老高考适用2023高考英语一轮总复习第一编教材回眸Unit1Lifestyles课件北师大版

Unit1Lifestyles自主排查夯基固本matterpeacefulpeacerelaxingrelaxrelaxedrelaxationstressfulstress(5)

(vt.)认为；猜想→

(adj.)据说的，假定的→

(conj.)假定，假设(6)

(vi.)抱怨；投诉→

(n.)诉苦；牢骚；抱怨(7)

(vt.)转变，转换

(n.)开关；变更(8)

(adj.)轻便的，手提(式)的→

(n.)可携带性；轻便supposesupposedsupposingcomplaincomplaintswitchportableportability(9)

(n.)公文，文件

(vt.)记录，记载；用文献证明(10)

(adj.)厌烦的，不感兴趣的→

(adj.)令人厌烦的(11)

(vi.)遭受(痛苦)，感到疼痛→

(n.)痛苦(12)

(n.)压力

(vt.)对……施压；迫使(13)

(vt.)组织→

(adj.)有组织的，系统的→

(n.)组织→

(adj.)组织的(14)

(vt.)更喜欢；宁愿→

(过去式/过去分词，现在分词)→

(n.)偏爱；优惠→

(adj.)更可取的documentboredboringsuffersufferingpressureorganise

organised

organizationorganizationalpreferpreferred,preferringpreferencepreferable(15)

(n.)志愿者

(v.)自愿做……(16)

(n.&vt.)挑战(17)

(vt.&n．)支持，支撑→

(adj.)可支持的(18)

(n.&vt.)设计→

(n.)设计师(19)

(n.)广告→

(v.)做广告；做宣传→

(n.)广告业；登广告(20)

(adj.)拥挤的→

(v.)拥挤

(n.)人群；一伙人volunteerchallengesupportsupportabledesigndesigneradvertisementadvertiseadvertisingcrowdedcrowd(21)

(adv.)否则；另外(22)

(n.)疾病；呕吐，不健康→

(adj.)有病的，患病的→

(adj.)(同义词)有病的；不舒服的(23)

(n.)距离→

(adj.)遥远的(24)

(adj.)古典的→

(adv.)古典地，正统地；典型的情况是otherwisesicknesssickilldistancedistantclassicalclassically(25)

(vt.)减少；降低(26)

(vt.)忍受，忍耐

(n.)架，台，座；摊位(27)

(vi.)毕业

(n.)毕业生→

(n.)毕业(28)

(vt.)解决；解答→

(n.)解决方法reducestandgraduategraduationsolvesolution问卷；调查表生活方式卡通片，动画片

遥远的

警报，警告器

急迫的，紧急的

紧急地

紧急午夜，半夜

专家

老练的；内行的会计，会计师正式的，合礼仪的

正式地

非正式的风格，作风

工作狂relaxingSupposingdocumentsboredstressfulsufferingpreferredsicknessorganiseddesignedtalkshowmakeadifferenceswitchoverswitchoffswitchonremotecontrolgoofftakeupbefilledwith对……感到厌烦

忍受，遭受

喜欢……胜过……；宁愿……而不愿……；与……相比，更喜欢……

毕业于

无法忍受做某事

此刻，目前

为……而设计

想出，提出数年间can'tstandwerefilledwithtakesupwentoffmakesadifferencecameupwithpreferredtoaredesignedforswitchoffsufferingfrom Whendoyouguesstheywillcomeupwithasolution？WhileWhile直击重点突破考点boringrelaxingrelaxedanunforgettableandrelaxingweekend②urgentadj.急迫的，紧急的(P9)(1)单句语法填空①ItwasurgentforChina________(develop)energyconservationandgreenbuildingsforsustainabledevelopment.②It'surgentthatshe____________________(finish)herreportand___________(go)outforawalktoreleaseherpressure.todevelop(should)finishgo(2)单句改错Itisurgentthatthepatientissenttohospital._______________________________________________________第二个is→(should)beissufferingfrom(2)单句改错Hesufferedpooreyesightandcouldnolongerreadproperly.________________________________________________________suffered后加from

isorganised

organization(2)单句写作Theyhad________________________HainanIslandthissummer,wheretheirpressurewasreleased.今年夏天，他们组织了一次前往海南岛的旅行，在那里他们的压力得到了释放。anorganisedtriptostudyingtolearnprefertoratherthancomingworkingstandinterruptingsupportedin(2)单句写作Theyheldalarge­scaleevent________________theimplementationofthelaw.他们举行一次大型的活动以支持这项法律的实施。insupportoftodesignby(2)单句写作①Computersecuritysystems______________________independenttechnicians.计算机安全系统将由独立的技师来设计。②Themethodisspecifically______________useinsmallgroups.这种方法是专为小组活动设计的。willbedesignedby

designedfora

at(2)单句改错Canyoudistinguishtheobjectsfromthedistance?_________________________________________________________from→in或第二个the→aonto(2)单句改错ItwasboringthathischildkeptswitchingroundtheTVchannels.____________________________________________________________round→over

uptobetakenup→on

wentawayGoaheadwithisfilledoutwasfilledwithatfor(2)单句改错

Shehurriedhereforthemomentsheheardthemessagewesenttoher.__________________________________________________________去掉forarerisingamleavinglistened→listeningtogoentering(2)单句写作

____________afewminutesforhiseyes______________thedark.过了几分钟他的眼睛才适应了黑暗。Ittooktoadjusttoboringlearningitimpossiblethatsuch(2)单句改错Theyweresolittlechildrenthatwewerebusylookingafterthemdayandnight.__________________________________________________________so→such

asthatthesamegirlthatthesameas课文回练升华运用根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。BrianBlakeyisacouchpotato,whoprefers

1

(switch)ontheTVtowatchprogrammestogettingupimmediatelywhenhewakesupinthemorning.Hespendssixteenorseventeenhoursaday

2

(watch)TVthoughhetakeshisdogfor

3

walkeveryafternoon.However,heneverwatchesTVallnight.Heusuallyswitches

4

theTVatabout2：00.BobBlack,aworkaholic,

5

(normal)wakesupaboutfiveminutesbeforehisalarmclockgoesoff.Ittakeshimlessthanfifteenminutes

6

(wash),getchanged,havebreakfast,leavehomeandgetonabus.Andheisalwaysthefirstpersontogettotheoffice.Alargepartoftheday

7

(take)upbymeetingsandphonecalls,andeveryminute

8

(fill)withurgentmatters.Besides,helooksatsomedocuments

9

arebroughtbackfromtheofficeevenwhenhegetshomeataboutten.Hesayshegets

10

(bore)ifthereisnothingtodo.switchingwatchingaoffnormallytowashistakenisfilledwhich/thatbored基础达标自主训练答案：relaxing

lastweekend的特征应用由现在分词转化来的形容词来描述，故填relaxing。句意：我们都觉得上周末很轻松。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Weallfeltlastweekendvery________(relax)．答案：isfilled本句描述一般事实，应用一般现在时，befilledwith“充满着”，故填isfilled。2．Thegarden________(fill)withthescentofflowers.答案：is应用一般现在时，描述客观事实，belateforsth

“做某事迟到”。3．Maryisamodelexampleforus;she________(be)neverlateforschool.答案：complaining句意：最近她一直都在抱怨我为她做的一切。现在进行时与always连用，表达某种感情色彩。4．Sheisalways________(complain)aboutallIhavedoneforherrecently.

答案：stressful根据句子结构可知，表示“充满压力的工作”应该用形容词作定语，修饰work，故此处用stressful。5．Underthe________(stress)workandthepressureofthelife,mostpeoplefeelunhappyandtired.

答案：sufferings根据句意可知，表示“种族的痛苦”，应该用名词作describe的宾语，且应用名词复数形式，故填sufferings。6．Manyofhisnovelshavedescribedthe________(suffer)ofhisrace.

答案：rains在条件状语从句中，应用一般现在时表示将来。7．Wewillstayathomeifit________(rain)tomorrow.答案：walking

preferdoingsthtodoingsth中，to是介词，后跟动名词作介词宾语。8．Ipreferredplayingontheplaygroundto________(walk)aroundfromoneshoptoanother.

