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AnIntroductiontoInternationalEconomics
SecondEditionBalanceofPayments国际收支平衡表CHAPTERTEN1BalanceofpaymentsThebalanceofpaymentsprovidesasummarystatementofinternationaltransactionsforanationforaspecifiedperiodoftime.Thebalanceofpaymentsconvertsinternationaltransactionsintodollartermsatthegoingrateofcurrencyexchange.2KeycategoriesCredittransactions贷记Transactionsthatinvolvereceiptofpaymentsfromforeignsources.MajortypesExportsofgoodsandservicesCapitalinflowsIncreasesinforeignassetsinanationDecreasesinanation’sassetsabroad3KeycategoriesCredittransactionsDebittransactions借记Transactionsthatinvolvepaymenttoforeignsources.MajortypesImportsofgoodsandservicesCapitaloutflowsIncreasesinanation’sassetsabroadDecreasesinforeignassetsinanation4Doubleentrybookkeeping复制记账法Inbalanceofpaymentaccounting,eachinternationaltransactionisrecordedtwice–onceasacredit,onceasadebit.Examples$500inexportstobepaidin3monthstimeCredit(+)Debit(-)Goodsexport$500Capitaloutflow$5005DoubleentrybookkeepingExamples$200spentbyaUStouristinLondononservicesCredit(+)Debit(-)Serviceimport$200Capitalinflow$2006DoubleentrybookkeepingExamples$100inUSgovernmentforeignaidgiventothegovernmentofadevelopingnationCredit(+)Debit(-)Unilateraltransfer$100Capitalinflow$1007DoubleentrybookkeepingExamples$400inforeignstockspaidforbyincreasingforeignbankbalancesintheU.S.Credit(+)Debit(-)Capitaloutflow(stock)$400Capitalinflow(bankbalance)$4008Thebalanceofpayments
fortheU.S.2007datafromtheBureauofEconomicAnalysisinbillionsofU.S.dollarsWWWlinkExportsofgoodsandservicesandincomereceipts2,411.0
Exportsofgoodsandservices1,628.4
Goods,balanceofpaymentsbasis1,149.2
Services479.2
TransfersunderU.S.militaryagencysalescontracts15.7
Travel97.1
Passengerfares25.3
Othertransportation51.8
Royaltiesandlicensefees71.3
Otherprivateservices216.6
U.S.Governmentmiscellaneousservices1.2
Incomereceipts782.2
IncomereceiptsonU.S.-ownedassetsabroad779.2
Directinvestmentreceipts352.6
Otherprivatereceipts424.4
U.S.Governmentreceipts2.2
Compensationofemployees3.09Thebalanceofpayments
fortheU.S.ServiceexportsThesefactorsshowthesourceoftotalserviceexports.Incomereceiptsareprimarilyincomeearnedonpastinvestmentactivitiesabroad.Exportsofgoodsandservicesandincomereceipts2,411.0
Exportsofgoodsandservices1,628.4
Goods,balanceofpaymentsbasis1,149.2
Services479.2
TransfersunderU.S.militaryagencysalescontracts15.7
Travel97.1
Passengerfares25.3
Othertransportation51.8
Royaltiesandlicensefees71.3
Otherprivateservices216.6
U.S.Governmentmiscellaneousservices1.2
Incomereceipts782.2
IncomereceiptsonU.S.-ownedassetsabroad779.2
Directinvestmentreceipts352.6
Otherprivatereceipts424.4
U.S.Governmentreceipts2.2
Compensationofemployees3.010Thebalanceofpayments
fortheU.S.Importsofgoodsandservicesandincomepayments-3,045.8
Importsofgoodsandservices-2,336.9
Goods,balanceofpaymentsbasis-1,964.6
Services-372.3
Directdefenseexpenditures-32.9
Travel-76.4
Passengerfares-28.6
Othertransportation-67.1
Royaltiesandlicensefees-27.9
Otherprivateservices-135.3
U.S.Governmentmiscellaneousservices-4.2
Incomepayments-707.9
Incomepaymentsonforeign-ownedassetsintheUnitedStates-698.2
Directinvestmentpayments-129.0
Otherprivatepayments-411.9
U.S.Governmentpayments-157.2
Compensationofemployees-9.7Unilateralcurrenttransfers,net-104.4
U.S.Governmentgrants-32.7
U.S.Governmentpensionsandothertransfers-6.8
Privateremittancesandothertransfers-64.911SummaryaccountsMerchandisetradebalance=-$815billionGoodsexports–goodsimportsTradebalance=-$709billionExportsofgoodsandservices–importsofgoodsandservicesIncomebalance=$74billionCurrentaccount=-$739billionTradebalance+incomebalance+unilateraltransfersThebalanceofpayments
fortheU.S.12Thebalanceofpayments
fortheU.S.U.S.-ownedassetsabroad,net-1,206.3
U.S.officialreserveassets,net-122.0
Gold0
Specialdrawingrights-0.2
ReservepositionintheInternationalMonetaryFund1.0
Foreigncurrencies-1.0
U.S.Governmentassets,otherthanofficialreserveassets,net-22.9
U.S.creditsandotherlong-termassets-2.4
RepaymentsonU.S.creditsandotherlong-termassets3.5
U.S.foreigncurrencyholdingsandU.S.short-termassets,net-23.9
U.S.privateassets,net-1,183.3
Directinvestment-335.4
Foreignsecurities-273.9
U.S.claimsonunaffiliatedforeignersreportedbyU.S.non-bankingconcerns15.8
U.S.claimsreportedbyU.S.banks,notincludedelsewhere-589.8DirectinvestmentMainportfolioinvestmentitems13Thebalanceofpayments
fortheU.S.Foreign-ownedassetsintheUnitedStates,net1,864.7
ForeignofficialassetsintheUnitedStates,net412.7
U.S.Governmentsecurities231.9
U.S.Treasurysecurities49.9
Other181.9
OtherU.S.Governmentliabilities5.7
U.S.liabilitiesreportedbyU.S.banks,notincludedelsewhere108.5
Otherforeignofficialassets66.7
OtherforeignassetsintheUnitedStates,net1,451.0
Directinvestment204.4
U.S.Treasurysecurities166.3
U.S.securitiesotherthanU.S.Treasurysecurities391.9
U.S.currency10.9
U.S.liabilitiestounaffiliatedforeignersreportedbyU.S.nonbankingconcerns166.6
U.S.liabilitiesreportedbyU.S.banks,notincludedelsewhere510.9DirectinvestmentMainportfolioinvestmentitems14SummaryaccountsMerchandisetradebalance=-$815billionTradebalance=-$709billionIncomebalance=$74billionCurrentaccount=-$739billionCapitalaccountbalance=$245billionThebalancingfactor:statisticaldiscrepancyArisesfromthemis-recordingofitemsinthebalanceofpaymentsaccountsStatisticaldiscrepancy=$84billionSD=-(CA+CFA+ORSB)Thebalanceofpayments
fortheU.S.15TheORSBTheOfficialReserveSettlementBalance(ORSB)measuresthechangeinU.S.officialreserveassetsandthechangeinforeignofficialreserveassetsinintheU.S.TheORSBaccommodatesforadeficitorsurplusinautonomoustransactions(transactionsthatoccurforbusinessorprofitmotives).16HistoricalvaluesSource:FederalReserveBank17HistoricalvaluesSource:FederalReserveBank18HistoricalvaluesSource:FederalReserveBank19HistoricalvaluesSource:FederalReserveBank20TheInternationalInvestmentPos
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