功能对等理论视角下的电影字幕汉译研究

吉林农业大学学士学位论文题目名称：功能对等理论视角下的电影字幕汉译研究学生姓名：--专业年级：英语专业08级指导教师：--职称：讲师2012年05月ContentsTitle IIntroductionInrecentyears,withglobalizationgoingon,theinternationalcommunicationandcooperationaredevelopingrapidly.Moreandmorepeoplehavecometorealizetheimportanceofculturalintegration.Foreignfilms,oneofthemostinfluentialmedia,areacceptedbymoreandmoreChineseaudience.Formostpeople,importedfilmsarethemostcommonwaytohaveaccesstoforeigncultureandlifestyles.Therefore,thetranslationofimportedfilmshasbeendevelopedsorapidlyandtheimportanceoffilmsubtitlingtranslationbecomesincreasinglyclear.However,thestudyonscreentranslationhasseldombeencarriedoutwithappropriatetheoreticalframes.Inviewofthis,thispaperaimstocarryoutsomeresearchonfilmsubtitlingtranslation,fromtheperspectiveofNida’sFunctionalEquivalenceTheory,withtwofilmsInceptionandKungFuPanda,hopingtohelptopromoteourfilmsubtitlingtranslation’stheoreticalandpragmaticstudy.Thethesisconsistsoffivechapters:ChapterIservesastheintroduction,brieflyanalyzingthebackground,purposeandlayoutofthisthesis.ChapterIIistheliteraturereviewofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory,whichdiscussesdefinitions,features,developmentandcontributionsofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory.ChapterIIIisageneralsurveyoffilmsubtitling,includingdefinitions,classificationandfeaturesoffilmsubtitling.ChapterIVtakestwofilmsofInceptionandKungFuPandaasexamplestostudyfilmsubtitlingtranslationatfivelevels:themorphologicallevel,thesyntacticallevel,thepragmaticallevel,theculturallevelandthestylisticlevelwithintheframeworkofthetheoriesdiscussedinthepreviouschapter.ChapterVistheconclusionofthethesis.ⅡLiteratureReview2.1DefinitionsofFunctionalEquivalenceFunctionalEquivalence,alsocalledDynamicEquivalence,isageneralprinciplethatprofessionaltranslatorsaresupposedtofollow.TherearequiteafewoftranslatorsandscholarswhohavecontributedtotheresearchanddevelopmentofFunctionalEquivale-nce.Earlyin1790,AlexanderFraserTytler,inhisbook“EssayonthePrinciplesofTransl-ation”pointedoutthat“equivalencetranslationtheoryisthatthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransferredintoanotherlanguage,astobeasdistinctlyapprehended,andasstronglyfelt,byanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongs,asitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.”(Tytler,2007:8)EugeneA.Nidaproposesthe“DynamicEquivalence”anddefineditasfollows:“insuchatranslation,oneisnotsoconcernedwithmatchingthereceptor-languagemessagewiththesource-languagemessage,butwiththedynamicrelationship,thattherelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessageshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatwhichexistedbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandthemessage.”(Nida,1964:159)Later,heusesthe“FunctionalEquivalence”toreplace“DynamicEquivalence”.Whichmeans“Thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletocomprehendittothepointthattheycanconceiveofhoworiginalreadersofthetextmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit.”(Nida,1986:118)2.2FeaturesofFunctionalEquivalenceNida(Nida,1964：66)figuresoutthefeaturesofFunctionalEquivalencetranslation,whichconsistof“equivalent,naturalandcloset”.1.Equivalent,whichpointstowardthesource-languagemessage.“Equivalent”aimsatrepresentingthemeaningoftheoriginaltextmessage.Thebesttranslationtriestoconveytheoriginalmeaningthroughtargetlanguage.2.Natural,whichpointstowardthereceptorlanguage.Forthepurposeofsimilarityofresponse,thetranslationmustbenaturalinsteadof“foreign”intermsofmeaningandstyles.3.Closest,whichbindsthetwoorientationstogetheronthebasisofthehighestdegreeofapproximation.