英语写作中的MLA格式

GuidelinesandExamplesfortheLeaderProfilePaperCitations(general)pages1-3引文，传讯Citations(electronic)pages3-4WorksCitedPagepages4-8GeneralRulesforParentheticalCitations附加说明的USINGAUTHORNAMETheauthorofasourceisalwaysmentionedeitherinyourtextorintheparentheticalcitation--unlessnoauthorisprovided.(See"SpecialCases"belowforinformationregardingthosesituations.)Author'snamementionedintextUsetheauthor'snameinasinglesentencetointroducethematerial.Then,citethepagenumber(s)inparentheses.ExamplePopewascleartopointoutthat,althoughmanyofhisideaswereidealistic,Rousseauheldambivalent矛盾的feelingstowardwomen(138).Author'snamenotmentionedintextWhenyoudonotincludetheauthor'snameinthetext,placetheauthor'slastnameintheparentheticalcitationbeforethepagenumber(s).Thereisnopunctuationbetweentheauthor'snameandthepagenumber(s).ExampleDuringWorldWarI,BritishandAmericanwomencould,forthefirsttime,earnfirst-classpayforfirst-classwork(Gilbert236-7).Morethanoneworkbythesameauthor(s)Ifyouusemorethanoneworkfromasingleauthor,whenyourefertoeitherofthesources,givetheauthor'slastname,anabbreviatedtitleofthework,andtherelevantpagenumber(s).Acommaseparatestheauthor'slastnameandthetitle;however,thereisnopunctuationbetweenthetitleandthepagenumber(s).ExampleWhencalculatingthenumberofhomelessanimalsintheUnitedStates,theauthorcomicallystatedthat"Maybemanwouldnotoverruntheplanet,buthispetpoodlesandSiamesecatsmight"(Westin,Pethood6).Shethenfurtherstatedthatthereare50millionhomelessanimalsinthecountry(Westin,"Planning"10).Note:Ifyoumentiontheauthor'slastnameinthesentence,youdonotneedtoincludetheauthor'slastnameinparentheses.TwoauthorswiththesamelastnameIfyouusesourcesbyauthorswiththesamelastname,alwaysincludetheauthor'sfirstandlastnameinthesentenceorintheparentheticalcitation.ExampleChildrenwilllearntowriteiftheyaregiventhefreedomtochoosetheirownsubjects,AllisonFayeargues,citingthecityschoolcouncilstudyoftheearly1970s(42-51);however,RobertFayebelievesthatchildrenwilllearnhowtowriteregardlessoftheirschoolsubjects(102-115).TwoorthreeauthorsinasinglesourceIfasourceiswrittenbytwoorthreeauthors,placealloftheauthors'lastnamesinthesinglesentenceorintheparentheticalcitation.ExampleRichards,Jones,andMooremaintainthatcollegestudentswhoactivelyparticipateinextracurricularactivitiesachievegreateracademicexcellencebecausetheylearnhowtomanagetheirtimemoreeffectively(185).orTheauthorsmaintainthatcollegestudentswhoactivelyparticipateinextracurricularactivitiesachievegreateracademicexcellencebecausetheylearnhowtomanagetheirtimemoreeffectively(Richards,Jones,andMoore185).FourormoreauthorsinasinglesourceIfasourceiswrittenbyfourormoreauthors,usethefirstauthor'slastnamefollowedby"etal."(Latinfor"andothers")eitherinthesinglesentenceorintheparentheticalcitation.Youcanalsonamealloftheauthorsinthesinglesentenceorintheparentheticalcitation.ExampleChazonetal.arguedthatethnicgroupsareculturallybasedsocialorganizationsinwhichmembershavemultipleidentities(105-6).orTheauthorsarguedthatethnicgroupsareculturallybasedsocialorganizationsinwhichmembershavemultipleidentities(Chazon,Riley,Jacobs,andRutherford105-6).MULTIVOLUMEWORKSCitinganentirevolumeofamultivolumeworkWhenusinganentirevolumeinamultivolumework,itisnotnecessarytoincludethepagenumber(s).Givetheauthor'slastnameandthenthevolumenumber,includingtheabbreviation"vol."Acommaseparatestheauthor'slastnameandthevolumenumber.ExampleBetween1762and1796,theeconomyofimperialRussiaexperiencedprofoundchangesunderEmpressCatherineII(Spielvolgel,vol.3).UsingpartofonevolumeofamultivolumeworkWhenusingpartofonevolumeofamultivolumework,nametheauthorinthesinglesentenceorintheparentheticalcitation.Placethevolumenumberfirstandthenthepagenumber(s)withacolonandonespacebetweenthem.ExampleAccordingtoFlint,JapanesewomenoftheTokugawaperiodhadkeyrolesandfunctionsinthehome(5:139).SPECIALCASES:NoauthoridentifiedinasourceIfyouuseasourcethatdoesnotsupplyanauthor'sname,substitute,byusingthetitleoranabbreviatedtitle,fortheauthor'snameinthesentenceorintheparentheticalcitation.Inthecitation,donotforgettoincludethepagenumber(s)unlessthesourceisonepageorlessinlength.Besuretoitalicizethetitleifthesourceisabook,andifthesourceisanarticle,placequotationmarksaroundthetitle.ExampleGoddessreligionsarethoughttohaveoriginatedsomewherebetween25,000and7,000BCE(WhenGodWasaWoman).IndirectquotationsIfyouarecitinganauthorwhowasquotedbyanotherauthor,includebothnames.First,givethenameoftheauthorwhosewordsyouareciting,followedby"qtd.in."Then,givethenameoftheauthorofthesourceyouused.Ifyouincludetheauthorwhosewordsyouarequotinginyourtext,youdonotneedtoincludetheauthor'snameagaininyourcitation.ExampleInlastmonth'sissueofRollingStone,LennyCravitzadmittedthatJimmyHendrixwasan"extraordinaryman"(qtd.inRiverwell220).Note:Wheneveryoucan,trytotakematerialfromtheoriginalsourceandnotfromasecondhandone.Yourcredibilityasawritercouldsufferifyoudependtooheavilyonsecondhandsources.CitingmorethanoneworkinsingleparentheticalreferenceIfyouneedtoacknowledgetwoormoreworksinasinglereference,citeeachsourceasyounormallywould,butusesemicolonstoseparatethereference.ExampleSeveralcriticshavenotedthatButlerisuniqueinbeingafemaleAfricanAmericanwriterwhohasexcelledinthesciencefictiongenre(Crossleyxii;Salvaggio).ElectronicCitationsIn-Text(Parenthetical)CitationsBecauseInternetsourcestypicallyhavenopageorparagraphnumbers,andWebsitesinparticularareoftenanonymous,无名的，假名的，匿名的，没有特色的，peopleareoftenconfusedabouthowtorefertothesesourceswithintheirpapers.Theansweristocitetheauthor'snamewheneverpossibleandusethesource'stitleotherwise(orashortenedversionofthetitle).Ifnopageorparagraphnumberisprovidedinthedocument(NOTonyourprinter),leavethatportionofthecitationblank.Keepinmindthattheprimarypurposeofanin-textcitationissimplytopointreaderstothecorrectentryontheWorksCitedPage.ExampleDespitethemanychallengesshehasfacedontheInternet,theauthorstillenjoysthe"magic"oftheMOO(Dibbell).Iftheelectronicdocumentdoesnothaveanauthor,useidentifyingwordsfromthetitle.ExampleEachoftheteletubbieshashis/herownlanguageacquisitionlevel,and,becauseofthis,achildcanidentifyandprogresstothenextlanguagelevelwhenthechildfeelscomfortable("TheInsideStory").Note:Donotcitepagenumbersfromprintoutsbecausepaginationmayvaryindifferentprintouts.REMINDERS_ Makeparentheticalcitationsbriefandaccurate._ Toavoidlongparentheticalcitations,placereferenceinformation,suchastheauthor'sname,inyoursentence._ Placeacitationasclosetotherelevantmaterialaspossiblewithoutdisruptingthesentence._ Useonecitationattheendofalongsectionofmaterialthatcomesfromonesourceandthesamepage(s)--donotciteattheendofeachsentenceinthiscase._ Parentheticalcitationsalwaysgooutsideofaquotationandalwaysbeforeapunctuationmark,suchasaperiod.EXCEPTIONS:Ifaquotationofoverthreelines,doubleindentthequotation,usenoquotationmarks,andplacetheparentheticalcitationafterthepunctuationmark.Donotincludeaperiodaftertheparentheticalcitation.Ifaquotationendswithaquestionmark(?)oranexclamationpoint(!),includethegivenpunctuationfollowedbyaclosingquotation,theninsertyourparentheticalcitation,andinsertaperiodafteryourparentheticalcitation._ Placetheparentheticalcitationsinyouressayasyourwrite.Donotwaituntiltheessayisfinished.Sourceoftheabove:/MLA_format_parenthetical_citations.htmWorksCitedPageWhencreatingyourWorksCitedPage,rememberto:BegintheWorksCitedonanewpage,butnumberconsecutively(i.e.,ifthelastpageofyouressayispage3,theWorksCitedispage4)AlphabetizeeachentrybyfirstletterUseitalicsforalltitlesofbooks,magazines,films,etc.YoudoNOTneedtoincludetheURLoninternetsourcesunlessspecificallyrequired.Putquotationmarksaroundthetitlesofpoems,shortstories,andarticlesIndentthe2ndline,the3rdline,andallsubsequentlinesofeachcitationDouble-spaceallentries...theexampleswhichfollowaresingle-spacedonlytosavespaceonthishandoutCorrectcitationTypeofcitationGorman,Elizabeth.PrairieWomen.NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,1986.Book(Oneauthor)Caper,CharlesandLawrenceT.Teamos.HowtoCamp.Philadelphia:Doubleday,1986.Book(Twoauthors)Ellis,Doriset.al.HistoryofJapan.NewYork:Harcourt,BraceandWorld,Inc.,1989.Book(Threeormoreauthors)Vanderkirk,Pamela,ed.TenShortPlays.LosAngeles:NowellBookCo.,1982.Book(Oneeditor)Lockhard,DavidJ.andCharlesHeimler,eds.TheOregonTrail.NewYork:BonanzaBooks,1992.Book(Twoeditors)Carlson,Davidet.al.,eds.EncyclopediaofAnimalLife.Boston:HoughtonMifflinCo.,1985.Book(Threeormoreeditors)Allende,Isabel."Toad'sMouth."Trans.MargaretSayersPeden.AHammockbeneaththeMangoes:StoriesfromLatinAmerica.Ed.ThomasColchie.NewYork:Plume,1992.83-88.Book(Singleworkfromananthology)AmericanMedicalAssociation.TheAmericanMedicalAssociationEncyclopediaofMedicine.Ed.CharlesB.Clayman.NewYork:Random,1989.BookbyCorporateAuthorHawthorne,Nathaniel.Twice-ToldTales.Ed.GeorgeParsonsLathrop.Boston:Houghton,1883.1Mar.2002.</nh/ttt.html>.Keats,John.PoeticalWorks.1884.B:GreatBooksOnline.Ed.StevenvanLeeuwen.May1998.5May2003</126/>.BookOnlineBookOnline(PartofScholarlyProject)Roberts,Sheila."AConfinedWorld:ARereadingofPaulineSmith."WorldLiteratureWritteninEnglish.24(1984):232-38.Rpt.inTwentiethCenturyLiteratureCriticism.Ed.DennisPoupard.Vol.25.Detroit:Gale,1988.399-402.GaleLiteraryCriticism(previouslypublishedscholarlyarticleinacollection)Doctorow,E.L.Introduction.SisterCarrie.ByTheodoreDreiser.NewYork:Bantam,1985.v-xi.Introduction,Preface,Foreword,orAfterwordStowe,HarrietBeecher."SojournerTruth,theLibyanSibyl."1863.TheHeathAnthologyofAmericanLiterature.Ed.PaulLauteretal.Vol.1.Lexington,Heath,1994.2425-33.OnevolumeofmultivolumeworkMaps'n'Facts.ComputerSoftware.BroderbundSoftware,1995.ComputerSoftwareFrost,James."StrawberriesinaField."Perrine'sLiterature:Structure,Sound,_andSense.Ed.ThomasR.Arpand

