2009年社会工作实务(初级)模拟试题35198

Chapter

2：The

Internet,

the

Web,

and

Electronic

Commerc2012.3.41Discuss

the

origins

of

the

Internet

and

the

Web.

Describe

how

to

access

the

Web

using

providers

andbrowsers.

Discuss

Internet

communications,

including

e-mail,instant

messaging,

and

social

networking.

Describe

search

tools,

including

search

engines,metasearch

engines,

and

specialized

search

engines.

Evaluate

the

accuracy

of

information

presented

on

theWeb.

Discuss

electronic

commerce,

including

B2C,

C2C,

B2B,and

security

issues.

Describe

these

Web

utilities:

Web-based

applicationsFTP,

plug-ins,

and

filters.2The

Internet

was

launched

in

1969

when

the

UnitedStates

funded

a

project

that

developed

a

national

computnetwork

called

Advanced

Research

Project

AgencyNetwork

(ARPANET).

The

Internet

is

a

large

network

thatconnects

together

smaller

networks

all

over

the

globe.

TWeb

was

introduced

in

1992

at

the

Center

for

EuropeanNuclear

Research

(CERN)

in

Switzerland.因特网首创于1969年，当时美国政府拨款开发了一个全国的计算机网络，叫做阿帕网。这个因特网是一个巨大的网络，它把全球的小型网络都连接在一起。万维网是1992年在瑞士的欧洲核子研究中心被引进的。3Prior

to

the

Web,

the

Internet

was

all

text——graphics,

animations,

sound,

or

video.

The

Web

made

itpossible

to

include

these

elements.

It

provided

a

multiminterface

to

resources

available

on

the

Internet.

From

tearly

research

beginnings,

the

Internet

and

the

Web

haveevolved

into

one

of

the

most

powerful

tools

for

the

21stcentury.在万维网之前，因特网全部都是文字——没有任何图像，动画，声音，视频。万维网使得包含这些元素变成了可能。它为因特网上的有效资源提供了一个多媒体的界面。从这些早期的研究开始之后，因特网与万维网就已经演变成了21世纪最强大的工具之一。4It

is

easy

to

get

the

Internet

and

the

Web

confused,

but

tare

not

the

same

thing.

The

Internet

is

the

actual

physicalnetwork.

It

is

made

up

of

wires,

cables,

and

satellites.

Beiconnected

to

this

network

is

often

described

as

being

onlineInternet

connects

millions

of

computers

and

resources

availon

the

Internet.

Every

day

over

a

billion

users

from

nearly

ecountry

in

the

world

use

the

Internet

and

the

Web.

What

are

tdoing?

The

most

common

uses

are

the

following:我们很容易将因特网与万维网弄混淆，尽管它们不是同一个概念。因特网实际上指的是物理的网络。它由电线，电缆和卫星组成。我们常常把连接到这个物理的网络说成是正在联线。因特网将成千上万的计算机和因特网上的有效资源连接起来。每一天都有超过十亿的来自世界各地的用户使用因特网和万维网。他们都在做什么呢？最常见的用途有以下几种：5Communicating

is

by

far

the

most

popular

Internet

activitycan

exchange

e-mail

with

your

family

and

friends

almostanywhere

in

the

world.

You

can

join

and

listen

to

discussiondebates

on

a

wide

variety

of

special-interest

topics.通讯是迄今为止最受欢迎的互联网活动。你可以与你的家人以及几乎世界上任何地方的朋友互换电子邮件。你可以加入并且聆听讨论，以及对很广范围的关于特殊兴趣的话题进行争论。Shopping

is

one

of

the

fastest-growing

Internet

applicatiocan

window

shop,

look

for

the

latest

fashions,

search

for

baand

make

purchases.购物也是一种迅速增长的互联网应用。你可以只看不买，找寻最新的时尚，搜索特价商品并购买商品。6Searching

for

information

has

never

been

more

convenient.can

access

some

of

the

world’s

largest

libraries

directly

fyour

home

computer.

