thenyouhave___________(11);thenyouhaveteaat11o’clockinthemorning;_____________(12);thenyouhaveteafortea;thenaftersupper;andagainateleveno’clock_____________(13).

Youmustnotrefuseanyadditionalcupsofteaunderthe_____________(14):ifitishot;ifitiscold;ifyouare_____________(15);ifyouarenervous;ifyouarewatchingTV;_____________(16);ifyouhavejustreturnedhome;ifyoufeellikeit;ifyoudonotfeellikeit;ifyouhavehadnotea______________(17);ifyouhavejusthadacup.

Youdefinitelymustnot______________(18).Isleepatfiveo’clockinthemorning;Ihavecoffeeforbreakfast;Idrinkinnumerable_____________(19)duringtheday;Ihavethe_____________(20)evenattea-time!PartB:ListeningComprehension1.Statements

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.ThesestatementswillbespokenONLYONCE,andyouwillnotfindthemwrittenonthepaper;soyoumustlistencarefully.Whenyouhearastatement,readtheanswerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestinmeaningtothestatementyouhaveheard.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.1.(A)TheprogramonChannelEightremindsmeofTVcommercials.

(B)TheproductadvertisedintheTVcommercialcannothelpcuremyillness.

(C)Idon’twatchTVthatmuch,becauseoftheomnipresentadvertisements.

(D)Ihavetositonthesofa,becauseIamtoosicktostandinfrontofthetelevision.

2.(A)Theplanearrivedat7:30.

(B)Theplanearrivedat8:00.

(C)Theplanearrivedat9:00.

(D)Theplanearrivedat10:00.

3.(A)I’llasksomeoneelsetoreadandcheckthisagreementforerrors.

(B)I’llthinkmoreabouttheagreementbeforemakingadecision.

(C)It’sobviousthatI’lldiscusstheagreementwithmyassistantfirst.

(D)It’soutofquestionthatIshouldgetintoanyagreementwithyou.

4.(A)Thebettermembersdecidedtocancelthemeeting.

(B)Lessthanhalfofthecommitteewasawayonbusinesstrips.

(C)It’dbebetterifnoonehadattendedthismorning’scommitteemeeting..

(D)Themeetingwascancelledbecauseoflowattendance.

5.(A)Supermarketsintheinnercityandthesuburbsareusuallyownedbythesamecompany.

(B)Productsingrocerystoresaremoreexpensivethanthoseinsupermarkets.

(C)Thereisapricedifferenceforthesameproducteveninshopsrunbythesamecompany.

(D)Peopleprefertoshopinsupermarkets,whicharemostlylocatedinthesuburbs,withfreeparkingspace.

6.(A)ManyAmericanscannotaffordhighereducationbecauseofthesoaringcollegetuitionfeesandexpenses.

(B)SendingtheirchildrentocollegeisnolongerabiggerchallengeformillionsofAmericans.

(C)TheAmericangovernmenthassetthegoalthatitwilleventuallystopfundinghighereducationinstitutions.

(D)Nowadays,Americanparentshavetopaymoretosendtheirchildrentocollege.

7.(A)Formanyuniversitygraduates,thejobstheytakewillnotberelatedtotheiracademicachievements.

(B)Becauseofeconomicrecession,thenumberofuniversitystudentsmajoringinliberalartsisdeclining.

(C)Universitystudentswhoareinterestedinliberalartswillhavemorejobopportunitiesupongraduation.

(D)Withhighunemploymentrate,manyuniversitystudentswillhavetooptfortransferringtoothermajors.

8.(A)Goodbusinessnegotiatorswillneverrepeatwhatotherpeoplehavealreadyrestated.

(B)Restatingbygoodbusinessnegotiatorsisnotaneffectivewaytochecktheinformation.

(C)Goodbusinessnegotiatorsaresometimescuriousaboutotherpeople’srestatements.

(D)Restatingwhatothershavesaidisagoodstrategyforconfirmingunderstanding.

9.(A)Wecannotreachanagreement,letaloneaspokenpromise.

(B)We’dbetterdraftandthensignawrittenagreement.

(C)Wegenerallykeepourpromisesinbusinesstransactions.

17.(A)Itlistsabbreviations,propernouns,andtablesofmeasures.

(B)Itisanunabridgededitionprovidingasmanyas500,000entries.

(C)Itwasrandomlycompiledandcontainsasmanyforeignwordsaspossible.