(Nida,1964:166)“Closest”indicatesthatequivalenceintranslationdoesn’tmeanabsolutelyidentitybutmeansakindofapproximation.EquivalencebetweentheSourceText(ST)andtheTargetText(TT)onvariousdegreesorindifferentaspectsshouldbeestablished.2.3DevelopmentofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryEquivalenceTheoryhasbeendevelopedforalongperiod.Earlyin1890,Tytlerindicatedtheequivalenteffectoftranslation.Heproposedhisfamousthreeprinciplesoftranslationandpointedoutthegoaloftranslation.In1953EmileVictorRieuproposedEquivalenteffect,whichmeans“Atranslationwhichattemptstoproduceadynamicratherthanaformalequivalenceisbasedupontheprincipleofequivalenteffect”.(RieuandPhillips,1954:754).RomanJakobson’sstudyofequivalencepromotesthetheoreticalstudyoftranslationsinceheintroducedthenotionof“equivalenceindifference”in1959.In1992,MonaBakerextendedtheconceptofequivalencetocoversimilarityintheinformationflowofSTandTT,andtheequivalencebetweenSTandTTatdifferentlevels.EugeneA.Nidamakesagreatcontributiontothemodernlinguisticsandtranslationtheory.EugeneA.Nida,anAmericanlinguistaswellasatranslationtheorist,makesthedistinctionbetweenFormalEquivalenceandFunctionalEquivalencewhichisputforwardinhismasterpieceTowardaScienceofTranslating.FormalEquivalencetranslationistomakesourcelanguageandtargetlanguagecorrespondenceasmuchaspossibleonformandcontent.Thatistosay,itfocusesonthesepartsincluding:(1)grammaticalunits,(2)consistencyinwordusage,and(3)meaningsintermsofthesourcecontext.Thereproductionofgrammaticalunitsmayconsistin:(a)translationnounsbynouns,verbsbyverbs,etc.(b)keepingallphrasesandsentencesintact(i.e.notsplittingupandreadjustingtheunits);and(c)preservingallformalindicatorse.g.marksofpunctuation,paragraphbreaks,andpoeticindentation.(Nida,1964:20)However,itishardtoachievefullyFormalEquivalenceintranslation,especiallyconcerningthecultureelements,andsometimesitwoulddistortthegrammaticalandstylisticpatternsofthetargetlanguage.In1986,NidaproposedhisFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryonthegroundsofChomsky’sTGgrammartoreplacetheterm“DynamicEquivalence”inthebookFromOneLanguagetoAnother，NidaproposedthattherearetwokindsofdefinitionsofFunctionalEquivalence:themaximalandminimaldefinitions.Amaximal,idealdefinitionofFunctionalEquivalencecouldbestatedas:“thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletounderstandandappreciateitinessentiallythesamemannerastheoriginalreadersdid.”(Nida,2004:118)Aminimal,realisticdefinitionofFunctionalEquivalencecouldbestatedas:“thereadersoftranslatedtextshouldbeabletocomprehendittothepointthattheycanconceiveofhowtheoriginalreadersofthetextmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit.”（Nida,2004:118）Nida’sEquivalenceTheoryhasmadegreatcontributiontothemoderntranslationstudies.InChina,theFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryisoriginatedfromYanfu.Histripleprinciplefortranslation,namely,faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance,whichimpliestheequivalencebetweenSTandTT,isverypopularandinfluential.AfterYanfu,MaoDunoncesaid:“Literarytranslationconveystheartisticconceptionoftheoriginalworkinanotherlanguageandenablesthereadertobeenlightened,movedandtoundergoaestheticexperienceintheprocessofreadingtheversionjustlikehereadstheoriginal.”(WangBingqin,2004:221)HisideaissimilartoNida’sEquivalenceTheory.QuQiubaigaveamorecomprehensivestatementin1931:“AtranslationshouldintroducecorrectlytheoriginalmeaningtotheChinesereadersinacompletelyadequateway,andenablethemtogetconceptsequivalenttothosethereadersofGreatBritain,Russia,Japan,GermanyandFranceextractfromtheoriginal.”