答案：otherwise前后两个分句在语意上表示转折，后半句描述相反的结果，意为“否则，不然的话”，故填otherwise。9．Myparentslentmethemoney;________，

Icouldn'thaveaffordedthecar.

答案：at根据句意可知，表示“此刻，目前”，用atthemoment。10．Julia'sonholidayinSpain________themoment.答案：whilesomeboysaretalkingandlaughingⅡ.单句写作1．Mostofthegirlsintheclassroomarestudying,____________(而一些男孩在说笑)．答案：Atpresent,throughdistancelearning2．______________________(目前通过远程学习),manyteachershavemasteredtheteachingskills.答案：takesup3．Theoldwardrobe______________toomuchspace.这个旧衣柜太占空间。答案：somuch;that4．Thereis____________noise________Icanhardlyconcentrateonmystudy.教室里太吵闹，我无法专心学习。答案：Itisabitcoldintheroom.Pleaseswitch/turnontheairconditioning.5．______________________________________________________室内有些冷了，请打开空调吧。Ⅲ.语法填空Homeschoolingisamovementaroundthecountryandtheworld,inwhichparentseducatetheirchildrenathomeinsteadofsendingthemtoa__1__(tradition)publicorprivateschool.Familieschoosetohomeschoolforvariousreasons,includingthebelief__2__childrenarenotprogressingwithintheschoolstructure.Thehomeschoolingmovement__3__(begin)growinginthe1970s,whensomepopularauthorsandresearchersstartedwritingabouteducationalreforms.Theysuggestedhomeschooling__4__analternativeeducationaloption.It__5__(report)thattherearenowmorethan2millionchildrenbeinghomeschooledintheUS,withthepercentagebecoming__6__(high)eachyear.Homeschoolingislegalinall50statesandinmanyforeigncountries.Legal__7__(require)forhomeschoolingintheUSvaryfromplacetoplace.__8__mostimportantthingparentsneedtohomeschooltheirchildrenis__9__(like)themandenjoytheircompanyandtheirfoolishness.Theyhavetoenjoyalltheirtalksandquestions,andenjoyequally__10__(try)toanswerthosequestions.Inalmostallareasofthecountry,parentsdon'tneedaneducationdegreetohomeschool.Thosewithyoungchildrencanbeginahomeeducationprogramwhentheirchildrenturnschoolage.

traditional

that

began

as

isreported

higher

requirements

The

tolike

trying

1．考查词性转换。句意：在家教育是一种遍布美国和世界的运动，父母在家里教育他们的孩子，而不是送他们去传统的公立或私立学校。设空处修饰名词school，需用形容词作定语。故填traditional。2．考查同位语从句的连接词。句意：人们选择在家教育有各种各样的原因，其中包括认为孩子在学校里无法取得进步。设空处引导同位语从句，解释说明belief的内容，从句不缺成分，且没有表示疑问，需用连接词that引导。故填that。3．考查动词的时态。句意：20世纪70年代，一些受欢迎的作家和研究人员开始撰写有关教育改革的文章，在家教育运动开始兴起。设空处在句中作谓语，根据inthe1970s可知，此处陈述过去发生的事情，需用一般过去时。故填began。4．考查介词。句意：他们建议把在家教育作为另一种教育选择。结合语境可知，此处需填介词as“作为”。故填as。5．考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：据报道，现在美国有200多万儿童在家接受教育，而且这个比例每年都在上升。此处陈述客观事实，需用一般现在时，主语it和report为被动关系，Itisreportedthat...为固定句型，意为“据报道……”。故填isreported。6．考查形容词的比较级。become为系动词，设空处需填形容词作表语，此处表示“这个百分比在逐年增加”，应用比较级。故填higher。7．考查词性转换。句意：美国对在家教育的法律要求因地而异。Legal为形容词，应用名词作主语，谓语动词为动词原形“vary”，应用名词复数。故填requirements。8．考查冠词。此处用定冠词the与mostimportant构成最高级结构。位于句首，首字母需大写。故填The。9．考查非谓语动词。此处在句中作表语，结合后面的动词“enjoy”可知，此处应该填入所给词的不定式。故填tolike。10．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们不得不享受他们所有的谈话和问题，同样享受尽力回答这些问题的乐趣。enjoydoingsth