(D)Itprovidesdetailedinformationoffamouspeopleandplaces.

18.(A)Aschooldictionary.(B)Acollegedictionary.

(C)Ageneraldictionary.(D)Aspecializeddictionary.Questions19—2219.(A)He’sboughthiswifeapresent.(B)He’smissedanimportantphonecall.

(C)He’sdismissedhisnewsecretary.(D)He’spoppedoutshopping.

20.(A)Talkingaboutthelatestfashion.

(B)Offeringspecialreductions.

(C)Givingbiggerdiscountstofemalecustomers.

(D)Pressingonthecustomertomakeadecision.

21.(A)Upsidedownandinsideout.(B)Insideoutandbacktofront.

(C)Withitssleevesastrouserlegs.(D)Withitspatternupsidedown.

22.(A)AV-neckedpulloverwithshortsleeves.

(B)Ahigh-neckedpulloverwithlongsleeves.

(C)Awhitepulloverwithapattern.

(D)Abluepulloverwithahighneck.Questions23—2623.(A)Thatofacreator.(B)Thatofare-creator.

(C)Thatofareceiver.(D)Thatofaperformer.

24.(A)Becauseweneedtoconcentrateforourquietthought.

(B)Becausewewanttogivefullattentiontothedriving.

(C)Becausewetrytoavoidbeingcaughtbythepatrollingpolice.

(D)Becauseweintendtobeascasualaspossibleinthedriving.

25.(A)Intheelevator.(B)Inthecar.

(C)Inthebathroom.(D)Inthechurch.

26.(A)Byperceptiveandanalyticallistening.

(B)Bytakingasonicbath.

(C)Byattendingclassicalconcerts.

(D)Bylisteningtoanemotionalpieceofmusic.Questions27—3027.(A)Hisgrandfather’shouse.(B)Hisparents’remarks.

(C)Amagazine.(D)Acoursebook.

28.(A)Enjoyingvisitingzoos.(B)Drivingacar.

(C)Makingmoney.(D)Takingkidstoamuseum.

29.(A)Itdiedafewyearsago.(B)Itkilledseveraltourists.

(C)Itisonlyalegend.(D)Itisalivingdinosaur.

30.(A)Noonehasprovidedanaccuratedescriptionoftheanimal.

(B)Nodeadbodiesoftheanimalhaveeverbeenfound.

(C)Thereareonly500specieslivinginLochNess.

(D)Thelakeisnotdeepenoughforsuchahugeanimal.PartC:ListeningandTranslation1.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear5sentencesinEnglish.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachsentence,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

2.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear2passagesinEnglish.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachpassage,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.(1)

(2)Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,(A),(B),(C)or(D),toeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1—5ThepurposeoftheAmericancourtsystemistoprotecttherightsofthepeople.AccordingtoAmericanlaw,ifsomeoneisaccusedofacrime,heorsheisconsideredinnocentuntilthecourtprovesthatthepersonisguilty.Inotherwords,itistheresponsibilityofthecourttoprovethatapersonisguilty.Itisnottheresponsibilityofthepersontoprovethatheorsheisinnocent.

Inordertoarrestaperson,thepolicehavetobereasonablysurethatacrimehasbeencommitted.Thepolicemustgivethesuspectthereasonswhytheyarearrestinghimandtellhimhisrightsunderthelaw.Thenthepolicetakethesuspecttothepolicestationto“book”him.“Bookingmeansthatthenameofthepersonandthechargesagainsthimareformallylistedatthepolicestation.

Thenextstepisforthesuspecttogobeforeajudge.Thejudgedecideswhetherthesuspectshouldbekeptinjailorreleased.Ifthesuspecthasnopreviouscriminalrecordandthejudgefeelsthathewillreturntocourtratherthanrunaway—forexample,becauseheownsahouseandhasafamily—hecangofree.Otherwise,thesuspectmustputupbail.Atthistime,too,thejudgewillappointacourtlayertodefendthesuspectifhecan’taffordone.

Thesuspectreturnstocourtaweekortwolater.Alawyerfromthedistrictattorney’sofficepresentsacaseagainstthesuspect.Thisiscalledahearing.Theattorneymaypresentevidenceaswellaswitnesses.Thejudgeatthehearingthendecideswhetherthereisenoughreasontoholdatrial.Ifthejudgedecidesthatthereissufficientevidencetocallforatrial,heorshesetsadateforthesuspecttoappearincourttoformallypleadguiltyornotguilty.