You

can

find

the

latest

local,

national,international

news.搜索信息已经变得不能比这再简便了。你可以从你家里的计算机直接访问到一些世界上最大的图书馆。你也可以找到最新的地方的，国家的以及国际的新闻。Entertainment

options

are

nearly

endless.

You

can

find

musmovies,

magazines,

and

computer

games.

You

will

find

liveconcerts,

movies

previews,

book

clubs,

and

interactive

livegames.娱乐的选项几乎是无穷无尽的。你可以找到音乐，电影，杂志和计算机游戏。你也会找到现场直播的音乐会，电影的预映，图书俱乐部以及互动的在线游戏。7Education

or

e-learning

is

another

rapidly

emerging

Webapplication.

You

can

take

classes

on

almost

any

subject.There

are

courses

just

for

fun

and

there

are

courses

for

hschool,

college,

and

graduate

school

credit.

Some

costnothing

to

take

and

others

cost

a

lot.教育或者是电子学习是另一种迅速兴起的网上应用。你可以上几乎任意一门学科的课。有的课程仅仅是为了娱乐，有的课程是高中，大学和研究所的课程。The

first

step

to

using

the

Internet

and

Web

is

to

getconnected,

or

to

gain

access

to

the

Internet.第一步就是使用互联网和万维网来进行连接，或者是说得以访问互联网。8Describe

how

the

Internet

and

the

Web

started.What

is

the

difference

between

the

Internet

and

theWeb?List

and

describe

five

of

the

most

common

used

of

theInternet

and

the

Web.9The

Internet

and

the

telephone

system

are

similar—you

can

connect

a

computer

to

the

Internet

much

like

youconnect

a

phone

to

the

telephone

system.

Once

you

are

onthe

Internet,

your

computer

becomes

an

extension

of

whatseems

like

a

giant

computer——a

computer

that

branchesall

over

the

world.

When

provided

with

a

connection

to

thInternet,

you

can

use

a

browser

program

to

search

the

Web互联网和电话系统很相似——你可以将一台计算机连接到互联网上，就像你把一部电话连接到电话系统上。一旦你连上互联网了，你的计算机就变成了一个巨型计算机的分机，这个巨型机在全世界都有分支。10The

most

common

way

to

access

the

Internet

is

throughan

Internet

service

provider

(ISP).

The

providers

are

alconnected

to

the

Internet

and

provide

a

path

or

connectifor

individuals

to

access

to

the

Internet

either

throughlocal

area

networks

or

through

a

dial-up

or

telephoneconnection.

There

are

also

some

companies

that

offer

freInternet

access.访问互联网最常见的方式是通过一个互联网服务供应者。这些供应者是已经和互联网连上了，他们为终端用户提供路径，从而使用户们可以通过局域网或是拨号，或是电话连接来访问到互联网。有些公司有提供免费的互联网访问权。11The

most

widely

used

commercial

Internet

service

providare

national

and

wireless

providers.最普遍使用的商业互联网服务提供商是国家的和无线提供商。National

service

providers

like

American

Online

(AOL)

aremost

widely

used.

They

provide

access

through

standardtelephone

or

cable

connections.

Users

can

access

the

Internfrom

almost

anywhere

within

the

country

for

a

standard

feewithout

incurring

long-distance

telephone

charges.像美国在线这样全国性的服务提供商是使用最广泛的。他们通过标准的电话或电缆连接来提供访问。用户们可以从几乎全国的任意一个地方访问互联网，只需付一个标准的费用而不会引起长途电话费的价格。12第九章会讲到更多，用户连接互联网服务供应商，使用多种连接技术中的一种：拨号，数字用户线，电缆和无线调制解调器。Wireless