为固定短语，意为“喜欢做某事”。故填trying。Ⅳ.短文改错I'mdelightedtoknowyoushowedagreatinterestinChinesetablemanners.NowIwouldliketoshareyouhowtobehaveproperlywhenweareinvitedtodinner.Tobeginwith,thehostwillreserveaspecialseatfortheguest,whichishighlyhonoredonsuchanoccasionbutisexpectedtobethefirsttotastethefoodserved.Beside,chopsticksandspoonsareusuallyusedwhenyouareeatinginChina.Third,youarenotsupposedtomakinganoisewhileeatingsoup.Lastbutnotleast,remembertothankthehostforthedeliciousfoodhehasbeenoffered,whichwillsurelymakehimhappily.Ihopemyadviceswillbeofhelptoyou.1．showed→show考查一般现在时。know后接的宾语从句应为一般现在时，主语为you，所以谓语用show。故将showed改成show。2．you前加with考查介词。sharesthwithsb

“与某人分享某物”也可以说成sharewithsb

sth

“与某人分享某物”。故在you前面加上with。3．we→you考查代词。由本句中的you可知when引导的时间状语从句的主语为you。故将we改成you。4．which→who考查定语从句的引导词。theguest为先行词，在非限制性定语从句中作主语，所以关系代词为who。故将which改成who。5．but→and考查连词。分析句意可知，前后两句句意表示并列关系，所以用并列连词and。故将but改成and。6．Beside→Besides考查副词。beside是介词，表示“在旁边”。besides是有两个词性，当介词为“除……之外”。besides用作副词的意思是“而且，还有”，引出另一种情况，以作补充。可用于句首、句尾，也可用于句中，常常用逗号或分号与句子的其他成分隔开。故将Beside改成Besides。7．making→make考查动词不定式。besupposedtodosth

“应该做某事”为固定短语。故将making改成make。8．去掉has后的been考查动词的语态。thedeliciousfood为先行词，在定语从句中作offer的宾语，定语从句主语为he，与谓语为主动关系。故去掉been。9．happily→happy考查形容词。makesb＋adj.，其中形容词作sb的宾语补足语。故将happily改成happy。10．advices→advice考查名词。advice为不可数名词。故将advices改成advice。课后作业Ⅰ.完形填空(2022·贵州省部分重点中学高三联考)Onelatesummerafternoon,Edward,ateenager,hungoutwithhisfriends.Theyswaminthe__1__afteralongdayatschool.Theyhadwaterfights,swimmingraces,and__2__themselves.Justasthe__3__wentdown,whenEdwardwasabouttogohome,hisfriend__4__himtogoandswiminthedeeperendofthepond.Edwardknewsome__5__factsaboutit.Ithadmanydifferenttypesofalgae(藻类)and__6__watercurrents.Severalpeoplehad__7__thereassomerumors(谣言)said.Edwardwaswonderingwhattodonextwhenotherfriendsalsodaredhimto__8__there.Edwardwasabouttosay__9__，

buthisfriendsaidthathewouldgivehimsomething__10__ifhedidit.Edwarddeclinedthedeal__11__andwasreadyto,home,butthentherestofhisfriendswerechanting(反复喊),“SWIM,SWIM”.Edward__12__candy,evenatinyonewouldmakehimvery__13__.Also,hedidn'twanttobe__14__infrontofhisfriends.Sohewentintothedeeperend.Butassoonashedidthis,hestarted__15__.Edwardcouldswim,butnotthatwell.Heyelled,“HELP”.Hisfriendstriedtocomeand__16__him,buttheyweretoofaraway.JustwhenEdward'slifeseemedalmostover,aworkercleaningupthepondareacametohis__17__.HepulledEdwardoutofthepondbyhisshoulder.Andhe__18__Edwardforattemptingsuchastupiddare.Edwardsaidhewouldneverforgetthe__19__andthathewouldkeepinmindthatalthoughswimmingisfun,__20__comesfirst.篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Edward(爱德华)和小伙伴在外面游泳，Edward差点儿溺水的故事。答案：C句意：在学校度过了漫长的一天后，他们在池塘里游泳。根据下文“swiminthedeeperendofthepond”可知，他们在池塘里游泳。故选C。1．A.river B．lake C．pond D．sea答案：B句意：