Atthetrial,ajuryof12peoplelistenstotheevidencefrombothattorneysandhearsthetestimonyofthewitnesses.Thenthejurygoesintoaprivateroomtoconsidertheevidenceanddecidewhetherthedefendantisguiltyofthecrime.Ifthejurydecidesthatthedefendantisinnocent,hegoesfree.However,ifheisconvicted,thejudgesetsadateforthedefendanttoappearincourtagainforsentencing.Atthistime,thejudgetellstheconvictedpersonwhathispunishmentwillbe.Thejudgemaysentencehimtoprison,orderhimtopayafine,orplacehimonprobation.

TheAmericanjusticesystemisverycomplexandsometimesoperatesslowly.However,everystepisdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthepeople.Theseindividualrightsarethebasis,orfoundation,oftheAmericangovernment.1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

(A)TheAmericancourtsystemrequiresthatasuspectprovethatheorsheisinnocent.

(B)TheUScourtsystemisdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthepeople.

(C)UndertheAmericancourtsystem,judgedecidesifasuspectisinnocentorguilty.

(D)TheUScourtsystemisdesignedtohelpthepolicepresentacaseagainstthesuspect.

2.Whatfollows‘inotherwords’(para.1)?

(A)Anexampleoftheprevioussentence.

(B)Anewideaaboutthecourtsystem.

(C)Anitemofevidencetocallforatrial.

(D)Arestatementoftheprevioussentence.

3.Accordingtothepassage,‘hecangofree’(para.3)means_________.

(A)thesuspectisfreetochoosealawyertodefendhim

(B)thesuspectdoesnothavetogototrialbecausethejudgehasdecidedheisinnocent

(C)thesuspectwillbeinformedbymailwhetherheisinnocentornot

(D)thesuspectdoesnothavetowaitinjailorpaymoneyuntilhegoestotrial

4.Whatisthepurposeofhavingthesuspectpaybail?

(A)Topayforthejudgeandthetrial.

(B)Topayforacourtlawyertodefendthesuspect.

(C)Toensurethatthesuspectwillreturntocourt.

(D)Toensurethatthesuspectwillappearinprison.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

(A)TheAmericanjusticesystemsometimesoperatesslowly.

(B)Thepolicecanarrestasuspectwithoutgivinganyreasons.

(C)Itistheresponsibilityofthesuspecttoproveheisinnocent.

(D)Thejuryconsiderstheevidenceinthecourtroom.Questions6—10Soyou’vegotaninvention—youandaround39,000otherseachyear,accordingto2002statistics!

The64,000-dollarquestion,ifyouhavecomeupwithadevicewhichyoubelievetobetheanswertotheenergycrisisoryou’veinventedalawnmowerwhichcutsgrasswithajetofwater(notsodaft,someonehasinventedone),ishowtoensureyou’retheonetoreaptherewardsofyouringenuity.Howwillallyougardenshedboffinsouttherekeepothersfromcapitalizingonyourideasandliningtheirpocketsatyourexpense?

Oneofthefirststepstoprotectyourinterestistopatentyourinvention.Thatcankeepitoutofthegraspofthepiratesforatleastthenext20years.Andforthisreasoninventorsintheirdrovesbeataconstanttrailfromalloverthecountrytothedoorsofananonymousgrey-frontedbuildingjustbehindLondon’sHolborntotryandpatenttheirdevices.

ThebuildinghousesthePatentOffice.It’sanantheapofcorridors,officesandfilingrooms—asortinghouseandstoragedepotforoneoftheworld’sbiggestandmostvariedcollectionsoftechnicaldata.Sometenmillionpatents—Englishandforeign—arelistedthere.

Fileafterfile,catalogueaftercataloguedetailthebrain-childrenofinventorsdownthecenturies,froma1600’smachinegundesignedtofiresquarebulletsatinfidelsandroundonesatChristians,topresent-daylaser,nuclearandcomputertechnology.

Thefirst‘letterspatent’weregrantedaslongagoas1449toaFlemishcraftsmanbythenameofJohnUtynam.Theletters,writteninLatin,arestillonfileattheoffice.TheyweregrantedbyKingHenryVIandentitledUtynamto‘importintothiscountry’hisknowledgeofmakingstainedglasswindowsinordertoinstallsuchwindowsatEtonCollege.

