ch06-第六章-计算机专业论文文体.-

第六章

计算机专业论文文体本章重点：计算机系统；·数据结构；·操作系统；·数据库；·多媒体技术；·计算机网络；·计算机病毒；·计算机网络安全；6.1

计算机系统Computer

Systemconsider

[k

n

sid]vt&vi考虑，细想；vt把……当做，认为；关心，体谅，顾及；记得考虑；人们的感情；正式讨论；注视。词形变化1.时态：过去时：considered,现在时：considering,2.名词：consideration。3.形容词：considerate：体谅的，体贴的；considered：经过深思熟虑的意见、判断等；considering：考虑到、鉴于。considerable

:相当大的;相当多的He

made

a

considerable

sum

of

money

in

real

estate.他做房地产生意赚了大笔钱。2.值得考虑的;重要的Paul

is

a

considerable

person

in

his

town词语释义•••••••••1.考虑,细想[+v-ing][+wh-]。I"ve

begun

to

consider

what

to

do

next.我已在考虑下一步该怎么办。We"re

considering

moving

to

Seattle.我们考虑搬往西雅图。Please

take

time

to

consider

the

problem.请仔细考虑一下这个问题。He

paused

a

moment

to

consider.他停下来想了一会儿。•••••••••••••••考虑到[+that][+wh-]Have

you

considered

that

he

is

only

a

little

boy?你有没有考虑到他仅仅是个小孩?His

health

is

good

if

you

consider

his

age.如果你考虑到他的年纪,他的健康状况就算良好了。认为;把...视为[+that]We

consider

that

the

defendant

is

not

guilty.我们认为被告无罪。Michael

is

considered

an

expert

in

computer

science.迈克尔被认为是位电脑专家。Jean

considered

herself

(to

be)

very

lucky.琼认为自己非常幸运。

4.关心,体谅,顾及He

never

considers

others.他从不为别人着想。New

Words

and

Expressions功能很强的个人的li/

adv.

基本上由...组成basically

/‘beisikconsist

ofcompose

ofMake

up

ofnl/a.

另外的nd/

vt.扩充,扩大满足...的需要additional

/

‘diexpand

/ik‘spmeet

...needsparticular

/p‘tikjul

/a.

特别的，特定的CPU(Central

Processing

Unit)中央处理机memory

/‘mem

ri/

n.RAM

(

Random

Access

Memory)ROM

(

Read-only

Memory

)FDD

(floppy

disk

drive)主存，内存随机存取存储器只读存储器软盘驱动器(FDD)powerful

/‘pau

ful/

a.tool

/tu:l/n.

工具personal

/‘p

:s

n

l/

a.••••••••••••••HDD(hard

disk

drive)

(硬)磁盘驱动器(HDD)New

Words

and

Expressions:d/n.鼠标器电源关闭和，以及整个的典型的(被)打入(被)连接到mf

t

bl/a.

舒适的position

/p

‘ziindependently

/n/

n.indi’pend位置ntli/adv.独立地CD-ROM(Compact

Disc

ROM)

只读光盘keyboard

/‘ki:b

键盘mouse

/maus/

n.power

supplyturn

off&entire

/in’tai

/

a.typical

/‘tipik

l/

a.be

entered

intobe

connectedtocomfortable

/‘k•••select

/si’lekt/

vt.选择New

Words

and

Expressionsu:/

vt.issue

/‘icommand

/k•response

/ri‘sp‘m

:nd/

n.ns/

n.发出命令响应popular

/‘ppjul/

a.常见的，众所周知generate

/‘denreit/

vt.产生点阵打印机kt/

vt.指挥，指示，指导instruct

/in‘strbe

loaded

intoturn

on(被)装入打开matrix

/‘meitriks/

printer••••OS

(operating

system)