他们打水仗，游泳比赛，玩得很开心。lose“丢失”；enjoy“享受，喜爱”；help“帮助”；apply“应用”。

根据上文“Theyhadwaterfights,swimmingraces”可知，他们玩得很开心。故选B。2．A.lost B．enjoyed C．helped D．applied答案：D句意：就在太阳落山的时候，爱德华正要回家，他的朋友怂恿他去池塘的深处游泳。根据上文“Onelatesummerafternoon”可知，此处表示太阳落山。故选D。3．A.wind B．star C．moon D．sun答案：C

oppose“反对”；order“命令”；dare“激，敢”；persuade“劝说”。

根据下文“whenotherfriendsalsodaredhimto”可知，小伙伴们想激Edward，看他是否敢去深水区游泳。故选C。4．A.opposed B．ordered C．dared D．persuaded答案：A

worrying“令人担忧的”；exciting“令人兴奋的”；disappointing“令人失望的”；confusing“混乱的”。

根据下文“Ithadmanydifferenttypesofalgae(藻类)and__6__watercurrents.Severalpeoplehad__7__thereassomerumors(谣言)said.”

可知，Edward知道池塘让人担心的几个事实。故选A。5．A.worrying B．exciting C．disappointing D．confusing答案：B句意：它有许多不同类型的藻类和不寻常的水流。根据上文“Ithadmanydifferenttypesofalgae(藻类)”以及下文“Severalpeoplehad...assomerumors(谣言)said.”可知，深水区有不寻常的水流(暗流)。故选B。6．A.fine B．unusual C．small D．unimportant答案：D根据下文“thereassomerumors(谣言)said”可知，此处表示传说有几个人曾经在那里溺亡。故选D。7．A.lived B．traveled C．swam D．died答案：B根据上文“goandswiminthedeeperendofthepond”可知，其他小伙伴也激他，让他在深水区游泳。故选B。8．A.walk B．swim C．run D．drive答案：A句意：爱德华正要说“不”，但他的朋友说，如果他这么做，他会给他一些甜食。故选A。9．A.no B．hello C．thanks D．sorry答案：D根据下文的“candy”可知，他的朋友说如果Edward答应游过去，就给他甜食。故选D。10．A.cheap B．beautiful C．long D．sweet答案：B

carefully“仔细地”；immediately“立刻，马上”；easily“容易地”；essentially“本质上”。根据下文“wasreadyto,home”可知，Edward立即拒绝了这个交易。故选B。11．A.carefully B．immediately C．easily D．essentially答案：A句意：爱德华喜欢糖果，即使是一小块也会让他非常高兴。故选A。12．A.loved B．bought C．made D．sold答案：C

surprised“感到惊讶的”；puzzled“困惑的”；happy“高兴的”；angry“生气的”。

Edward很喜欢糖果，甚至一小块糖都能使他非常高兴。故选C。13．A.surprised B．puzzled C．happy D．angry答案：D句意：而且，他不想在朋友面前显得胆怯。mouth­watering“令人垂涎欲滴的”；hard­working“勤奋的”；lion－hearted“非常勇敢的，无畏的”；chicken­hearted“胆小的”。故选D。14．A.mouth­watering B．hard­working C．lion－hearted D．chicken­hearted答案：C

