Chapter 3 Culture Difference and Ethics in International Business 1国际商务中文化不同

CHAPTER

3

CULTUREDIFFERENCE

AND

ETHICS

ININTERNATIONAL

BUSINESSWhy

does

culture

matter?Cultural

literacyManagement

practices

may

differ

among

countries.Culture

&

competitiveness

Cultural

factors

may

raise

or

lower

the

cost

of

doing

buin

a

countrythe

United

States,

Japan,

Germany文化习俗小测验在日本，喝汤时发出很大吮吸的的声音会被认为是 1.粗鲁而讨厌的你喜欢这种汤的表现在家里不要紧，在公共场合则不妥只有外国人才这么做马来西亚的主要宗教是 1.佛教犹太教基督教伊斯兰教文化习俗小测验在印度，进食时恰当的举止是 1.用右手取食物，用左手吃用左手取食物，用右手吃取食物和吃都只用左手取食物和吃都只用右手在英国，手背朝向对方，食指和中指做成V字型是 1.表示和平的手势表示胜利的手势表示某样东西你要两份粗鄙的手势表达个人观点生活方式准时人际关系表达愤怒的方式排队自我星期日街景聚会餐馆里胃痛时的饮品旅游时审美处理问题方式一日三餐交通工具老人的晚年生活洗澡时间心情与天气领导时尚孩子对待新事物Definition

of

Culture

(I)Hofstede

(1984)

The

collective

mental

programming

of

the

people

ian

environmentTextbook

A

system

of

values

and

norms

that

are

shared

amonga

group

of

people

and

that

when

taken

togetherconstitute

a

design

for

livingDefinition

of

Culture

(II)Valuesabstract

ideas

about

the

good,

the

right,

the

desirableNorms

Social

rules

and

guidelines;

determine

appropriate

behspecific

situationsFolkways:

norms

of

little

moral

significancedress

codes,

social

manners,

and

neighborly

behaviorMores:

norms

central

to

functioning

of

social

lifeTheft,

adultery,

incest

and

cannibalismDeterminants

of

CultureDeterminants

of

CulturePolitical

philosophyEconomic

philosophySocial

structureIndividuals

and

groupsSocial

stratificationReligious

and

ethnical

systemsChristianity,

Islam,Hinduism,

BuddhismConfucianismLanguageSpoken

and

unspokenEducationAdvantages

and

Disadvantages

ofCollectivism

and

IndividualismIndividualismCreativity,

fast

decision

making,

pioneership,

diversityLow

cooperation,

selfishness,

lonelinessManagerial

mobility

between

companiesTeam

work

difficult,

non-collaborativeEconomic

dynamism,

innovation

(e.g.,

U.S.

companies)CollectivismHigh

cooperation,

devotion

to

the

group,

loyaltyLow

creativity,

slow

decision

making,

Low

diversityLoyalty

and

commitment

to

companyEasy

to

build

teams,

collaborationIn-depth

knowledge

of

company

(e.g.,

Japanese

companies)Social

StratificationSocial

mobilityCaste

systemClosed

system

of

stratificationClass

systemLess

rigid

form

of

social

stratificationClass

consciousnessTension

between

different

social

classesReligious

and

Ethical

SystemsChristianity1.7

billion

adherentsThe

Protestant

work

ethics

(Weber,

1904)Islam1

billion

adherentsThe

prohibition

of

interest

on

loansHinduism750

million

adherentsAnti-materialistic,socially

stratifiedReligious

and

Ethical

SystemsBuddhism350

million

adherentsAnti-materialistic,

social

equalityConfucianism200

million

adherentsLoyalty,

reciprocal

obligations,

honestyCulture

and

CommunicationEducationFormal

education

plays

a

key

role

in

a

society

Formal

education

supplements

the

family’s

role

in

socializing

theinto

the

values

and

norms

of

a

society

Schools

teach

basic

facts

about

the

social

and

political

nature

of

aas

well

as

focusing

on

the

fundamental

obligations

of

citizenshipCultural

norms

are

also

taught

indirectly

at

school

Examples

include:

respect

for

others,

obedience

to

authority,

honeatness,

being

on

timePart

of

the

“hidden

curriculum”

The

use

of

a

grading

system

also

teaches

children

the

value

of

personachievement

and

competitionThe

Western

education

systemThe

Asian

education

systemCulture

and

WorkplaceHofestede’

Model

(1983)100,000

IBM

employees,

40

countriesFour

dimensionsPower

distance

The

acceptance

of

the

unequal

distribution

of

powerIndividualism/CollectivismIndividualism

versus

CollectivismThe

degree

of

individual

or

group

orientationUncertainty

avoidanceThe

tolerance

of

ambiguous

situationsCulture

and

WorkplaceHofestede’

Model

(1983)Masculinity

versus

femininityMasculine

values:

achievement,

the

exercise

of

powerFeminine

values:

the

quality

of

life,

good

relationshFifth

dimension(1988):

Confucian

dynamism

Attitudes

toward

time,

persistence,

ordering

by

statprotection

of

face,

respect

for

tradition,

and

reciprgifts

and

favors,

etc.Culture

and

WorkplaceCulture

and

WorkplaceEvaluating

Hofstede’s

Model

Very

influential

and

useful

in

understanding

the

differeamong

culturesLimitationsMany

countries

have

more

than

one

culture.Researchers

may

be

culturally

bounded.Western

StereotypesOne

industry,

one

company

studyIBM’s

strong

organizational

culture

may

alter

the

reMaybe,

the

study

is

outdated.Culture

changesWith

economic

progressSocieties

become

richer.People

can

take

care

of

themselves.

With

advances

in

transportation

and

communicationtechnologiesCultural

convergenceCulture

changesImplicationsCross-cultural

literacyGuard

against

ethnocentric

behaviorCulture

and

competitive

advantagesIndividualistic

versus

Collectivist

CultureEntrepreneurship

vs.

TeamworkLower

costs

of

doing

business

in

JapanBut,

low

creativity,

low

adaptation

abilityReligionsChristianity,

ConfucianismCulture

and

business

ethics

What

is

wrong

at

home

may

be

right

there

(and

vice

verse)?For

example,

Gift

giving

or

bribery?Ethical

Issues

Many

of

the

ethical

issues

and

dilemmas

in

internationalbusiness

are

rooted

in

the

fact

that

political

systems,

laeconomic

development,

and

culture

vary

significantly

fronation

to

nation

In

the

international

business

setting,

the

most

common

etissues

involveEmployment

practicesHuman

rightsEnvironmental

regulationsCorruptionMoral

obligation

of

multinational

corporationsEthical

DilemmasManagers

must

confront

very

real

ethical

dilemmas

The

ethical

obligations

of

a

multinationalcorporation

toward

employment

conditions,

humanrights,

corruption,

environmental

pollution,

anuse

of

power

are

not

always

clear

cut

Ethical

dilemmas

are

situations

in

which

none

ofavailable

alternatives

seems

ethically

acc