service

providers

do

not

use

telephone

or

cable

liThey

provide

Internet

connections

for

computers

with

wirelemodems

and

a

wide

array

of

wireless

devices.无线服务商既不使用电话，也不使用电缆线。他们为安装有无线调制解调器的电脑以及很多系列的无线设备提供互联网连接。As

we

will

discuss

in

Chapter

9,

users

connect

to

ISPs

using

of

a

variety

of

connection

technologies

including

dial-up,

cable,

and

wireless

modems.我们将会在第九章里讨论，用户通过很多不同类型的连接技术与互联网服务供应商相连，包括拨号，数字用户线，电缆以及无线调制解调器。13网景的浏览器叫navigatorBrowsers

are

programs

that

provide

access

to

Web

resourcThis

software

connects

you

to

remote

computers,

opens

andtransfers

files,

displays

text

and

images,

and

provides

in

oan

uncomplicated

interface

to

the

Internet

and

Web

documentBrowsers

allow

you

to

explore,

or

to

surf,

the

Web

by

easilymoving

from

one

Web

site

to

another.

Three

well-knownbrowsers

are

Mozilla

Firefox,

Netscape

Communications,

andMicrosoft

Internet

Explorer.浏览器是给网络资源提供访问的程序。这种软件使得你可以和远处的计算机连接起来，打开并传送文件，显示文字和图像，将这些功能集合成一个工具，为互联网和网络文件提供了一个不复杂的界面。浏览器使你可以探索或是漫游网络轻松地从一个网站移动到另一个网站。三种最熟悉的浏览器是Mozilla的火狐浏览器，网景通讯，和微软的InternetExplorer.14For

browsers

to

connect

to

resources,

the

location

or

adof

the

resources

must

be

specified.

These

addresses

are

calluniform

resource

locators

(URLs).

All

URLs

have

at

least

twobasic

parts.

The

first

part

presents

the

protocol

used

to

cothe

resource.

As

we

will

discuss

in

Chapter

9,

protocols

arefor

exchanging

data

between

computers.

The

protocol

http://the

most

widely

used

Web

protocol.

The

second

part

presentsdomain

name.

It

is

the

name

of

the

server

where

the

resourcelocated.为了使得浏览器可以连接到资源，这些资源的位置或是地址必须有规定。这些地址叫做统一资源定位符（简称

URLs）。所有的统一资源定位符都有至少两个基本组成部分。第一部分显示的是连接资源所使用的协议。我们在第九章会讨论到，协议是计算机之间交换数据的规则。协议“http://”是使用最广泛的网络协议。第二部分显示的是域名。它是放置那个资源的服务器的名字。15In

Figure

2-4

the

server

is

identified

as

.

(many

URLs

have

additional

parts

specifying

directory

pathsnames,

and

pointers.)

The

last

part

of

the

domain

name

follothe

dot

(.)

is

the

top-level

domain

(TLD).

It

identifies

theorganization.

For

example,

.com

indicates

a

commercial

siteURL

connects

your

computer

to

a

computer

that

provides

information

about

MTV.在图2-4里，服务器被定为。（许多统一资源定位符都有附加的部分来制定文件夹路径，文件名称和指针）在域名中，跟着点的最后一部分是最高级的域名（简称TLD）。它指示了组织的类型。比如，“.com”标志一个商业网站。而URL则将你的电脑和一个提供关于MTV信息的电脑联系起来。16Once

the

browser

has

connected

to

the

Web

site,

a

document

file

isback

to

your

computer.

This

document

typically

contains

HyperteMarkup

Language

(HTML)

commands.

The

browser

interprets

the

HTML

commands

and

displays

the

document

as

a

Web

page.

Forexample,

when

your

browser

first

connects

to

the

Internet,

it

opeto

a

Web

page

specified

in

the

browser

settings.

This

page

preseninformation

about

the

site

along

with

references

and

hyperlinksthat

connect

to

other

documents

containing

related

informationfiles,

graphic

images,

audio,

and

video

clips.一旦浏览器和网站连接起来，一个文档文件就会送回你的计算机。这个文档通常包含超文本链接标示语言指令。浏览器可以读懂HTML指令，并将文档以网页的形式显示。例如，当你的浏览器第一次连接到互联网，它会打开一个网页用来规定浏览器的设置。这个网页显示关于站点的信息，同时还有标记，超链接或着包含其它相关信息（包括文字文档，平面图像，音频和视频片段）的链接。17These

documents

may

be

located

on

a

nearby

computer

systemor

on

one

halfway

around

the

world.