Present-daypatentsprocedureisamoresophisticatedaffairthangettingago-aheadnotefromthemonarch.Thesedaysthestrictproceduresgoverningwhetheryougetapatentforyourrevolutionarymouse-traporsolar-poweredback-scratcherhavebeenreducedtoaprettyexactscience.

Fromstarttofinishitwilltakearoundtwoandahalfyearsandcost£165fortheinventortogainpatentprotectionforhisbrainchild.That’sifhe’slucky.BynomeansallwhoapplytothePatentOffice,whichisabranchoftheDepartmentofTrade,getapatent.

AkeymanatthePatentOfficeisBernardPartridge,PrincipalExaminer(Administration),whoboilsdowntoonewordthevitalingredientanyinventorneedsbeforehecanhopetoovercomethemanyhurdlesinthecomplexprocedureofobtainingapatent—‘ingenuity’.6.Peopletakeoutapatentbecausetheywantto__________.

(A)keeptheirideasfrombeingstolen

(B)reaptherewardsofsomebodyelse’singenuity

(C)visitthepatentofficebuilding

(D)comeupwithmorenewdevices

7.Thephrase‘thebrain-childrenofinventors’(para.5)means_________.

(A)thechildrenwithhighintelligence

(B)theinventionsthatpeoplecomeupwith

(C)adevicethatachildbelievestobetheanswertotheenergycrisis

(D)alawnmowerthatanindividualhasinventedtocutgrass

8.Whathavethe1600’smachinegunandthepresent-daylaserincommon?

(A)Bothwereapprovedbythemonarch.

(B)BothweregrantedbyKingHenryVI.

(C)BothwererejectedbytheDepartmentofTrade.

(D)Bothwerepatented.

9.WhyisJohnUtynamstillremembered?

(A)Heisthefirstpersontogetapatentforhisrevolutionarymouse-trap.

(B)Heisthefirstpersontobegrantedanofficialpatent.

(C)HeisthefirstpersontobeanofficerinthePatentOffice.

(D)Heisthefirstpersontohaveinventedalawnmower.

10.Accordingtothepassage,howwouldyoudescribethecomplexprocedureofobtainingapatentforaninvention?

(A)Itisratherexpensive.

(B)Itisanimpossibletask.

(C)Itisextremelydifficult.

(D)Itisverytricky.Questions11—15Alllivingcellsonearthrequiremoisturefortheirmetabolism.Cerealgrainswhenbroughtinfromthefield,althoughtheymayappeartobedry,maycontain20percentofmoistureormore.Iftheyarestoredinabinthus,thereissufficientmoistureinthemtosupportseveralvarietiesofinsects.Theseinsectswill,therefore,liveandbreedand,astheygrowandeatthegrain,itprovidesthemwithbiologicalenergyfortheirlifeprocesses.Thisenergywill,justasinman,becomemanifestasheat.Sincethebulkofthegrainactsasaninsulator,thetemperaturesurroundingthecolonyofinsectswillrisesothat,notonlyispartofthegrainspoiledbythedirectattackoftheinsectsbutmoremaybedamagedbytheheat.Sometimes,thetemperaturemayevenrisetothepointwherethestoredgraincatchesfire.Forsafestorage,grainmustbedrieduntilitsmoisturecontentis13percentorless.

Traditionalartsoffoodpreservationtookadvantageofthisprincipleinanumberofways.Theplantseeds,wheat,rye,rice,barleymillet,maize,arethemselvesstructuresevolvedbynaturetoprovidestoredfood.Thestarchoftheirendospermisusedforthenourishmentoftheembryoduringthetimeitover-winters(ifitisaplantoftheTemperateZone)anduntilitsnewleaveshavegrownandtheirchlorophyllcantrapenergyfromthesunlighttonourishthenew-grownplant.Theseparationbythreshingandwinnowingis,therefore,tosomedegreepartofatechniqueoffoodpreservation.

Thedirectdryingofotherfoodshasalsobeenused.FishhasbeendriedinmanypartsoftheworldbesidesAfrica.Slicesofdriedmeatarepreparedbynumerousraces.Biltong,aformofdriedmeat,wasacustomaryfoodfortravelers.Thedryingofmeatorfish,eitherinthesunoroverafire,quiteapartfromthedegreetowhichitexposesthefoodtoinfectionbybacteriaandinfestationbyinsects,tendsalsotoharmitsquality.Proteinsarecomplexmolecularstructureswhicharereadilydisrupted.Thisisthereasonwhydriedmeatbecomestoughandcan,withsomescientificjustification,bylikenedtoleather.