(JinDi,2000:14)2.4ContributionsofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryEquivalenceTheoryhasmadegreatcontributionstotranslationbothintheoryandinpracticeasfollows:1.Avoidthepossibilityofmisunderstandingandconfusionwhichiscausedbyliteraltranslation.2.Theconceptof“closestequivalence”meansthattherearedifferencesbetweenlanguagesandculturesanditisimpossibletoachieveabsoluteequivalence.Theequivalenceintranslationcannotbeachievedinitsmathematicalmeaningofidentitybutonlyintermsofproximity.3.FunctionalEquivalenceprovidesanewwaytoevaluatetheefficiencyoradequacyoftranslation,i.e.fromtheresponseofthereceptors.Nidainitiallyproposestoevaluatetheequivalenceoftranslationbyjudgingtheresponsesofreceptors.In1980s,FunctionalEquivalenceTheorywasintroducedintoChinaandmuchfavoredbyChinesescholarsintheacademicfieldoverthenexttenyears.ThetheorybringsaboutthefirstboomingmoderntranslationthoughtsperiodinChina.FunctionalEquivalenceTheoryissowidespreadandsignificantthattranslatorsapplyittodifferentfieldsintranslationpractice.IIIFilmSubtitling3.1DefinitionsofFilmSubtitlingFilmSubtitlingisthewordsprintedoverafilminaforeignlanguagetotranslatewhatisbeingsaidbytheactors.Thetranslatedtextusuallyappearsintwolinesatthefootofthescreensimultaneouslywiththedialogueornarrationgoingoninthesourcelanguage.MerriamWebsterdefinedsubtitlingas“Asubtitleisaprintedstatementorfragmentofdialogueappearingonthescreenbetweenthescenesofasilentmotionpictureorappearingasatranslationatthebottomofthescreenduringthescenesofamotionpictureortelevisionshowinaforeignlanguage.”(MerriamWebster,2008:872)Andtherearequiteafewscholarswhohavegivendefinitionstosubtitling.BirgitNedergaard-Larsendefinedsubtitlingas“aspecialtypeoflanguagetransfer:awritten,condensedtranslationofapredominantlyspokenoriginallanguage.”(Nedergaard-Larsen,1993:212)HenrikGottliebdefinedsubtitlingas“thetranslationofthespoken(orwritten)sourcetextofanaudiovisualproductintoawrittentargettextwhichisaddedontotheimagesoftheoriginalproduct,usuallyatthebottomofthescreen.”(Gottlieb,1994:104)InDictionaryofTranslationStudies,MarkShuttleworthandNickCowiedescribedsubtitlingas“theprocessofprovidingsynchronizedcaptionsforfilmandtelevisiondialogue.”(ShuttleworthandCowie,1997:161)3.2ClassificationofFilmSubtitlingAccordingtodifferentstandards,subtitlingcanbedividedintodifferentcategories.Fromtheperspectiveofposition,subtitlingcanbecategorizedintothreetypes.1.‘Opencredittitles’whichappearsatthebeginningofthefilm,includesthefilmtitle,director,leadingactorsoractresses,andmajorproductionmembers.2.‘Endcredittitles’whichappearsafterthemainfeaturefilm,includesdetailedcast,productionmembers,sponsorsandmanyotherproductioninformation.3.‘Mainsubtitles’whichcoverthemainfeaturefilm.Fromalinguisticviewpoint,Gottliebdistinguishedtwotypesofsubtitling:“intra-lingualsubtitling”and“inter-lingualsubtitling.”(Baker,2004:247)1.Intra-lingualsubtitlingistoconvertthewordsofthefilmintothetextanddonotneedtotranslateonelanguageintoanotherlanguage,andthiskindofsubtitleistoservethehearing-impairedspectators.2.Inter-lingualsubtitlingisthesubtitlingcrossesoverfromspeechinonelanguagetowritinginanother,thuschangingmodeandlanguage,andthesubtitlesareplacedatthebottomofthescreen,eithercenteredorleft-aligned.3.3FeaturesofFilmSubtitlingAsHenrikGottlieb,aleadingauthorityonsubtitlingsaysthat:”subtitlingisvisual,involvingthesuperimpositionofwrittentextontothescreen.”