国际商务英语-05844-江苏自考-汉译英

LESSON1INTERNATIONALBUSINESS国际商务1.国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticcountries.2.随着经济一体化进程的开展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的开展又有益于个人的进步。Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Therefore,someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.3.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙〞工程。Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagementcontract,contractmanufacturing,andturnkeyproject.4.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.5.除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.6.国际贸易和国内贸易在法制体系、货币、文化和自然条件与经济条件方面都有所不同。Internationalbusinessanddomesticbusinessarequitedifferentinlegalsystems,currency,cultureandnaturalandeconomicconditions.7.随着经济全球化的开展，无形贸易即使在开展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增大。Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,invisibletradeaccountsforanincreasingproportionoftheworldtradeeveninthedevelopingcountries.8.国际投资是国际商务的另一个重要形式，可分为外国直接投资和证券投资两大领域。Internationalinvestmentisanotherformofinternationalbusinessandcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories,foreigndirectinvestmentandportfolioinvestment.9.对商务知识的了解可防止产生国际贸易活动中的一些问题。Knowledgeofbusinesswillavoidgivingrisetosomeproblemsinrespectofinternationalbusinessactivities.10.BOT是“交钥匙〞工程的一种流行的变通形式。BOTisapopularvariantoftheturnkeyproject.LESSON2收入水平与世界市场INCOMELEVELANDTHEWORLDMARKET11.国民生产总值和国内生产总值是说明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicateacountry’sincome.ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPisthattheformerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.12.要评估某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购置力上下提供了线索。Inassessingthepotentialofamarket,peopleoftenlookatitsincomelevelsinceitprovidescluesaboutthepurchasingpowerofitsresidents.13.世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家。CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheWorldBankintothreecategoriesofhigh-income,middleincomeandlowincome.14.中国现在的年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是一个低收入的国家。Chinawithanannualpercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddleincomecountrythoughitwasalowincomecountryjustafewyearsago.15.就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。AsfarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russiaetc.thosearecountrieswithverypromisingmarketpotentialandcanoffergoodbusinessopportunitiestoChina.16.日本和中国是重要贸易伙伴，两国经济互补，又是一衣带水的近邻。中日贸易关系对两国都有重要的意义。Withmutuallycomplementaryeconomy,JapanandChinaaremajortradepartners,andthetwocountriesarecloseneighborsseparatedbyastripofwater.Sino-Japanesebusinessrelationsarethereforeofgreatimportancetobothcountries.LESSON3地区经济一体化REGIONALECONOMICINTEGRATION17.过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。Thepastdecadeswitnessedincreasinglygrowingimportanceofregionaleconomicintegration.18.最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国，加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeArea,formedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991.19.经济联盟的成员国不仅要在税收，政府开支，企业策略等方面保持一致，而且还应使用同一的货币。Themembersofaneconomicunionarerequiredtonotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolicies,etc.butalsousethesamecurrency.20.欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根据所制定的条约履行自己的义务。TheEuropeanCommissionisoneofthegoverningorgansoftheEU.ItisthebodywhichputsproposalstotheCouncilofMinistersfordecisionandseesthatthememberscarryouttheirdutiesunderthetreaty.21.APEC建立于在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。当时有12位成员国出席，分别为澳大利亚，美国，加拿大，日本，韩国，新西兰和东盟六国。APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetingheldintheAustraliacapitalCanberraattendedby12membersofAustralia,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,RepublicofKorea,NewZealandandSixASEANcountries.22.为了更好地分享商品，效劳，劳动以及其他资源自由流动带来的好处，各国签署了各种协议，促进成员国间的贸易自由化。Tobetterenjoythebenefitoffreeflowofgoods,services,capital,laborandotherresources,countrieshavesignedvariousagreementstoliberalizetradeamongthem.23.欧盟各国经济的成功一体化降低了跨境交易本钱，实现了规模经济，欧洲企业也在更剧烈的竞争中提高了效率。ThesuccessfulintegrationofEuropeaneconomieseliminatedthecostofcross-bordertransactions,realizedbettereconomiesofscaleandmadetheEuropeancompaniesmoreefficientthroughmoreintensecompetition.24.除了区域经济一体化，各国还可能建立商品卡特尔控制某种商品的产量和定价来为相关产品寻求更高或更稳定的价格。Besidesregionaleconomicintegration,countriesmayformacommoditycarteltocontroltheproduction,pricingandsaleofparticulargoodssoastoseekhigherandmorestablepricesfortherelevantgoods.LESSON4经济全球化ECONOMICGLOBALIZATION25.经济全球化为世界经济开展提供了新的动力和时机，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖，相互影响。Economicglobalizationisgivingnewimpetusandopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive.26.跨国公司是在一个以上的国家拥有、控制和经营资产的商业组织。Amultinationalenterpriseisabusinessorganizationthatowns,controlsandmanagesassetsinmorethanonecountry.27.许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处、但同时也有强烈的反对声音。Whilemanypeopleareacclaimingthebenefitsbroughtaboutbyeconomicglobalization,therearealsoloudvoicesofopposition.28.跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例。Thetransferoftheintra-MNEtransactionsconstitutesaverysignificantproportionoftotalinternationaltrade.29.尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司,但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。Althoughtheday-to-dayrunningofcorporateoperationsmaybedecentralizedtotheaffiliateMNCs,themajordecisions,suchasthoseoncorporategoalsandnewinvestmentsaremadebytheparentcompany.30.无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济开展中的一个客观趋势。Likeitornot,economicglobalizationhasbecomeanobjectivetrendinworldeconomicdevelopment.31.经济全球化不仅涉及经济，而且对政治、文化、价值观和生活方式都有重要影响。Economyisnottheonlyelementinvolvedinglobalizationsinceitalsohasanimportantbearingonpolitics,culture,valueandwayoflife.32.如果一家跨国公司是原来的投资公司，它便称为母公司，一般也是这家国际企业组织的总部。IftheMNCistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itisknownastheparentMNC,whichisnormallyalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.33.除了总部以外，跨国企业组织也可能有不同的地区总部和业务总部。AnMNEmayalsohavevariousregionalandoperationalheadquarters,inadditiontointernationaltrade.34.一些跨国企业有许多年的历史，它们的收入每年以两位数的速度增长，扣除通货膨胀因素比许多国家的GDP增长还快。SomeMNEshaveahistoryofmanyyearsandtheirdoubledigitgrowthrateofrevenueadjustedforinflationishigherthanthatoftheGDPofmanycountries.35.在当今世界里，跨国企业是一种可以跨越边界转移资源的非常重要的途径。ourworldtoday,theInmultinationalenterprisesareveryimportantvehiclesforthetransferofresourcesacrossnationalboundaries.36.技术、资本和现成的市场是跨国企业带给不兴旺国家的利益。Technology,capitalandreadymarketsaresortofbenefitsMNEsbringtolessdevelopedhostcountries.LESSON5国际贸易INTERNATIONALTRADE(Ⅰ)37.在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.38.随着制造业和技术的开展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专门化。Withthedevelopmentofmanufactureandtechnology,therearoseanotherincentivefortrade,i.e.internationalspecialization.39.按照比拟利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,bothtradepartnerscanbenefitfromtrade.40.比拟利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动开展某种特定的比拟利益。Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept.Acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagethroughitsownaction.41.比拟利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。