Thetechnicalprocessofdryingfoodsindirectlybypicklingtheminthestrongsaltsolutionscommonlycalled‘brine’doeslessharmtotheproteinthanstraightforwarddrying,particularlyifthisiscarriedoutathightemperatures.Itisforthisreasonthatmanyofthetypicaldryingprocessesarenottakentocompletion.Thatistosay,theouterpartsmaybedriedleavingamoistinnersection.Underthesecircumstances,preservationisonlypartial.Thedriedfoodkeepslongerthanitwouldhaveundriedbutitcannotbekeptindefinitely.Forthisreason,traditionalprocessesaretobefoundinmanypartsoftheworldinwhichacombinationofpartialdryingandpicklinginbrineisused.Quiteoftenthedryinginvolvesexposuretosmoke.Foodstreatedinthiswayare,besidesfishofvarioussorts,bacon,hamsandnumeroustypesofsausages.11.Accordingtothepassage,insectsspoilstoredcerealsby________.

(A)consumingallthegrainthemselves

(B)generatingheatandraisingthesurroundingtemperature

(C)increasingthemoisturecontentinthegrain

(D)attackingeachotherformoregrain

12.Inspeakingofthetraditionalmethodsoffoodpreservation,thewriter________.

(A)expressesdoubtsaboutdirectsmoking

(B)describessaltingandpicklingasineffective

(C)condemnsdirectdrying

(D)mentionsthreshingandwinnowing

13.Directdryingaffectsthequalityofmeatorfishbecause________.

(A)itexposesthemtoinsects

(B)itmakesthemhard

(C)itdamagestheprotein

(D)itdevelopsbacteria

14.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatsaltingpreservesfoodby________.

(A)destroyingtheprotein

(B)drawingawaymoisturefromthefood

(C)dryingthefoodinthesun

(D)dressingthefood

15.Accordingtothepassage,partialdryingisusefulbecause________.

(A)itdamagestheproteinless

(B)itcanbecombinedwithpickling

(C)itleavestheinsidemoist

(D)itmakesthefoodsoftQuestions16—20Wearemovinginexorablyintotheageofautomation.Ouraimisnottodeviseamechanismwhichcanperformathousanddifferentactionsofanyindividualmanbut,onthecontrary,onewhichcouldbyasingleactionreplaceathousandmen.

Industrialautomationhasmovedalongthreelines.Firstthereistheconveyorbeltsystemofcontinuousproductionwherebyseparateoperationsarelinkedintoasinglesequence.Thegoodsproducedbythiswell-establishedmethodareuntouchedbytheworker,andthemachinereplacesbothunskilledandsemiskilled.Secondly,thereisautomationwithfeedbackcontrolofthequalityoftheproduct:heremechanismsarebuiltintothesystemwhichcancomparetheoutputwithanorm,thatis,theactualproductwithwhatitissupposedtobe,andthencorrectanyshortcomings.Theentirecycleofoperationsdispenseswithhumancontrolexceptinsofarasmonitorsareconcerned.Oneortwoexamplesofthistypeofautomationwillillustrateitsimmensepossibilities.ThereisafactoryintheU.S.A.whichmakes1,000millionelectriclightbulbsayear,andthefactoryemploysthreehundredpeople.Ifthepreautomationtechniquesweretobeemployed,thelabourforcerequiredwouldleapto25,000.Amotormanufacturingcompanywith45,000sparepartsregulatestheirentiresupplyentirelybycomputer.Computerscanbeentrustedwithmostofthesupervisionofindustrialinstallations,suchaschemicalplantsoroilrefineries.Thirdly,thereiscomputerautomation,forbanks,accountingdepartments,insurancecompaniesandthelike.Heretheessentialfeaturesaretherecording,storing,sortingandretrievalofinformation.

Theprincipalmeritofmoderncomputingmachinesistheachievementoftheirvastlygreaterspeedofoperationbycomparisonwithunaidedhumaneffort;ataskwhichotherwisemighttakeyears,ifattemptedatall,nowtakesdaysorhours.