GregJohnson.NewYork:HeinleandHeinle,2002.PoemFrost,James."StrawberriesinaField."LiteratureResourceCenter.AlabamaVirtualLibrary.15March2004.

<http://www.avl.lib.al.us>.PoemOnlineCrane,Stephen."TheOpenBoat."LiteratureResourceCenter.AlabamaVirtualLibrary.12March2004.

<http://www.avl.lib.al.us>.ShortStoryOnlineCather,Willa."Paul'sCase."Perrine'sLiterature:Structure,Sound,andSense.Ed.ThomasR.ArpandGregJohnson.

NewYork:HeinleandHeinle,2002.ShortStoryinanAnthologyDunn,Samuel."Re:AnyIdeasforMyCountryProject."E-mailtoTomJones.26Feb.2003.E-mail**Barnridge,ThomasH."Baseball."WorldBookEncyclopedia.2001.Encyclopedia(Signedarticle)*"Egypt."TheNewEncyclopediaBritannica.2002.Encyclopedia(Unsignedarticle)*Ito,PhilipJ."Papaya,"WorldBookEncyclopedia,1998ed.TheWorldBookMultimediaEncyclopedia,CD-ROMversionofTheWorldBookEncyclopedia.Encyclopedia(CD-ROM)*"Egypt."EncyclopediaBritannicaOnline.Vers.97.1.1.Mar.1997.EncyclopediaBritannica.29Feb.2000</>.Encyclopedia(Internet)*TheEmpireStrikesBack.Dir.GeorgeLucas.Perf.MarkHamill,HarrisonFord,CarrieFisher.TwentiethCenturyFox,1980.FilmUnitedStatesOfficeofManagementandBudget.BudgetoftheUnitedStatesGovernment,FiscalYear1999.Washington:GPO,1999.GovernmentPublicationWhitehurst,Daniel,formermayorofFresno.Personalinterview.5Mar.2003.Interview(Personal)Smith,John."Beowulf:ArchetypalHero."English102Class.VestaviaHillsHighSchool,VestaviaHills,AL.28March

2003.LectureLin,Michael."CompressingOnlineGraphics."Onlineposting.27April1999.MacWeb.28Feb.2003</digitizing/intor.html>.ListservPostingCannon,Angie."JustSayingNotoTests."U.S.News&WorldReport.Oct.1999:34.MagazineCannon,Angie."JustSayingNotoTests."U.S.News&WorldReport18Oct.1999:3.AlabamaVirtualLibrary.VestaviaHillsHighSchoolLibrary,VestaviaHills,AL.28Feb.2003.<http://www.avl.lib.al.us>.Magazine,OnlineNewsSubscriptionService(AlabamaVirtualLibrary)Elliott,Michael."TheBiggestFishofThemAll."Time.8March2003.11March2003.</time>.OnlineMagazine

(Magazinewebsite)Barrow,Matthew."SkippingSchool?PlanOnWalking."SacramentoBee.13Oct.1999,Californiafinaled.:A1+.NewspaperArticle,(Signed)"GorillaattacksMartian."NationalEnquirer16Mar.1999:A-14.NewspaperArticle,(Unsigned)Bradley,Donald."IsThereaRightWay?"KansasCityStar23May1999:2-4.SIRSResearcher.AlabamaVirtualLibrary..28Feb.2003.<http://www.avl.lib.al.us/>.NewspaperArticle,OnlineNewsSubscriptionService(SIRS)"CharlesFrazier."ContemporaryAuthorsOnline.2001.G.AlabamaVirturalLibrary.28February2003<http://www.avl.lib.al.us/>.GaleLiteraryCriticismOnline(Unsigned)McCarron,Bill."ImagesofWarandPeace:ParallelismandAntithesisintheBeginningandEndingofColdMountain."TheMississippiQuarterly.52.2(1999):273.G.AlabamaVirtualLibrary.25February2003.<http://www.avl.lib.al.us>..GaleLiteraryCriticismOnline(Signed)Achenbach,Joel."America'sriver."WashingtonPost.5May2002.20July2003</wp-dyn/articles/A13425-2202May1.html>.NewspaperArticle(NewspaperWebsite)YourHealth.NewYork:ModernWoman,1996.Pamphlet"KarmaChameleon."NorthernExposure.CBS.KCRA,Sacramento.29Feb.2000.TelevisionorRadio(Live)Smith,Greg."RhesusMonkeysintheZoo."Nodate.Onlineimage.MonkeyPictureGallery.3May2003.

</rhesus.jpg>.PublishedPhotograph"CandyCottonattheFair."Birmingham,AL.PersonalphotographtakenbyQuincyAdams.5March2004.PersonalPhotographAdams,Mindy."CriticalEyefortheFantasyGuy."4January2004.OnlinePowerPoint.S.7March2004.

</fantasy.htm>.PowerPointOnlineCivilWarDiary.Videotape.NewWorldEntertainment,1990.VideotapeSpringsteen,Bruce."DancingintheDark."BornintheUSA.Columbia,1984.Musicvideo.Dr.BrianDePalma.VH1.

10May2002.MusicVideo"CabinetNominations,"Chapter20.PowersofthePresident.Laservideodisc.PioneerCommunicationsofAme