ideaofcomparativeadvantagehasbecometheThe2cornerstoneofmodernthinkingoninternationaltrade.42.绝对利益学说和比拟利益学说是国际专门化中的两种理论。Absoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantagearetwotheoriesofinternationalspecialization.LESSON6国际贸易INTERNATIONALTRADE(Ⅱ)43.一件商品的本钱会因生产规模扩大而减少。Thecostofaproductwilldecreasewiththeexpansionofproductionscale.44.在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。Inreality,completespecializationmaynevertakeplaceeventhoughitiseconomicallyadvantageous.45.配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。Quotasorquantitativerestrictionsarethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.46.有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。Thevisibletradeistheimportantandexportofgoods,andtheinvisibletradeistheexchangeofservicesbetweencountries.47.国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。Thekindsoftradenationsengageinarevariedandcomplex,oftenamixtureofvisibleandinvisibletrade.48.各国政府经常采取的贸易保护主义措施也是贸易障碍，典型的例子是关税和配额。Protectionistmeasureswhichareoftentakenbygovernmentsarealsobarrierstotrade,andtypicalexamplesaretariffsandquotas.49.“自愿〞这个说法一般意味着进口国已经威胁在自愿合作不能实现的情况下将实行更大的限制。“voluntary〞labelgenerallymeansthattheimportingcountryhasthreatenedtoimposeevenTheworserestrictionsifvoluntarycooperationisnotforthcoming.50.大保险公司为国际贸易提供保险效劳，并通过为其他国家的外贸保险而收取费用。Largeinsurancecompaniesprovideserviceforinternationaltradeandearnfeesforinsuringothernation’sforeigntrade.51.许多国家可能有美丽的风景，名胜古迹或只是温和的充满阳光的气候，这些国家吸引着大批旅游者。Manycountriesmayhavebeautifulscenery,wonderfulattractions,placesofhistoricalinterest,ormerelyamildandsunnyclimate.Thesecountriesattractlargenumbersoftourists.52.劳务输出输入可以是个人，或是由公司甚至国家组织。对一些国家来说，它正在成为一种重要的无形贸易形式。Importandexportoflaborservicemaybeundertakenbyindividuals,ororganizedbycompaniesorevenbystates.Andthisisbecominganimportantanimportantkindofinvisibletradeforsomecountries.LESSON7国际贸易术语解释通那么INCOTERMS200053.包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物平安地运到目的地所需要的包装。Packingshouldbemadeaccordingtotherequirementoftransportation.Inmostcases,thesellerknowsclearlytheparticulartypeofpackingrequiredfortransportingthegoodssafelytodestination.54.在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否那么买方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。Inmanycases,thebuyershallbenotifiedtogothroughtheinspectionofgoodsatorbeforethetimeofshipment.Unlessotherwisespecified,thebuyerissupposedtoundertakethechargesofinspectionthusincurredforhisownsake.55.进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来非常方便。Theimportercansellthegoodstoanewbuyerwhiletheyarebeingcarriedbymeansofnegotiableshippingdocumentswhichareveryconvenientforuse.56.在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。Underallterms,therespectiveobligationsofthebuyerandtheselleraregroupedunder10headings.57.2000年对国际贸易术语解释通那么的修改考虑了无关税区的开展，商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加，以及运输方式的变化。2000revisionofIncotermstookaccountofthespreadofcustoms-freeThezones,theincreaseduseofelectroniccommunication,andthechangesintransportpractices.LESSON8商业合同THEBUSINESSCONTRACT58.合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制作出赔偿。Acontractisenforceablebylaw,andthepartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation.59.口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途进行的商谈。Oralbusinessnegotiationsrefertoface-to-facediscussionsorthoseconductedthroughinternationaltrunkcalls.60.买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。Enquiriesmadebythebuyeraretogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeordered,andarenotbindingontheinquirer.61.