The

links

typically

appeon

the

Web

page

as

underlined

and

colored

text

and/or

imagesTo

access

the

referenced

material,

all

you

do

is

click

on

thehighlighted

text

or

image.

A

connection

is

automatically

mathe

computer

containing

the

material,

and

the

referenced

maappears

on

your

display

screen.这些文档也许被放置在一个离你很近的计算机系统，也许被放置在一个距你在地球另一边的计算机。这些链接通常在网页上显示为有下划线的和有颜色的文字或图片。要想访问到这些参考材料，你只需要在这些突出的文字或图片上点击一下。一个链接就会自动地接到那台含有材料的计算机，并且这些参考材料就会在你的显示屏上出现了。18Web

pages

also

can

contain

special

programs

called

applethat

are

typically

written

in

a

programming

language

sucas

Java.

These

programs

can

be

downloaded

quickly

andrun

by

most

browsers.

Java

applets

are

widely

used

to

addinterest

and

activity

to

a

Web

site

by

presenting

animatdisplaying

graphics,

providing

interactive

games,

and

mmore.网页也包含特殊的程序叫做微程序，通常是由例如Java这样的编程语言编写的。这些程序可以被大多数浏览器迅速地下载并运行。Java微程序广泛应用于给网站增加趣味和活力，它通过展示动画，显示图片，提供交互式游戏还有其它很多手段等等。19What

is

the

function

of

an

ISP?

Describe

two

types

ofISPs.What

is

the

function

of

a

browser?What

are

URLs,

HTML,

Web

pages,

hyperlinks,applets,

and

Java?20As

previously

mentioned,

communication

is

the

mostpopular

Internet

activity,

and

its

impact

cannot

be

overestAt

a

personal

level,

friends

and

family

can

stay

in

contact

wone

another

even

when

separated

by

thousands

of

miles.

At

abusiness

level,

electronic

communication

has

become

a

standand

many

times

preferred,

way

to

stay

in

touch

with

supplieremployees,

and

customers.

The

three

most

popular

types

ofInternet

communication

are

e-mail,

instant

messaging,

anddiscussion

groups.正如之前提到的，通讯是应用最广泛的互联网活动，它的影响不能被高估。在个人的层面，朋友和家人即使分隔千里也可以保持联系。在商业的层面，电子通讯已经变成了一种标准，很多时候是首选的，与供应商，员工以及客户保持联系的方式。三种最流行的互联网通信类型是电子邮件，即时通讯和讨论小组。21E-mail

or

electronic

mail

is

the

transmission

of

electronicmessages

over

the

Internet.

At

one

time,

e-mail

consisted

only

oftext

messages.

Now

e-mail

routinely

includes

graphics,

photos,many

different

types

of

file

attachments.

People

all

over

the

wore-mail

to

each

other.

You

can

e-mail

your

family,

your

co-workerseven

your

senator.

All

you

need

to

send

and

receive

e-mail

is

an

eaccount,

access

to

the

Internet,

and

an

e-mail

program.

Two

of

thwidely

used

e-mail

programs

are

Microsoft’s

Outlook

Express

anMozilla

Thunderbird.电子邮件是电子信息在互联网上的传播。曾经，电子邮件被认为只是基本的文字信息。现在电邮惯常地包含图片、照片和许多不同种类的文件附件。全世界的人们互相发邮件。你可以给你的家人，你的同事，甚至你的参议员发邮件。要收发电邮只需要有一个电邮账户，访问到互联网和一个电邮软件就可以了。两个最广泛使用的电邮软件是微软的Outlook

Express和Mozilla的Thunderbird（雷鸟）。22A

typical

e-mail

message

has

three

basic

elements:header,

message,

and

signature.