run“跑”；laugh“大笑”；drown“淹没”；cry“哭”。根据下文“Edwardcouldswim,butnotthatwell.”可知，Edward溺水了。故选C。15．A.running B．laughing C．drowning D．crying答案：B句意：他的朋友们想过来救他，但是他们离得太远了。excuse“原谅”；save“挽救，保留”；support“支持”；defeat“击败”。故选B。16．A.excuse B．save C．support D．defeat答案：A句意：就在爱德华快要淹死的时候，一个正在清理池塘的工人救了他。根据下文“HepulledEdwardoutofthepondbyhisshoulder.”可知，Edward被救了。故选A。17．A.rescue B．home C．school D．friend答案：C句意：他责怪爱德华这样愚蠢的冒险。praise“称赞”；sympathize“同情”；scold“责备”；forgive“原谅”。根据下文“Edwardforattemptingsuchastupiddare”可知，Edward被责骂。故选C。18．A.praised B．sympathized C．scolded D．forgave答案：A

lesson“教训，经验”；word“单词”；knowledge“知识”；information“信息”。根据上文可知，Edward差点溺水，这是一次教训。Edward不会忘记这次教训。故选A。19．A.lesson B．word C．knowledge D．information答案：D句意：爱德华说，他永远不会忘记这次教训，他会记住，尽管游泳很有趣，但安全是第一位的。instruction“指示”；skill“技能”；progress“进步”；safety“安全”。根据下文“comesfirst”可知，安全第一。故选D。20．A.instruction B．skill C．progress D．safetyⅡ.阅读理解A(2021·吉林长春市高三三模)It'shardtoturndownhamburgers,Frenchfries,potatochipsandalloftheotherjunkfoodthatseemtocallouttous.However,eatingtoomuchjunkfoodcanharmyourbody,particularlyifyou'rebetweentheagesof10and19.“Junkfoodshapesadolescentbrainsinwaysthatweakentheirabilitytothink,learnandremember.Itcanalsomakeithardertocontrolimpulsivebehaviors，”

saidAmyReichelt,abrainandnutritionspecialistatWesternUniversity,Canada.“Itmayevenupateen'sriskofdepressionandanxiety.”Reicheltandtwootherresearchersfoundadolescentsaremoresensitivethananyotheragegrouptoprocessfoodswithalotoffatandsugar.Adolescentbrainsarestilldevelopingtheabilitytoassessrisksandcontrolactions.Theprefrontalcortexisthepartofthebrainthattellsusweshouldn'teatchipsallthetimeandhelpsusresistthaturge.Butthisregionisthelasttomature—itdoesn'tfullydevelopuntilweareinourearly20s.Meanwhile,teenbrainsgetmoreactivefromrewardsforawhile.Thepartsofthebrainthatmakeusfeelgoodwhenwedosomethingpleasurablearefullydevelopedbytheteenyears.Infact,theseregionsareevenmoresensitivewhenweareyoung.That'sbecausedopamine(多巴胺),anaturalchemicalthatliftsourmoodwhenweexperiencesomethinggood,isespeciallyactiveinadolescentbrains.Therefore,theteenbrainhastwostrikesagainstitwhenitcomestoresistingjunkfood.“Ithasaheighteneddriveforrewardsandreducedself－regulation，”