(Baker,2004:74)Subtitlingisauniqueformoftranslationandhasspecialcharacteristics:1.written,2.additive,3.immediate,4.synchronousand5.polymedia.1.Writtenisopposedtothespoken-nature,whichisdifferentfromotherkindsofscreentranslation.2.Additivemeansthatinsubtitling,verbalmaterialisaddedtotheoriginal,inordertomaintainthesourcelanguagediscourse.3.Immediatereferstothefactthatinfilmicmediaalldiscourseispresentedinaflowingmanner,whichlisteners,viewers,orreaderscan’tcontrol.4.Synchronousreferstothefactthattheoriginalfilmandthetranslateddialogarepresentedatthesametime.5.Polymedialstatesthefactthatatleasttwoparallelchannelsareusedtoconveythetotalmessageoftheoriginal.(Gottlieb,1992:162)IVE-CFilmSubtitlingTranslationfromthePerspectiveofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryAccordingtotheFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryandthediscussioninthepreviouschapter,goodtranslationoughttotransferthemessageintoanotherlanguageasfaithfullyandthoroughlyaspossible,sothatthereaderofthetargetlanguageisabletohavethesameclearunderstandingandsamestrongfeelingforthemessageasthereaderoftheoriginalwork.Itisalsothecasewithsubtitling.Theaimofsubtitlingistotransferthemessageofthemovie’soriginallanguageintosubtitlesofthetargetlanguagesothattheaudiencewillcompletelyunderstandandappreciatethemovie.Intranslation,theFunctionalEquivalenceshouldbecarriedoutatthemorphological,thesyntactical,thepragmatical,theculturalandthestylisticlevel.Inthefollowingpart,thetwomoviesofInceptionandKungFuPandaareusedasexamplestoanalyzetheE-CfilmsubtitlingtranslationfromtheperspectiveofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory.4.1FunctionalEquivalenceattheMorphologicalLevel4.1.1CoversionInthesubtitlingtranslation,weshouldabandontheformofpeer-to-peer,i.e.giveupwordclassequivalenceandconvertthemintoitscorrespondingwordclass,toseekFunctionalEquivalence.1.VerbtoNoun(v.-n.)Example1:Wecantrain(v.)yoursubconscioustodefenditselffromeventhemostskilledextractor.我们提供潜意识防卫训练(n.)，能够抵御最高超的意念盗窃。（Inception）2.NountoVerb(n.-v.)Example2:Itisanecessaryrisk(n.)有必要去冒这个险(v.)。(Inception)3.AdjectivetoVerb(adj.-v.)Example3:Itwasneverenough(adj.)forTaiLung泰狼永远也不知足(v.)。(KungFuPanda)4.AdverbtoVerb(adv.-v.)Example4:ButwhenOogwaysaidotherwise(adv.),whatdidyoudo?但当乌龟拒绝(v.)我的时候，你都干了什么？(KungFuPanda)5.NountoAdjective(n.-adj.)Example5:HowcanIeveracquireenoughdetailtomakethemthinkthatit’sreality(n.)?梦境要设计的多详细，才能让他们感觉那是真的(adj.)?(Inception)Thesearejustsomeexamplesofwordclassconversionandthereareothertypesofconversioninactualsubtitlingtranslation.Thetranslatorshouldbeawareoftheimportanceofwordclassconversioninordertoachievethemaximalequivalenceofthesubtitlingtranslation.4.1.2AmplificationDuringthefilmdialogues,sometimestherearesomeuncertaintyorambiguityintheutteranceifthesubtitlingisnotaddedenoughrelevantinformation.Therefore,itisnecessaryforthetranslatorstoaddtheomittedinformationorbackgroundknowledgetomakethemeaningofthefilmfullyexplicit.Hereisanexample:Example6:Neverentirearea.-whynot?但是不要利用记忆打造整片区域。-为什么?(Inception)Thetranslatoradded“但是”becauseinChinesetheconjunctionappearsmorefrequentlythaninEnglishandadded“利用记忆”toexplainthewholearea,thepurposeistohelpChineseaudienceunderstandthestory.4.1.3OmissionOmissionhappenswhentheinformationisnotimportantenoughtobetranslated,orwhentheinformationisredundantorrepetitiousandomissionintranslationwon’thinderthecommunication.Example7:Causetherewerestillsometimeontheclockandyoucan’twakeupwithinadream.因为时间还没跑完，妳不能从自己的梦境中醒来。(Inception)InChinesethereisno“therebe”sentencepattern.Therefore,inordertocomplywithChinesehabitsandFunctionalEquivalence,“there”shouldbeomitted.4.1.4NegationExample8:ButOogwaysawdarknessinhisheartandrefused.但乌龟看见了他心中的阴暗没有同意。(KungFuPanda)Example9:Mindtellingyoursubconscioustotakeiteasy?叫你的潜意识别这么大惊小怪好吗？