The

header

appearsfirst

and

typically

includes

the

following

informati一个典型的电邮信息有三个基本元素：标题，信息和签名。首先出现的是标题，它通常包含下列信息：23dcoats@Addresses:

Addresses

of

the

persons

sending,

receiving,

anoptionally,

anyone

else

who

is

to

receive

copies.

E-mailaddresses

have

two

basic

parts.

The

first

part

is

the

user’and

the

second

part

is

the

domain

name,

which

includes

the

tolevel

domain.

In

our

example

e-mail,

dcoats

is

Dan’s

user

nThe

server

providing

e-mail

service

for

Dan

is

.

Thelevel

domain

indicates

that

the

provider

is

an

educationalinstitution.地址：人们收信发信的地址，还有那些可以选择地，任

何能收到抄送本的人。电邮地址也有两个基本部分。第一部分是用户的名字，第二部分是域名，包括顶级域名。在我们的电邮例子(dcoats@)里，dcoats是Dan的用户名。为

Dan提供电邮服务的服务器是。这个顶级域名指出了提供者是一个教育机构。24Subject:

A

one-line

description,

used

to

present

the

to

the

message.

Subject

lines

typically

are

displayed

when

person

checks

his

or

her

mailbox.主题：一个一行的描述，用来显示信息的话题。主题行通常是在人们检查邮箱的时候会显示。Attachments:Many

e-mail

programs

allow

you

to

attachfiles

such

as

documents

and

worksheets.If

a

message

hasattachment,the

file

name

appears

on

the

attachment

line附件：许多电邮软件都允许你附上诸如文档和工作表一类文件。如果一封邮件有一个附件，这个文件名就会出现在附件行上。25The

letter

or

message

comes

next.

It

is

typically

shoand

to

the

point.

Finally,

the

signature

line

provideadditional

information

about

the

sender.

Typically,information

includes

the

sender’s

name,

address,

antelephone

number.接着是信或者短信。它通常很短，简明扼要。

最后签名档提供一些关于发信人的附加信息。通常

的，这个信息包括发信人的名字、地址和电话号码。26E-mail

can

be

a

valuable

asset

in

your

personal

andprofessional

life.

However,

like

many

other

valuabletechnologies,

there

are

drawbacks

too.

Americans

receive

biof

unwanted

and

unsolicited

e-mail

every

year.

This

unwelcomail

is

called

spam.

While

spam

is

indeed

a

distraction

andnuisance,

it

also

can

be

dangerous.

For

example,

computerviruses

or

destructive

programs

are

often

attached

to

unsole-mail.电子邮件可以成为你个人和职业生活中一笔很重要的财富。尽管如此，像很多其它有价值的技术一样，它也有缺点。美国人每年会收到上亿封不需要并且未经许可的电子邮件。这种不受欢迎的邮件被称之为垃圾邮件。尽管垃圾邮件很令人分心又令人讨厌，它也可以变得很危险。比如说，计算机病毒或者是破坏性的程序就常常被附在未经许可的电邮里。27In

an

attempt

to

control

spam,

anti-spam

laws

have

been

addedour

legal

system.

For

example,

the

recently

enacted

CAN-SPAM

Actrequires

that

every

marketing

related

e-mail

provide

an

opt-outWhen

the

option

is

selected,

the

recipient’s

e-mail

address

is

tremoved

from

future

mailing

lists.

Failure

to

do

so

results

in

hefines.

This

approach,

however,

has

had

minimal

impact

since

overpercent

of

all

spam

originates

from

servers

outside

the

United

Stmore

effective

approach

has

been

the

development

and

use

of

spamblockers.