saidReichelt.So,what'sthebestwaytosaynotojunkfood?Researcherssuggestexercise.Whenweexercise,thebrain'srewardsystembecomeslesssensitivetofood.Exercisealsocausethebodytomakeaproteinthathelpsbraincellsgrowandboostsconnectionsbetweentheprefrontalcortexandotherbrainregions.Theprefrontalcortexthuscanworkbettertohelpusmakewisedecisionsandcontrolourimpulses.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。科学家最新研究表明，垃圾食品不仅对身体不好，甚至会对大脑造成负面影响，造成记忆减退和认知能力下降，而且对青少年的影响尤为明显。1．Whatisthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?A．Theeffectsofeatingjunkfood.B．Thecausesoffavouringjunkfood.C．Thetendencyofsharingjunkfood.D．Thebenefitsofavoidingjunkfood.答案：A段落大意题。根据第二段的内容可知，垃圾食品会损伤思维、学习和记忆的能力进而影响青少年大脑发育。它也会使控制冲动行为变得更加困难，并增加青少年患抑郁症和焦虑症的风险。由此可知，本段主要介绍了吃垃圾食品的影响。故选A。2．Whatisthefunctionoftheprefrontalcortex?A．Itservesasthesenseoftaste.B．Itpromotesteenagers'spirits.C．Itispartlyinchargeofself－control.D．Ithelpsteenagersgrowphysicallymature.答案：C细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“Theprefrontalcortexisthepartofthebrainthattellsusweshouldn'teatchipsallthetimeandhelpsusresistthaturge.(前额叶皮层是大脑的一部分，它告诉我们不应该一直吃薯片，并帮助我们抵制这种冲动。)”可知，前额叶皮层能帮助我们抵制吃薯片的冲动，所以它在一定程度上掌管着自我控制能力。故选C。3．Whatdoes“it”refertointhethirdparagraph?A．Theprefrontalcortex.B．Theurge.C．Theadolescentbrain.D．Thebody.答案：A指代判断题。根据第三段第三、四句“Theprefrontalcortexisthepartofthebrainthattellsusweshouldn'teatchipsallthetimeandhelpsusresistthaturge.Butthisregionisthelasttomature—itdoesn'tfullydevelopuntilweareinourearly20s.(前额叶皮层是大脑的一部分，它告诉我们不应该一直吃薯片，并帮助我们抵制这种冲动。但是这一区域是最后发育成熟的部分——要到我们二十岁出头，它才完全发育好。)”可知，此处it代指上文提到的theprefrontalcortex(前额叶皮层)。故选A。4．Whyisithardforteenstogiveupjunkfood?A．Junkfoodisdeliciousandnutritious.B．Junkfoodispopularamongyoungpeople.C．Teenagersdon'trealizetheharmofjunkfood.D．Teenagerscanfeeltemporaryexcitementfromjunkfood.答案：D推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，多巴胺是一种天然的化学物质，当我们体验到美好的事物时，它能提升我们的情绪，在青少年的大脑中尤其活跃。因此，在抵制垃圾食品方面，青少年的大脑有两个劣势。大脑加强了获得奖励的冲动而降低了自我调节能力。由此可推知，从垃圾食品中感受到的暂时的兴奋让青少年难以拒绝垃圾食品。故选D。B(2022·河南宋基信阳实验中学高三摸底考试)Let'sdosomesleepmath.YoulosttwohoursofsleepeverynightlastweekbecauseofabigprojectdueonFriday.OnSaturdayandSunday,yousleptin,gettingfourextrahours.OnMondaymorning,youwerefeelingsobright­eyed,andyouonlyhadonecupofcoffee,insteadofyourusualtwo.Butdon'tbecheatedbyyourenergy:You'restillcarryingaroundaheavyloadofsleepiness,orwhatexpertscall“sleepdebt”—inthiscasesomethinglikesixhours,almostafullnight'ssleep.Sleepdebtisthedifferencebetweentheamountofsleepyoushouldbegettingandtheamountyouactuallyget.It'sadeficit(缺乏)thatgrowseverytimeweskimsomeextraminutesoffournightlysleep.“Peopleaccumulate(积累)sleepdebtgraduallywithoutbeingnoticed，”

saysWilliamC．Decent,founderoftheStanfordUniversitySleepResearchCenter.Studiesshowthatsuchshort­termlackofsleepleadstoafoggybrain,worsenedvision,andtroubleremembering.Long­termeffectsincludeobesity(肥胖)andheartdisease.AsurveybytheNationalSleepFoundationreportsthatwe'relosingonehourofsleepeachnight—morethantwofullweeksofsleepeveryyear.Thegoodnewsisthat,likealldebts,withsomework,sleepdebtcanberepaid.Addinganextrahourortwoofsleepanightisthewaytocatchuponsleepdebt.Forthelong­termlackofsleep,takeiteasyforafewmonthstogetbackintoanaturalsleeppattern.Gotobedwhenyouaretired,andallowyourbodytowakeyouinthemorning(noalarmclockallowed).Youmayfindyourselfcatatonic(有紧张感的)inthebeginningoftherecoverycycle:expecttohavetenhoursshut­eyepernight