操作系统Notes① Your

new

computer

is

a

powerful

tool

designed

to

handle

all

yourbusiness

and

personal

needs.•本句中，“designed

to...”是由过去分词引导的定语，用于修释tool，可译为“(被)设计用于...”。该定语部分实际上是定语从句“which

isdesigned

to

handle

all

your

business

and

personal

needs”的简略表示形式，做到表达精练。②

The

basic

Personal

Computer

consists

of

a

system

unit,

keyboard,monitor,

diskette

drive,

hard

disk

drive,

mouse

and

printer,

and注意are的主语是复数others，而“a”用于表示某一种类的意思。other

options

to

expand

your

system

to

meet

your

particular

needs.句中“to

expand

your

system

to

meet

your

particular

needs”是由表示目的的不定式短语作后置定语，用来修饰名词option。能用不定式作定语的名词很多，如decision,effort,intention,opportunity,reason,wish等。This

is

a

good

opportunity

to

exchange

experience.这将是一个很好的交流经验的机会。③

…

others

are

a

more

eyepleasing

green；•④ Software

is

a

set

of

programs,

which

tell

the

computer

what

to

do.•本句中，由which引导的是非限制性定语从句(Non-Restrictive

Attributive

Clauses)，用于补充说明programs。非限制性定语从句修饰物时用

“which”，而在修饰人时用“who,whom或whose”。6.2

数据结构Data

and

StructureData

Types

and

Data

StructuresTypical

Data

Structures

—

Stacks

andQueuesNew

Words

and

Expressionsesns/

n.tempt/

vt.基本，本质

尝试，企图区别，辨别可以确认的，可识别的/vt.bl/a.本地的便利，设备n/n.

摘要，概要，抽象堆栈队列举止，行为简单掩饰ri

m

tik/

n.ntr

ri/

adv.算术相反地essence

/attempt

/distinguish

/dis

ti

gwiidentifiable

/ai

dentifainative

/ neitiv/

a.facility

/f

siliti/

n.abstraction

/

bstr

kstack

/st k/

n.queue

/kju:/

n.behavior

/bi

heivj

/

n.simplicity

/sim

plisiti/

n.belie

/bi

lai/

vt.arithmetic

/contrary

/

ka.相反的，逆的Notes①qualities

common

to...表示“...所共有的特性

essence指“本质，要素，精华”。此句由两个复合句构成，都以that引导。第一个that引导表语从句，第二个that引导结果状语从句，that此处又代表

qualities,it代表a

group.②belie原意为“误解”，此处转译为“不影响...”③built...

采用过去分词短语作定语，修饰

stacks。④waiting

for...采用现在分词短语作定语，修饰

requests。thelineof...意指请求的队列，为句中主语。6.3

操作系统Operating

SystemSingle

programMultiprogrammingMultiprocessingVirtual

MachineNew

Words

and

Expressions•classify

/klsifai/

vt.分类

multiprogrammin多道程序设计g

/mltiprugrmi

multiprocessing处理/mltiprusesi/multitasking

/mltit:ski/

n.理•multiprocessor

/理器mltipuses/

n.Basic

Technical

Words

and

Expressions••Applicationsoftware:Programs

that

tell

acomputer

how

to

produceinformation,contrast

with

system

software.应用软件：告诉计算机如何生成信息的程序,与系统软件相反。Systemsoftware:All

theprogramsincludingthe

operatingsystemthat

arerelated

tocontrolling

the

operations

of

thecomputerequipment，classified

into

three

majorcategories：operating

systems,

utilities,and

languagetranslators.系统软件：包括操作系统在内的所有与控制计算机设备的操作有关的程序，系统软件可分为三大类：操作系统、实用程序和语言翻译程序。Operating

system：one

or

more

programsthat

manage

the

operations

of

acomputer，and

function

as

an

interfacebetween

the

user，the

applicationprograms，and

the

computer

equipment．操作系统:管理计算机操作，用作用户、应用程序以及计算机设备之间接口的一个或多个程序。•••Utilities：programs

that

provide

commonly

needed

taskssuch

as

file

backups，sorting，and

editing.实用程序：提供完成常用任务如文件备份、排序、编辑等的程序。Language

translators：special－purpose

systems

softwareprograms

that

are

used

to

convert

the

programminginstructions

written

by

programmers

into

the

machineinstructions

that

a

computer

can

understand．语言翻译程序：用于把程序员编写的程序指令转换为计算机能理解的机器指令的特殊用途的系统软件程序。

Booting：the

process

of

loading

an

operating

systeminto

main

memory．引导：把操作系统装入主存储器的过程。Single

program

Operating

systems：allow

only

a

single

user

to

run

asingle

program

at

one

time

单程序操作系统：只允许一个用户在同一时间运行一个程序的操作系统。Multiprogramming

Operating

systems：allow

more

than

one

program

to

be

runat

the

same

time；also

calledmultitasking

operating

systems．

多道程序操作系统：允许同时运行多个程序的操作系统。也称为多任务操作系统。Buffers：areas

of

main

memory

used

tostore

data

that

has

been

read

or

iswaiting

to

be

sent

to

an

outputdevice．

缓冲区:

主存储器中用于存放已被读取或正在等待送往输出设备的数据的区域。Device

drivers:

programs

used

by

theoperating

system

to

control

input

andoutput

devices.