These

programs

use

a

variety

of

different

approaches

tidentify

and

eliminate

spam.尝试着控制垃圾邮件，反垃圾邮件法已经被增加到我们的法律系统。比如，最近通过的CAN-SPAM法就要求每封与营销有关的电邮都要提供一个选择排除的选项。当这个选项被选中，收信人的电邮地址将会从未来的邮件发送清单里除去。不这样做的话会导致巨额的罚款。尽管如此，这个手段的作用并不大，因为超过50%以上的垃圾邮件都源自于美国以外的服务器。一种更有效的手段就是开发和使用垃圾邮件拦截器。这些软件使用多种不同的手段来识别并消除垃圾邮件。28Instant

messaging

(IM)

is

an

extension

of

e-mail

that

allows

two

or

mopeople

to

contact

each

other

via

direct,

live

communication.

To

use

instanmessaging,

you

specify

a

list

of

friends

and

register

with

an

instant

messaserver.

Whenever

you

connect

to

the

Internet,

special

software

informs

youmessaging

server

that

you

are

online.

In

response,

the

server

will

notify

yany

of

your

contacts

are

online.

At

the

same

time,

it

notifies

your

friendsyou

are

online.

You

can

then

send

messages

directly

back

and

forth

to

oneanother.

Most

instant

messaging

programs

also

include

video

conferencingfeatures,

file

sharing,

and

remote

assistance.

Many

businesses

routinelythese

instant

messaging

features.即时通讯（简称IM）是电子邮件的一个延伸，它允许两个或多个人通过直接，实时的通讯来互相联系。要使用即时通讯，你要制定一个朋友的名单，并在一个即时通讯服务器上注册。当你连接到互联网，专门的软件会通知你的短信服务器你已经在线了。作为回应，这台服务器会通知你如果你有朋友也在线的话。同时，它也会通知你的朋友，你在线了。你可以将短信直接来回地传给另一个人。大多数的即时通讯软件也包括了视频会议的功能，文件共享以及远程帮助。很多商业也惯常使用这些即时通讯的功能。29The

most

widely

used

instant

messaging

services

are

AOL’sInstant

Messenger,

Microsoft’s

MSN

Messenger,

and

YahooMessenger.

One

limitation,

however,

is

that

many

instant

messagservices

do

not

support

communication

with

other

services.

Forexample,

at

the

time

of

this

writing,

a

user

registered

with

AOL

cuse

AOL’s

Instant

Messenger

software

to

communicate

with

a

userregistered

with

Yahoo

Messenger.

Recently,

however,

some

softwacompanies

have

started

providing

universal

instant

messenger

prthat

overcome

this

limitation.

For

example,

Gain,

Odigo,

and

Thrprovide

instant

messaging

services

that

do

support

communicatioother

services.使用最广泛的即时通讯服务是美国在线的InstantMessenger,微软的MSN

Messenger，以及雅虎的Messenger。然而有一个局限就是，许多即时通讯服务都不支持与其它通讯服务相联系。比如说，在写这本书时侯，一个在AOL上注册的用户不能用AOL的InstantMessenger软件与在Yahoo

Messenger上注册的用户进行交流。然而近来，一些软件公司已经开始提供万能的即时通讯软件来克服这个限制。例如，Gain，Odigo和Thrilian都提供支持与其它服务可以沟通的即时通讯服务。30One

of

the

fastest-growing

uses

of

the

Internet

isocial

networking,

or

connecting

individuals

to

oneanother.

There

are

three

basic

categories

of

socialnetworking

sites:

reuniting,

friend-of-a-friend,

ancommon

interest.互联网的一项增长十分迅猛的应用就是社交网络，或者是将个人都联系起来。有三种基本类型的社交网站：重聚型，朋友圈型以及共同爱好型。31Reuniting

sites

are

designed

to

connect

people

who

have

known

onanother

but

have

lost

touch;

for

example,

an

old

high

school

frieyou

have

not

seen

for

several

years.

You

join

a

social

network

byconnecting

to

a

reuniting

site

and

providing

profile

informatioyour

age,

gender,

name

of

high

school,

and

so

forth.

This

informaadded

to

the

reuniting

site’s

member

database.