（Inception）ThecharacteristicsofnegationarethattheSTispositiveexpression,butthetranslationisnegative,orviceversa.Intheaboveexamples,“refused”istranslatedinto“没有同意”,and“takeiteasy”istranslatedinto“别这么大惊小怪”,whichbotharetranslatedfromthenegativeside,andmaketheaudiencehavethesameresponsetothefilmastheoriginallanguagereadersdo.4.2FunctionalEquivalenceattheSyntacticalLevelInordertoseekFunctionalEquivalenceatthesentencelevel,sometimeswehavetochangesentencepatternortoadjustthewordorderofsentences,etc,inordertomeettheneedsofthetargetlanguageaudience.4.2.1SentencePatternExample10:Butsometimes,itfeelslikeit’salmostcreatingitself,ifyouknowwhatImean.但有的时候它不知不觉就自己设计完成了，了解我的意思吗？(Inception)“IfyouknowwhatImean”isastatementhereandittranslatedintoaninterrogativesentencetoreachFunctionalEquivalencebetweenSTandTT.4.2.2SentenceOrderExample11:Yeah,Icrossiteverydaytogettothecollege.没错，我每天上学都会经过。(Inception)Example12:Andthatisclearlyimpossibleifthatoneissomeonelikeyou.像你这样的人是绝对不可能的。(KungFuPanda)Ifthesetwosentencesaretranslatedliterally,thefirstonewouldbe“我经过它每天去上学”andthesecondonewouldbe“那是绝对不可能的如果像你这样的人”theyareverystrangeinChinese.InordertocatertotheChineseaudience,“我每天上学都会经过”and“像你这样的人是绝对不可能的”aremorescientific.4.3FunctionalEquivalenceatthePragmaticalLevelPragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageinuse,focusingonthestudyofspeaker'smeaning,utterancemeaningorcontextualmeaning.Peopleuselanguagetotransmitinformation,exchangeideasandsoon.Thiskindofverbalcommunicationiscarriedonundercertaincircumstances,inaparticularway,withaparticularobject,aroundthespecificpurpose.Asentence,withdifferentcommunicativepurpose,hasdifferentmeanings.Therefore,inordertoachieveFunctionalEquivalenceatthepragmaticallevel,whenwetranslateanarticle,onlyconsideringthegrammar,vocabularyandrhetoricisnotenough,wemustconsiderthemeaningofsentencesinthecontext.Pragmaticsisalsotryingtoemphasizetheintentionofthelanguageusers.Example13:Okey,makesureyoudo.We’reheretowork.处理快一点，我们可是来办正事的。(Inception)Iftheabovesentenceistranslatedas“我们是来工作的”itwouldmakeChineseaudiencefeelveryblunt.Infact,thespeakerintendstoremindthelistenerwhatwecamefor,so“办正事”isbetter.Example14:Yesterdayishistory；Tomorrowismystery；Todayisagift.昨天已成历史;明天还很神秘;今天是上天赐给的礼物。(KungFuPanda)Thissentenceusesthree“is”,butindifferentsituationithasdifferentmeanings.Thefirstmaybetranslatedinto“已成”,thesecondisomitted,andthethirdcanbetranslated“赐给”.Thereaderscanunderstandittothepointthattheycanconceiveofhowtheoriginalreadersofthetextmusthaveappreciatedit.4.4FunctionalEquivalenceattheCulturalLevelLanguagemustbeinvestigatedfromtheculturalaspecttoachievetheculturalequivalenceintranslation,becausethesourcelanguagesubtitlinghasitsculturalconnotations.Example15:Hetraveledthelandinsearchofworthyfoes.他走遍天涯，独孤求败。(KungFuPanda)Ifwetranslatethissentenceliterally,“他到处旅行，寻找有价值的敌人。”Thereisnoproblemfromtheperspectiveofsemantics,butithasnoculturalmeaningatall.PeoplewhoarefamiliarwithChinesemartialartsknowthat“独孤求败”isthecharacterofJinYong'snovels,whohasextremelyhighstrength,hasnorival.ThetranslationherereflectstheChineseculturalelements.Example16:It’sverydifficultforamanofyourpositiontokeepalovenestlikethissecret.像你这种有身份有地位的人想要金屋藏娇，很难不被发现。(Inception)“金屋藏娇”isanidiomthathasChineseculturalconnotations.WhentheHanEmperorWuwasyounghelikedhiscousinChenAjiaoverymuch,andhesaidifhecouldmarryher,hewouldbuildagoldenhouseforhertolivein.Theidiomhasthemeaningofmarryingconcubines.ThiskindoftranslationcanmaketheChineseaudiencehavethesameresponseastheoriginallanguagereadersdo.4.5FunctionalEquivalenceattheStylisticLevelThefilmlanguageisgenerallyininformalstyle.Therewillbealotofcolloquiallanguage.Therefore,thesubtitlingtranslationalsotendstousespokenlanguage,andevensomepopularlanguage.Example17:Iprobablysuckedmoretodaythananyoneinthehistoryofkungfu.