设备驱动程序：被操作系统用来控制输入和输出设备的程序。6.4

数据库（Data

Base）A

Better

Way

to

Manage

andOrganizeDataWhat

Is

a

Database?Why

Use

a

Database?

A

database

is

a

collection

of

information

that

isorganized

so

that

it

can

easily

be

accessed,

managed,

aupdated.A

database

contains

some

files,

a

file

contains

somerecords,

a

record

contains

some

fields,

and

a

field

isup

of

characters.

A

field

is

a

combination

of

one

or

morcharacters

and

is

the

smallest

unit

of

data

a

useraccesses.

When

you

search

for

data

in

a

database,

youenter

the

field

name.

A

record

is

a

group

of

related

fieA

key

field,

or

primary

key,

is

a

field

that

uniquelyidentifies

each

record

in

a

file.

The

data

in

a

key

fielunique

to

specific

record.

A

data

file

is

a

collectionrelated

records

stored

on

a

disk.Before

you

begin

creating

a

database,you

should

perform

somepreliminary（初步的，开始的，预备的）

tasks.Make

a

list

of

thedata

items

you

want

to

organize;each

of

these

will

become

a

field

ithe

database.To

identify

the

different

fields;assign

each

field

aunique

name

that

is

short,yet

descriptive.For

example,the

fieldname

for

a

students

score

file

could

be

students

ID,Chinese

scores,English

scores,etc.Data

TypeKey

FieldField

nameThe

database

management

system,

or

DBMS,

is

a

softwareprogram

designed

to

control

access

to

the

database

andmanage

data

resources

efficiently.

DBMSs

are

availablefor

many

sizes

and

types

of

computer.Whether

designedfor

a

small

or

large

computer,

most

DBMSs

have

commonfeatures

and

functions.New

Words

and

Expressionsmaintain

/mein

tein/

vt.traditional

/tr

diindipend维持n

l/a.

传统的nt/a.

独立的冗余的d

nd

nt/

a.k

nsntreitid/a.

集中independent

/redundant

/ri

concentrated/浓缩的summarize

/

s

m

raiz/

vt.duplicate

/

dju:plikeit/

vt.总结复制，复NOTES

DBMS：database

management

system数据库管理系统data

dictionary数据字典

File

maintenance

and

retrieval文件维护提取Data

security数据安全NOTESRelational

Database关系型数据库Distributed

Database分布式数据库primary

key；key

field主键；关键字段students

ID学号Chinese

scores语文成绩English

scores英语成绩Basic

Technical

Words

and

Expressions•Data

management：storing

data

in

such

away

that

they

can

be

maintained

easilyand

can

be

retrieved

when

needed．数据管理：用一种易于维护、需要时即可检索到的方法存储数据。File:

a

collection

of

related

records.文件：相关记录的集合。Record:

a

collection

of

related

fields.记录：一些相关字段的集合。例如，与某个雇员工资情况有关的所有字段将构成该雇员的工资单记录；与一个学生在校表现有关的所有字段将构成该学生在校的历史记录。Basic

Technical

Words

and

ExpressionsField:

a

specific

item

of

information，such

as

a

name

or

Social

Security

number，in

a

record

of

a

database

file．字段：信息中的一个具体元素。例如，数据库文件中一个记录中的人名或身份证号等。Database：a

collection

of

data

that

isorganized

in

multiple

related

files．数据库：被组织在多个相关文件中的数据的集合。6．6计算机网络Computer

NetworksNetworksLocal

Area

Networks

(LANs)Wide Area

Networks

(WANs)星形网络配置通常用于中央计算机包括处理来自终端的输入所需要的全部数据的场合网络的拓扑结构A

network

topology【t

u"p

l

d

i,

t-]】is

theconfiguration,or

physical

arrangement,of

the

deviin

a

communications

network.Three

commonly

used

network

topologies

are

bus,

rinand

star.e.Computer

NetworksNetwork

ConfigurationStar

NetworkBus

NetworkRing

NetworkConnecting

NetworksBus

Network·Network

ConfigurationBus

network

A

bus

network

consists

of

a

single

central

cable,

to

wall

computers

and

other

devices

connect

.Bus

networks

are

very

popular

on

LANsbecause

they

are

inexpensive

and

easy

tinstall.