Members

are

ablesearch

the

database

to

locate

individuals.

Many

of

the

sites

wilnotify

you

whenever

a

new

individual

joins

that

matches

some

paryour

profile

(such

as

high

school

class).

Two

of

the

best-knowreuniting

sites

are

Classmates

Online

and

Facebook.重聚型网站是为了那些已经认识但却失去联系的人设计的；例如，一个你高中时的老朋友已经好些年没见了。你加入这样的社交网

络，通过连接到一个重聚型网站并且提供你的年龄，性别，高中

名称等诸如此类的简介信息。这个信息被添加到这个重聚型网站

的会员数据库里。这样会员就可以通过搜索数据库来找到单独的

人。许多这样的网站甚至会通知你，在每当一位新人加入到与你

的简介信息（例如高中的班级）有公同地方的时候。两个最有名

的重聚型网站是Classmates

Online和Facebook.32Friend-of-a-friend

sites

are

designed

to

bring

together

twwho

do

not

know

one

another

but

share

a

common

friend.

Thetheory

is

that,

if

you

share

a

common

friend,

then

it

is

likeyou

would

become

friends.

For

example,

a

network

could

bestarted

by

one

of

your

acquaintances

by

providing

profileinformation

on

him-

or

herself

and

a

list

of

friends.

You

coueven

join

the

list

of

friends

provided

at

the

site.

Two

well-friend-of-a-friend

sits

are

Friendster

and

MySpace.朋友圈型网站是为了将那些不认识但是却有着公共朋友的人联系起来而设计的。原理是这样，如果你们有一个共同的朋友，那么你们也很有可能成为朋友。比如说，一个网络可能最先是由你的一个熟人提供了一些他/她的简介信息和他/她自己的朋友名单开始的。你可以在那个网站加入他/她提供的那个朋友名单。两个出名的朋友圈网站是Friendster和Myspace.33Common

interest

sites

bring

together

individuals

that

scommon

interests

or

hobbies.

You

select

a

networking

sitbased

on

a

particular

interest.

For

example,

if

you

wantshare

images,

you

might

join

Flickr.

If

you

are

looking

fbusiness

contacts,

you

might

join

Linkedln.

If

wanted

tolocate

or

create

a

special

interest

group,

you

might

joiMeetup.共同兴趣网站是将有着共同兴趣或爱好的人集合起来。你选择一个基于一种特殊兴趣的网站。比如说，如果你想分享图片，你可以加入Flickr。如果你想找商业熟人，你可以加入Linkedln。如果你想指定或是创建一个特殊兴趣小组，你可以加入Meetup。34Before

providing

any

information

to

a

socialnetworking

site

or

to

any

individual,

consider

carefwhat

you

are

disclosing.

Do

not

provide

inappropriator

overly

personal

information.在提供任何信息给一个社交网站或是任何个人之前，仔细想清楚你要展示的是什么。不要提供不合适的或者过多的个人信息。35Define

e-mail.

What

are

the

three

basic

elements

of

atypical

e-mail

message?What

is

spam?

What

are

spam

blockers?What

is

instant

messaging?

How

is

it

different

from

email?What

is

social

networking?

Discuss

reuniting,

frienof-a-friend,

and

common

interest

sites.36The

Web

can

be

an

incredible

resource,

providinginformation

on

nearly

any

topic

imaginable.

Are

youplanning

a

trip?

Writing

an

economics

paper?

Looking

formovie

review?

Trying

to

locate

a

long-lost

friend?Information

resources

related

to

these

questions,

and

mmuch

more,

are

available

on

the

Web.网络可以是一种不可思议的资源，它可以提供信息给任何你能想象的到的题目。你正在计划一个旅行吗？写一个经济报告？找一个影评？又或是试着想知道一个长久没有消息的朋友身在何方？和这些问题相关的信息，还有很多很多其它的信息，尽在网络。37With

over

2

million

pages

and

more

being

added

daily,the

Web

is

a

massive

collection

of

interrelated.