我逊毙了，恐怕是功夫界有史以来最逊的。(KungFuPanda)Theoriginalmeaningofsuckis“drawintothemouthbycreatingapracticalvacuuminthemouth”butthemeaningofthissentenceisthatthepanda’skungfuisnotverygood.“逊”isaverypopularword,moreinlinewiththetargetfilmaudience'staste.Example18:Bynow,theyknowwefailed.It’stimewedisappear.现在，他们知道我们失败了。是时候该闪人了。(Inception)TheChinesecharacter“闪”meanstogoanditisawordthatyoungsterslovetousefrequently.Translating“disappear”into“闪”willbemorevividthan“去”or“消失”.Ifthefilmtranslationcanberealizedatfivelevels:themorphologicallevel,thesyntacticallevel,thepragmaticallevel,theculturallevelandthestylisticlevel,theaudienceoftranslatedfilmcanappreciateitinessentiallythesamemannerastheoriginalaudiencedid.VConclusionThetheoryofFunctionalEquivalencehasbeenwidelyadoptedbymanytranslatorssinceitwaspresented.Itpaysmuchmoreattentiontotargetlanguagereceptors’responseinadifferentcultureratherthanlanguageforms.Itaimsatmakingtargetreceptors’responsetothetargettextessentiallythesameastheoriginalreceptors’responsetotheoriginaltext.Filmsubtitlingtranslationisaspecialbranchofliterarytranslationwithspecialcharacteristics.ThisthesisisanattempttoapplyNida’sFunctionalEquivalenceTheorytothefilmsubtitlingtranslationbasedonitsspecialfeatures.ThedataarecollectedfromthetwofilmsofInceptionandKungFuPanda.ThestudyshowsFunctionalEquivalenceinfilmsubtitlingtranslationcanberealizedatdifferentlevels:themorphologicallevel,thesyntacticallevel,thepragmaticallevel,theculturallevelandthestylisticlevel.Languageformsmustbesacrificedinordertoconveythemeaningandflavorsoftheoriginalfilmascloseaspossibletotargetlanguageinmostsituations.Althougheffortshavebeenmadetocertifythatthethesisisvalidandconvincing,therearestillsomelimitations.Thereismoreorlesspersonaljudgmentontheeffectivenessofcertaintheory.Inevitably,differentreadersmayhavedifferentcriterionofevaluationtowardatranslationtheory.ThedataarecollectedonlyfromtwofilmsasexamplestostudyfilmsubtitlingtranslationfromtheperspectiveofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryandonlyfocusonfilmsubtitlingtranslationfromEnglishtoChinese.Greateffortsandfurtherresearcharestillneededtofindandestablishmaturetheoriesonfilmsubtitlingtranslation.Atthesametime,morefilmsaresupposedtobestudiedandthefilmsubtitlingtranslationfromChinesetoEnglishwillbeexploredinthefuture.Itiscertainthatfilmsubtitlingtranslationwillgainincreasingconcernsintranslationstudyandmoreandmoretranslatorswilldevotethemselvestothischallengingfield.References[1]Baker,Mona,ed.RoutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies[Z].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2004:74-84,244-248.[2]Gottlieb,H.(1992).SubtitlingAnewuniversitydiscipline[A].InC.Dollerup&A.Lod-degaard(Eds.).Teachingtranslationandinterpreting:Training,TalentandExperience[C].(pp.161-170).Amsterdam:JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany.[3]HuZhuanglin.Linguistics:ACourseStudy[M].Beijing:PekingUniversityPress,[4]Jakobson,Roman&R.A.Brower.1959.OnLinguisticAspectsofTranslationonTranslation[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard[5]Jakobson,Roman.OnLinguisticAspectsofTranslation[M].OnTranslation,ed.ReubenBrower,Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversity[6]Johnson,K&Johnson,H.EncyclopedicDictionaryofAppliedLinguistics:AHandbookforLanguageTeaching[M].BlackwellPublishing,1999.[7]Nedergaard-Larsen,Birgit.Culture-boundProblemsinSubtitling[J].Perspectives:StudiesinTranslatology1993(2):207-239.[8]Newmark,Peter.ApproachestoTranslatio