When

a

sending

device

transmitdata,

the

address

of

the

receiving

deviincluded

with

the

transmission

so

the

drouted

to

the

appropriate

receiving

devStar

NetworkStar

network

On

a

star

network,all

of

the

devices

on

the

networkconnect

to

a

central

computer,thus

forming

a

star

(see

figure

).The

central

computer

thatprovides

a

common

connection

point

for

devices

on

the

networkis

called

the

hub.

All

data

thattransfers

from

one

computer

toanother

passes

through

the

hub.Similar

to

a

bus

network,

starand

maintain.

You

can

add

andremove

computers

and

devices

toand

from

the

network

with

littleor

no

disruption

to

the

network.

On

a

star

network,

if

one

devicefails,

only

that

device

is

affected.The

other

devices

continue

tonetworks

are

fairly

easy

to

installoperate

normally.

If

the

hub

fails,however,

the

entire

network

isinoperable

until

the

hub

is

repairedMost

large

star

networks,

therefore,keep

backup

hubs

available

in

casethe

primary

hub

fails.Ring

NetworkOne

advantage

of

the

bus

networkis

you

can

attach

and

detachcomputers

and

other

devices

at

any

point

on

the

bus

withoutdisturbing

the

rest

of

thenetwork.

Another

advantage

isthat

failure

of

one

device

usuallydoes

not

affect

the

rest

of

the

bus

network.

The

transmissionsimply

bypasses

the

failed

device.The

greatest

risk

to

a

busnetwork

is

that

the

bus

itselfmight

become

inoperable.

If

thathappens,

the

network

remainsinoperative

until

the

bus

is

back

inworking

order.Ring

network

On

a

ring

network,a

cable

forms

a

closed

ring,

orloop,

with

all

computers

anddevices

arranged

along

the

ring(see

figure).5.3.2网络的拓扑结构（5-3）Data

transmitted

on

a

ring

network

travels

from

deviceto

device

around

the

entire

ring,

in

one

direction.

Whecomputer

sends

data,

the

date

travels

to

each

computeron

the

ring

until

it

reaches

its

destination.If

a

device

on

a

ring

network

fails,

all

devices

beforefailed

device

are

unaffected,

but

those

after

the

failedevice

cannot

function.

A

ring

network

can

span

a

largedistance

than

a

bus

network,

but

it

is

more

difficult

tinstall.The

ring

topology

primarily

is

used

for

LANs,

but

alsoused

to

connect

a

mainframe

to

a

WAN.New

Words

and

Expressions放错地方终端t

:min l/

n.i:gr

fik/

a.地理的fistikeitid/

a.复杂的,久经p/

a./

m

ltidrkein/

n.多分支的,多点(场合，机会misplace

/mis

pleis/

vt.terminal

/geographic

/dsophisticated

/smultidropoccasion

/On

occasion有时，不时gateway

/

geitwei/

n.occasionally

/kei网关n

li/adv.

有时候，Basic

Technical

Words

and

Expressions••Network：in

data

communications，acollection

of

terminals，computers，andother

equipment

that

use

communicationschannels

to

share

data，information，hardware，and

software．网络：在数据通信中，使用通信信道共享数据、信息、硬件及软件的终端、计算机和其它设备的集合。Local

area

network（LAN）：acommunications

network

that

is

privatelyowned

and

covers

a

limited

geographicarea

such

as

an

office，a

building，or

agroup

of

buildings．局域网：专有的覆盖有限地域（如一个办公室、一个建筑物或一群建筑物）的通信网络。Basic

Technical

Words

and

Expressions••Wide

area

network（WAN）：a

communicationsnetwork

thatcovers

a

large

geographic

area,and

use

telephoneline,

microwaves,satellites,

or

a

combination

ofcommunications

channels.广域网：覆盖较大地域，使用电话线、微波、卫星或其组合的通信信道的通信网络。Starnetwork:a

communicationsnetwork

thatcontains

a

central