With

somuch

available

information,

locating

the

preciseinformation

you

need

can

be

difficult.

Fortunately,

anumber

of

organizations

called

search

services

operatesites

that

can

help

you

locate

the

information

you

need.They

maintain

huge

databases

relating

to

informationprovided

on

the

Web

and

the

Internet.每天有超过两百万的网页在增加，网络就是一个巨大的相互关联的页面的集合。这么多有效的资源，从中找出你所需要的很精确的信息就有些难了。幸运地是，很多叫做搜索服务的组织运作一种网站，它能够帮你找到你所需要的信息。他们维护着巨大的由网络上的信息所组成的数据库。38The

information

stored

at

these

databases

includesaddresses,

content

descriptions

or

classifications,

ankeywords

appearing

on

Web

pages

and

other

Internetinformational

resources.

Special

programs

called

spidecontinually

look

for

new

information

and

update

the

searservices’

databases.

Additionally,

search

services

prspecial

programs

called

search

engines

that

you

can

uselocate

specific

information

on

the

Web.这些存储在数据库里的信息包括地址，内容描述或是分类，在网页上显示的关键字和其他网络信息资源。一些叫做蜘蛛网的特殊程序搜寻新的信息并更新着搜索服务的数据库。除此之外，搜索服务还提供一种叫作搜索引擎的特殊程序，你可以用它来找到网上特殊的信息。39Search

engines

are

specialized

programs

that

assistin

locating

information

on

the

Web

and

the

Internet.

To

finformation,

you

go

to

a

search

service’s

Web

site

and

uits

search

engine.

For

example,

see

Figure

2-11

forYahoo’s

search

engine.

This

search

engine,

like

mostothers,

provides

two

different

search

approaches.搜索引擎是一种专业的软件可以帮助你在网上找寻信息。为了找到这些信息，你要到一个提供搜索服务的网站，然后来使用它的搜索引擎。比如说，图解2-11雅虎的搜索引擎。这个搜索引擎，就像很多其它的搜索引擎一样，提供了两种不同的搜索方法。40Keyword

search:

In

a

keyword

search,

you

enter

a

keyword

or

phrareflecting

the

information

you

want.

The

search

engine

comparesentry

against

its

database

and

returns

a

list

of

hits,

or

sites

ththe

keywords.

Each

hit

includes

a

hyperlink

to

the

referenced

We(or

other

resource)

along

with

a

brief

discussion

of

the

informacontained

at

that

location.

Many

searches

result

in

a

large

numbhits.

For

example,

if

you

were

to

enter

the

keyword

travel,

you

woget

thousands

of

hits.

Search

engines

order

the

hits

according

tsites

that

most

likely

contain

the

information

requested

and

prelist

to

you

in

that

order,

usually

in

groups

of

10.关键字搜索：在关键字搜索中，你输入一个可以反映你想要的信息的关键字或是短语。这个搜索引擎就会将你的输入和它的数据库里的信息相对照，从而返回一个包含这些关键字的，点击或是网站的清单。每一个点击都包含着一个相关联网页(或其它资源）的超链接，同时还附有一个对于那个位置所包含信息的尖端的描述。许多搜索都会得到大量的匹配链接。比如说，如果你输入关键字“旅游”，你会的到上千个匹配链接。搜索引擎是根据那些最有可能包括你所要求的信息的网站来排列点击链接的，并且将这个清单用那个顺序显示给你，通常是以10个为一组。41Directory

search:

Most

search

engines

also

provide

a

directorycategories

or

topics

such

as

Autos,

Finance,

and

Games.

In

a

diresearch,

you

select

a

category

or

topic

that

fits

the

informationwant.

Another

list

of

subtopics

related

to

the

topic

you

selectedYou

select

the

subtopic

that

best

relates

to

your

topic

and

anothsubtopic

list

appears.

You

continue

to

narrow

your

search

in

thismanner

until

a

list

of

Web

sites

appears.

This

list

corresponds

tlist

previously