Oneofthemosturgentproblemsofindustrialsocietiesrapidlyintroducingautomationishowtofillthetimethatwillbemadefreebythemachineswhichwilltakeoverthetasksoftheworkers.Thequestionisnotsimplyoffillingemptytimebutalsoofutilizingthesurplushumanenergythatwillbereleased.Wearealreadyseeingstrawsinthewind:destructiveoutburstsonthepartofyouthwhoseworknolongerdemandsmuscularstrength.Whileautomationwillundoubtedlydoawaywithalargenumberoftediousjobs,arewesurethatitwillnotputotherswhichareequallytediousintheirplace?Foranenormousamountofsheermonitoringwillberequired.Amaninanautomatedplantmayhavetositforhoursonandwatchingdialsandtakingdecisiveactionwhensomesignalinformshimthatallisnotwell.Whatmeaningwillhisoccupationbearfortheworker?Howwillhedevotehisfreetimeafterafourorfivehourstintoflabour?Moreover,what,indeed,willbethesignificanceforhimofhisleisure?Ifindustryofthefuturecouldbepurgedofitsmonotonyandmeaninglessness,manwouldthenbebetterequippedtousehisleisuretimeconstructively.16.Themainpurposeofautomationis_________.

(A)todevisethemachinewhichcouldreplacethesemi-skilled

(B)toprocessinformationasfastaspossible

(C)todevelopanefficientlabor-savingmechanism

(D)tomakeanindividualmanperformmanydifferentactions

17.Thechiefbenefitofcomputingmachinesis________.

(A)theirgreaterspeedofoperation

(B)theircontroloftheproductquality

(C)theirconveyorbeltsystemofcontinuousproduction

(D)theirsupervisionofindustrialinstallations

18.Oneoftheproblemsbroughtaboutbyautomationinindustrialsocietiesis_________.

(A)plentyofinformation

(B)surplushumanenergy

(C)destructiveoutbursts

(D)lessleisuretime

19.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheuseof‘stint’(para.4)?

(A)Effort.

(B)Force.

(C)Excess.

(D)Period.

20.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

(A)Thereisnoautomationwithfeedbackcontrolofthequalityoftheproduct.

(B)Computersarereliableinanysupervisionofindustrialinstallations.

(C)Theessentialfeaturesforbanksaretherecordingandsortingofinformation.

(D)Automationwillundoubtedlyeliminatenumeroustediousjobs.Questions21—25ThecitywaterpipesinRomewereusuallyofbakedclayorlead;copperwassometimesusedandalsohollowedstone.ForthelargesupplyconduitsleadingtothecitytheRomansusedcoveredchannelswithfreewatersurfaces,ratherthanpipes.Perhapsthischoicewasamatterofeconomics,forapparentlytheycouldmakeleadpipesupto15inchesindiameter.Whilepipescanfollowtheprofileofundulatingground,withthepressureincreasinginthelowerareas,channelscannot.Theymustslopecontinuouslydownwards,becausewaterinchannelsdoesnotnormallyflowuphill;andthegrademustbeflat,from1in60insmallchannelstoperhaps1in3,000inlargeones,tokeepthewaterspeeddowntoafewfeetpersecond.Thusthemainsupplychannelsoraqueductshadlonglengthsofflatgradeandwheretheycrosseddepressionsorvalleystheywerecarriedonelevatedstonebridgesintheformoftieredarches.AtthebeginningoftheChristianeratherewereover30milesoftheseraisedaqueductsinthe250milesofchannelsandtunnelsbringingwatertoRome.Thechannelswereupto6feetwideand5to8feethigh.Sometimeschannelswerelateraddedonthetopsofexistingones.TheremainsofsomeoftheseaqueductsstillgracetheskylineontheoutskirtsofRomeandelsewhereinEuropesimilarruinsarefound.

BrickandstonedrainswereconstructedinvariouspartsofRome.TheoldestexistingoneistheCloacaMaximawhichfollowsthecourseofanoldstream.ItdatesbackatleasttothethirdcenturyB.C.Laterthedrainswereusedforsewage,flushedbywaterfromthepublicbathsandfountains,aswellasstreetstormrun-off.

Thetrulysurprisingaspectoftheachievementsofalltheancienthydraulicartisansisthelackoftheoreticalknowledgebehindtheirdesigns.ApartfromthehydrostaticsofArchimedes,therewasnosoundunderstandingofthemostelementaryprinciplesoffluidbehaviour.SextusFrontinus,Rome’swate