有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直是有效的。Thevalidityperiodisindispensabletoafirmoffer,thatremainsvaliduntilastipulatedtimeoruntilitisacceptedorrejected.62.还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦做出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。counter-offerisarefusalofAtheofferwhichwillbeinvalidandunbindingonceacounter-offerismade.63.合同是在双方所达成的协议的根底上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。contractTheisbasedonagreement,whichistheresultofbusinessnegotiations.64.答复询盘时，出口商可以寄去一个报价单，其中应包括询盘中所要求的所有必要的信息。Inresponsetoanenquiry,aquotationmaybesentbytheexporterwhichshouldincludeallthenecessaryinformationrequiredbytheenquiry.65.收到发盘的人可能发现该盘的一局部不能接受，并可能提出他自己的建议供进一步讨论，这就构成了一个还盘。Theoffereemayfindpartoftheofferunacceptableandmayraiseforfurtherdiscussionshisownproposalswhichconstituteacounteroffer.66.不管业务协商是以书面还是口头进行，一旦发盘或还盘被接受，便认为是达成了交易。matterNowhetherbusinessnegotiationisconductedorallyorbywayofwriting,transactionisconsideredconcludedonceanofferoracounter-offerisaccepted.67.合同的构成同贸易协定或任何其他种类的正式协定类似。Thesettingupofacontractissimilartothatofatradeagreementoranyothertypeofformalagreements.LESSON9贸易方式MODESOFTRADE68.对销贸易一般是与有关国家的政策目标相互联系的，如应对外汇短缺和扩大出口之类的问题。Thecountertradeisgenerallyassociatedwithpolicyobjectivesofrelevantcountrieslikedealingwithforeignexchangeandpromotionofexports.69.实质上，反向贸易指的是各种货物和效劳的直接交换。Fundamentally,countertradereferstothedirectexchangeofassortedkindsofgoodsandservices.70.回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段时间。Anotherimportantdifferenceisthatabuybackdealusuallystretchesoveralongerperiodoftimethanacounterpurchasedeal.71.在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。normalmarketIntransactionsbuyingandsellingofgoodsareunbundled,becauseoftheuseofmoneyandthemarket.72.尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。Despiteallitsadvantages,countertradecanbeveryriskybusiness.补充：在其他贸易方式中还有加工贸易、寄售、租赁贸易、代理等。〔无参考答案〕LESSON10国际支付INTERNATIONALPAYMENT73.在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临着风险，因为总存在对方不履约的可能。Ininternationaltrade,boththeexporterandimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymayfailtofulfillthecontract.74.为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便开展了起来。Variousmethodsofpaymenthavebeendevelopedtocopewithdifferentsituationsininternationaltrade.75.许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。Alotofinternationaltransactionsarepaidforbymeansofthedraft,whichisanordertoabankoracustomertopay.76.即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。Documentsagainstpaymentatsightrequiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.77.就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。Sofarastheexporter’sinterestisconcernedD\PatsightismorefavorablethanD\Paftersight,andD\PismorefavorablethanD\A.78.信用证的目的是通过银行信誉为国际支付提供便利。TheobjectiveofanL/Cistofacilitateinternationalpaymentbymeansofthecreditworthinessofthebank.79.只有在符合信用证所规定条款的情况下，才保证向受益人付款。Theletterofcreditonlyassurespaymenttothebeneficiaryprovidedthetermsandconditionsofthecreditarefulfilled.80.只要所有单据都符合信用证的规定，便认为银行履行了职责。Thebankswillbeconsideredashavingfulfilledtheirresponsibilitysolongasalldocumentscomplywiththestipulationsofthecredit.81.信用证独特而具有代表性的特征就是对买卖双方所提供的双边保证。Theuniqueandcharacteristicfeatureoftheletterofcreditisthebilateralsecurityofferedtoboththesellerandthebuyer.82.受益人如果发现信用证中有任何与合同不符之处，便要求开证人进行修改，以便能保证平安及时地收到货款。Thebeneficiarywillrequesttheopenertomakeamendmentstoanydiscrepanciesinthecreditsoastoensuresafeandtimelypayment.LESSON11信用证THELETTEROFCREDIT(Ⅰ)83.在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。internationaltradeitisalmostimpossibleIntomatchpaymentwiththephysicaldeliveryofthegoods.84.