SCALINGUPDEFINITIONSANDESSENTIALELEMENTS标度的定义和基本要素

SCALINGUP:DEFINITIONS,MODELS,ANDESSENTIALELEMENTSJulianA.LapitanandMarkA.Bell

1of19Therearenumeroussustainableagriculture(SA)initiativesandexperiencespromotedbyNGOsand

otherinstitutionsthathaveledtogreaterfoodself-sufficiency,environmentalpreservation,andincomesecuritytothousandsoffarmingfamilies;SuccessfulSAinitiativesneedtobescaleduptospreadtheirbenefitsmorewidelyandquicklytomorepeopleandpromotepoliciesthatwillsustainthem;I.Introduction2of19Quantitativescalingup–whenaprogramoranorganizationexpandsitssizethroughincreasingitsmembershipbaseorconstituencyincludingtheirworkingareaandbudgets;Functionalscalingup—whenacommunity-basedprogramoragrassrootsorganizationexpandsthenumberandthetypeofitsactivities,sayfromagriculturalproductiontohealthandnutrition,credit,literacy,training,etc.Theorganizationaddnewactivitiestotheiroperationalrange.II.Definitionsofscalingup3of193.Politicalscalingup—whenparticipatoryorganizationsmovebeyondservicedeliverytowardempowermentandchangeinthestructuralcausesofunderdevelopment.Itincludesactivepoliticalinvolvementandthedevelopmentofrelationwiththestate;4.Organizationalscalingup—whenorganizationsincreasetheirstrengthtoimproveitseffectiveness,efficiencyandsustainabilityoftheiractivitiesthroughimprovingfinancialcapability(incomegeneration,etc.)andinternalmanagementcapacity(e.gtraining,etc).II.Definitionsofscalingup4of191.BlueprintmodelExpertsselectsuccessfulinterventionsfromlocalorinternationalexperience;Blueprintdesignedbyoutsidersandimposedwithregulationsandtargets;Communityparticipationoftenbecomestop-down;TightsupervisionandincentivesachievequickresultsbutlosesustainabilityIII.Goingtoscalemodels5of192.

ExplosionmodelFocusedinterventionsselectedasnationalorglobalpriorities;Tightcontrolandefficiencyassuredbyverticalhierarchyforonepurposebutusuallyduplicatingmanagement;Effectivefillinginfrastructuregapifthenintegratedintowholesystem;Socialmobilizationcanstrengthenlocalsystembutover-ridinglocalprioritiesoftendestructiveandnotsustainable.III.Goingtoscalemodels6of19AdditivemodelBottom-upcomprehensiveandculturallyadapteddevelopmentatcommunitypace;Stimulatedandfinancedbyoutsidedonor(NGO)usuallyworkswellinlocalarea—greatimpactofinter-sectoralaction;Phasingovertolocalcontroloftendifficultbecauseofdependencyandbeingaccustomedtooutsidepayandequipment;Tooslowtorapidlygotoscaleorfitintonationalsystem,needtop-downenablingenvironmentforscalingup.III.Goingtoscalemodels7of19BiologicalmodelExistingsuccessfulcommunity-baseddevelopmentprojectsareselectedwhichdemonstrateself-reliantempowerment;Healthycommunitiesarenotmechanicalstructuresbutreplicatingorganisms;Eachbecomesabiologicalgrowthnodeforexponentialandrapidexpansionwithinfrastructureforenablingenvironment,sustainabilityandstandardsforequity;Integratedinter-sectoraldevelopmentevolvesnaturallyascommunitieslearntodemandservicesfortheirprioritiesIII.Goingtoscalemodels8of19Afarmer-centeredapproachtoresearchandextensionRelevanttechnicaloptionsIV.Essentialelementsofscalingup9of19TheempowermentoflocalinstitutionalcapacityEffectivegermplasmdeliverysystemIV.Essentialelementsofscalingup10of19AppropriatemarketaccessandstrategiesforagriculturalproductsEnablingpoliciesthatsupportadoptionIV.Essentialelementsofscalingup11of19ArigorousmonitoringandevaluationframeworkforresearchanddevelopmentCost-effectiveresearchanddevelopmentpartnershipsIV.Essentialelementsofscalingup12of1910.Effectivefacilitationofthescaling-upprocessbyallstakeholdersKnowledge-andinformation-sharingsystemsIV.Essentialelementsofscalingup13of19TraditionalNationalResearchandExtensionPartnersEmergingTraining&DeliveryPartners(NGOs,Universities,Privatesector)FielddemonstrationsitesNeedsKnowledgeIRRIITFarmer-leddemonstrationsFarmersFarmerNewtraining&deliverymodel14of19Researchrequiresrelevance–itmustmeettheneedsofthetargetgroupbeingnotonlybeneficialbutalsoperceivedtobebeneficial.Thus,farmersperceptionsandincentivesneedtobeintegralpartsofaresearchagenda.Toooftenbasicdisciplinarytheorydominatespracticalapplication.The“Content-Process-Localknowledge〞frameworkprovidesarobustmodelforensuringbothrelevanceandefficiencyinresearchanddelivery.Modeoffielddelivery15of19ParticipatoryModelforDeliveryContentResearchLocalKnowledgeRelevanceDeliveryProcessTraining16of19Content–referstotheresearcherandknowledgeand

understandingofthetechnology.Process–referstothedeliveryoftheknowledge–

packagingandpresentationLocalknowledge–referstotheinclusioninthe

processoflocalinputtoensurerelevanceand

feedbacktoensureneedsarematchedwith

opportunitiesthatconsiderlocalconsiderations,

contactsandsuitabilityoftechnologyfit.

Participatorymodelfordelivery17of1918of19Ca