信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。Themethodofpaymentbytheletterofcreditofferssecuritytoboththesellerandthebuyer.85.现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的开展。Moderncreditswereintroducedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandhadsubstantialdevelopmentaftertheFirstWorldWar.86.要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。Eitherbecausethecreditamountistoolarge,orbecausehedoesnotfullytrusttheopeningbank,theexportermaysometimesrequireaconfirmedletterofcredit.87.信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。Lettersofcreditarevariedinform,length,languageandstipulations.88.虽然保兑信用证能够给受益人提供最大的付款保证，但它却因保兑而增加了费用。Althoughaconfirmedcreditisabletoprovidethegreatestdegreeofsecuritytothebeneficiary,itinvolves4additionalcostasaresultoftheconfirmation.89.即期信用证给予受益人最好的付款保障，并有助于他加快资金周转。只要受益人向银行提示汇票和准确无误的单据，银行便立即付款。sightcreditgivesthebeneficiarybettersecurityandhelpsAhimspeeduphiscapitalturnover.Thebankwillmakepaymentprovidedthatthebeneficiarypresentsthedraftandimpeccabledocumentstoit.90.如果信用证上没有明确规定是否可以转让，根据信用证的规定，应视为不可转让信用证。Ifacreditdoesnotspecifywhetheritistransferable,itshouldberegardedasanon-transferablecreditaccordingtothecreditstipulations.91.循环信用证规定，其金额用过后，在未对其进行特定修改的情况下，即可重新恢复到原金额。Revolvingcreditstipulatesthatitsamountcanberenewedorreinstatedwithoutspecificamendmenttothecreditbeingmade.92.信用证极大地方便并促进了国际贸易，然而它并不能给缔约双方提供绝对的平安。Theletterofcredithasgreatlyfacilitatedandpromotedinternationaltrade.However,itcannotprovideabsolutesecurityforthecontractingparties.LESSON12信用证THELETTEROFCREDIT(Ⅱ)93.信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。Lettersofcreditareclassifiedintodifferenttypesaccordingtotheirfunction,form,andmechanism.94.光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款。Cleanlettersofcreditaremainlyusedinnon-tradesettlement,whiledocumentarycreditsaregenerallyusedincommoditytrade.95.在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。Inthecaseofsightcredits,paymentcanbemadepromptlyuponpresentationofdraftandimpeccableshippingdocuments.96.远期信用证显然要使用远期汇票。付款期限可为30天、天甚至可长达180天。usancecredit60Aobviouslycallsforatimedraft,andtheusancevariesfrom30,60,toaslongas180days.97.如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的人称作第二受益人。Aletterofcreditiscalledtransferableifitcanbetransferredbyitsoriginalbeneficiarytooneormoreparties.Theoriginalbeneficiaryiscalledfirstbeneficiary,andthepartythecreditistransferredtoiscalledthesecondbeneficiary.补充：对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择。Theletterofcreditmaynotbethemostidealmethodofpaymentforaparticulartransaction,andthecontractingpartiesshouldmaketheirbestchoiceaccordingtothespecificconditions.LESSON13世界贸易中需要的主要单据MAJORDOCUMENTSREQUIREDINWORLDTRADE98.在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要，否那么进口商提货时会遇到困难。Itisveryimportanttousecorrectdocumentsininternationaltrade;otherwisetheimporterwillhavedifficultiesintakingdeliveryofthegoods.99.商业发票，一般称为“发票〞，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性描述。Thecommercialinvoice,generallycalledtheinvoicemakesageneraldescriptionofthequality,quantity,unitprice,andtotalvalueofthegoods.100.货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损失，需要办理货物保险。Itisnecessarytoinsurethegoodsagainstthepossibleriskstheyareexposedtointhecourseoftransportation.101.已装船提单说明货物已实际装上开往目的港的承运船只。Anonboardbillofladingindicatesthatthegoodshavebeenactuallyloadedonboardofthecarryingvesselboundfortheportofdestination.102.清洁提单指货物在外表状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有关包装或货物外表不良的批注。Acleanbillofladingreferstoonethatindicatesthegoodshavebeenshippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition,whichmeansitisdevoidofanyqualifyingremarksaboutthepackingandtheouterappearanceofthegoods.103.同海运提单类似的有用于航空运输的空运提单和用于铁路运输的铁路提单。Thedocumentsimilartotheoceanbillofladingiscalledairwaybillforairtransportationandrailwaybillforrailwaytransportation.104.提单的签发日期绝不能晚于信用证所规定的时间。Thedatewhenthebillofladingisissuedcanbynomeansbelaterthanthatstipulatedinthecredit.LESSON14国际运输INTERNATIONALTRANSPORTATION105.毫无疑问，一个没有先进的运输系统的社会仍然是一个原始落后的社会。Thereisnodoubtthatasocietywithoutanadvancedtransportationsystemremainsprimitive.106.这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比拟优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是：水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空。modesdifferintermsofoperatingcharacteristicsandcapabilities,Thegivingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thefivemajormodesarewater,rail,truck,pipelineandair.107.过去10年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。Thepastdecadehasseenanincreasingtendencyamongbusinessfirmstoprovidetheirowntransportationcapability.108.作为一个社会，我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。asociety,weenjoyaricherAsandmoreleisurelylifethanwewouldbeinatotallyself-sufficientcommunity.109.最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公司保持很少数量的生产投入的生产方式为根底的。Anotherfactorthathasthrusttransportationintothelimelightinrecentyearsisthegrowingutilizationofjust-in-timeinventorysystems,onthebasisofaproductionapproachinwhichthefirmmaintainsverysmallquantitiesofproductioninputs.5110.从正式的意义上来说，货物运输可定义为商品和产品为经济目的进行的移动以及这种移动对商业的开展和进步产生的影响。Inaformalsense,freighttransportationisdefinedastheeconomicmovementofcommoditiesandproductsandtheeffectofsuchmovementonthedevelopmentandadvancementofbusiness.111.所有的运输方式以及其代表性的运载工具在整个运输系统中起着重要的作用。Allthemodesandtheirrepresentativecarriersplayimportantrolesintheoveralltransportationsystem.LESSON15INSURANCE(Ⅰ)保险112.保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他人。Insuranceisarisktransfermechanism,bywhichtheindividualorthebusinessenterprisecanshiftsomeoftheuncertaintyoflifetotheshouldersofothers.113.即使是在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付的费用即保险费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定的风险损失。Evenunderthesecircumstances,mostofthefirmsprefertopayaknowncostorpremiumforthetransferofrisk,ratherthanfacetheuncertaintyofcarryingtheriskofloss.114.对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多。因此保险费也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多。Inthecaseofbusinessenterprises,thevaluesexposedtolossareusuallymuchhigherandthepremiumchargedissubstantiallyhigherthanthatforahouseoracar.115.企业投保的主要刺激是他们可以腾出资金，进行其他工程的投资。Themainstimulustotheenterpriseisthereleaseoffundsforinvestmentintheproductionofotheritems.116.因此，货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商和出口商的肩上转移到专门承当风险的保险人一方的活动。Therefore,cargoinsuranceisanactivityaimingatmovingtheburdenofriskfromtheexportersandimporterstotheunderwriters.117.转移风险的人称为投保人，承当风险的人称为承保人。Thosewhotransferriskarecalledinsureds.Thosewhoassumeriskarecalledinsurers.118.保险是一种社会机制，人们在此机制下转移风险，并从所有转移风险的成员所缴纳的基金中提供损失赔偿金。Insuranceisasocialdeviceinwhichagroupofindividualstransferriskandprovidesforpaymentoflossesfromfundscontributedbyallmemberswhotransferredrisk.119.货物保险是主要保险中的一种。这些保险通常有火险，海上保险和意外事故险。Cargoinsuranceisoneofthemainbranchesofinsurance.Theseareusuallylistedasfire,marine,lifeandaccident.120.关于运输保险，重要的一点是要认识到“是为商业效劳的〞。Theimportantpointtorealizeabouttransportationinsuranceisthatitis“thehandmaidenofcommerce〞.121.他并非想挖空保险基金，而宁愿让货物平安到达目的地。Hedoesnotwanttoscoopthepool;hewouldpreferhiscargoestoreachtheirdestinationsafely.LESSON16保险INSURANCE(Ⅱ)122.没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。Aninsurancecontractwithoutaninsurableinteresttosupportitisinvalidandanyclaimmadeuponitwillnotbeentertained.123.尽管错误的陈述是无意的，但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同无效。Eventhoughthemis-statementisunintentional,theunderwriterwillstillbedeceivedandthepolicyvoidable.124.将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。Acontractofinsuranceisonewhichrestoresapersonwhohassufferedalossintothesamepositionashewasinbeforethelossoccurred.125.赔偿金额一般包括发票金额加上运输费用及保险费再加上一个商定的百分比，如10％。Thecompensationpayablegenerallyincludestheinvoicedcostplusfreight,theinsurancepremium,andanagreedpercentage,say10%.126.如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司将不予赔偿。insurancecompanywillnotTheentertaintheclaimiftheriskcoveredisnottheproximatecauseoftheloss.127.人们对不“涉及自己利益〞的东西投保就被认为是“违背公共政策〞。这就意味着鼓励犯罪。Theinsuringofanythingbypeoplewhoarenot“interested〞initisheldtobe“againstpublicpolicy〞.Thismeansthatcrimewouldbeencouraged.128.在货物保险中，如果我们了解使用的销售条款，就知道在任何特定的时间谁拥有对货物的权益。Incargoinsuranceweknowwhohasaninterestinthecargoatanyparticularpointoftime,ifweknowthetermsofsalewhichhavebeenarranged.129.人们根据提议形式的书面声明，决定某项保险的保费是否合理。Thepeoplewhodecidewhatpremiumisfairforaparticularcoverdosoonthebasisofwrittenstatementsmadeinaproposalform.130.损失费用分摊原那么规定同样的风险不能投保两次，不能从两个保险人那里获得赔偿费。Contributionholdsthatapersoncannotbeallowedtoinsuretwiceforthesamerisk,andclaimcompensationfrombothinsurers.131.保险公司有权利用被保人所享有的一切权利这一有利条件来减少其不得不承当的损失。Theinsurerisentitledtotheadvantageofeveryrightoftheassuredwhichwilldiminishthelosshehasbeenforcedtobear.LESSON17国际货币体系与汇率THEINTERNATIONALMONETARYSYSTEMANDEXCHANGERATE132.第一次世界大战之前，金本位制建立了固定汇率制，每个国家通过将本国货币与黄金挂钩来确定其货币的平价。BeforetheFirstWorldWar,thegoldstandardcreatedafixedexchangeratesystem6aseachcountrypeggedthevalueofitscurrencytogoldtoestablishitsparvalue.133.1944年44国在美国布雷顿森林举行会议签署了协议，方案在世界贸易和货币方面实现更好的合作。In1944,44nationsheldaconferenceatBrettonWoods,134.弹性汇率制从没有真正地“干净〞或自由地浮动。因为中央银行为了稳定汇率采取了各种措施对货币价格进行干预。Theflexibleexchangeratesystemhasneverbeencleanfloatorfreefloat,becausethecentralbanktakesvariousmeasurestointerveneinthepriceofitscurrencyinordertostabilizetheexchangerate.135.在特定条件下，提高利率可以吸引国外短期资金，提高一国的外汇汇率。Underspecificconditions,highinterestratewillattractshort-terminternationalfund,increasingtheexchangerateofone’sowncurrency.136.外汇汇率有三种形式，买进汇率、即：售出汇率和两者的平均值—中间汇率。Therearethreetypesofforeignexchangepricenamely:thebuyingrate,thesellingrateandtheaverageoftheprevioustwothemedialrate.LESSON18国际金融机构INTERNATIONALFINANCIALORGANIZATONS137.这些机构的共同目标是通过把兴旺国家的资金输送到开展中国家帮助这些国家提高生活水平。Thecommonobjectiveoftheseinstitutionsistohelpraisestandardsoflivingindevelopingcountriesbychannelingfinancialresourcestothemfromdevelopedcountries.138.国际复兴开发银行的资金有相当大一局部来自它的留存盈余以及归还贷款的不断流入。AsubstantialcontributiontotheIBRD’sresourcescomesfromitsretainedearningsandtheflowofrepaymentsonitsloans.139.该银行的贷款是向处于经济和社会开展较高阶段的开展中国家提供的。TheloansofIBRDaredirectedtowarddevelopingcountriesatmoreadvancedstagesofeconomicandsocialgrowth.140.国际货币基金组织旨在向那些在付款方面有困难的基金会员国提供中期贷款。ThepurposeofIMFistoprovidemediumtermloanstothosememberswithpaymentdifficulties.141.为了承当这项使命，多边投资担保机构向投资者提供担保以防范非商业性风险，向开展中成员国政府提供咨询，并为国际商业界与东道国政府就投资问题安排对话。undertakethismission,ToMIGoffersinvestorsguaranteesagainstnoncommercialrisks,advicesdevelopingmembergovernmentsonpoliciesandsponsorsdialoguesbetweentheinternationalbusinesscommunityandhostgovernmentsoninvestmentissues.LESSON19对外直接投资FOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENT142.对外直接投资是国际投资的主要方式，一国居民为进行督控和经营通过对外投资获取另一国的