第02讲-语音知识+听力测试 2022年初高中英语无缝衔接讲义20讲+精练（解析版）

优点英语第02讲语音知识+听力测试国际音标一、语音知识1.英语共有48个音素，分为元音和辅音两大类。元音有20个，分为单元音和双元音。辅音有28个，按声带振动情况分为浊辅音和清辅音。英语音素中半元音音素是/w/和/j/，鼻音是/m/、/n/、/n/。2.26个字母中有5个元音字母，分别为：a，e，i，o，u，音标为[ei]、[i:]、[ai]、[eu]、[ju:]。一个半元音字母是y。元音字母在重读开音节中发字母的名称音，在重读闭音节中发短音。二、国际音标元音音标元音音标指发音时不受到发音器官的阻碍发出的声音，国际音标里，元音音标共20个：元音（20个）单元音前元音 /iː/ /ɪ/ /e/ /æ/ 中元音 /ɜː/ /ə/ /ʌ/ 后元音 /uː/ /ʊ/ /ɔː/ /ɒ/ /ɑː/双元音开合双元音 /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /aʊ/ /əʊ/集中双元音 /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ 元音音标中单元音按发音时舌头位置的不同分为前元音、中元音和后元音，辅助音按发音时口型的变化分为合口双元音和集中双元音，如上表所示。元音（20个）单元音 长元音 /iː/ /uː/ /ɑː/ /ɔː/ /ɜː/ 短元音 /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /e/ /æ/双元音 合口双元音 /aɪ/ /eɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /aʊ/ /əʊ/ 集中双元音 /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ 元音音标中单元音按发音时音音长短的不同分为长元音、短元音，长元音音标符号包括“:”号，如上表所示。元音音标表单元音：/i:/、/ɪ/、/ɜ:、//ə/、/ɔ:/、/ɒ/、/u:/、/ʊ/、/ɑ:/、/ʌ/、/æ/、/e/双元音：/eɪ/、/aɪ/、/ɔɪ/、/aʊ/、/əʊ/、/ɪə/、/eə、//ʊə/注意，元音也可以分为：1）长元音：/ɑ://ɔ://u://i://ə:/2）短元音：/ʌ//ɒ//ə//ɪ//u//e//æ/10对清浊辅音:清辅音：[p][t][k][f][θ][s][tr][ts][∫][t∫]浊辅音：[b][d][g][v][][z][dr][dz][][d]其他辅音:清辅音:[h]浊辅音:[m][n][][l][r][w][j]20个元音音标发音单词示例1)/iː/sea,he,see,piece,ceiling2)/ɪ/sit,build,miss,myth3)/e/bed,desk,head4)/æ/bad,land,bank,stamp(a和e中间是连起来的)5)/ɑ:/car,fast,class,plant,calm,aunt6)/ɒ/hot,want7)/ɔ:/door,more,sport,ball,warm,author,court,bought,caught8)/u:/good,who,blue,soup,9)/ʊ/look,put,women,could10)/ʌ/cup,come,blood,rough11)/ɜ:/girl,work,serve,nurse12)/ə/cadre,ago,forget,polite,dollar,doctor,famous,Saturday双元音8个如下：13)/eɪ/cake,they,play,eight,great14)/aɪ/bike,die,neither,light,try,find,height,eye15)/əʊ/phone,cold,boat,soul,grow16)/aʊ/house,town17)/ɔɪ/boy,oil18)/ɪə/dear,idea,deer,here,fierce19)/eə/pear,care,there,fair/ʊə/tour,poor辅音音标发音单词示例1)/p/pay,put,cup,open,panda2)/b/bread,club,lab,rabbit,garbage3)/t/talk,taxi,tell,kitty,night4)/d/duck,deep,dog,card,bed5)/k/key,cold,card,desk,cup,cat6)/g/eagle,egg,lag,dig,glass7)/f/fish,finger,face,floor,frog8)/v/very,dove,ever,leave,invite9)/s/sit,say,sky,face,bus10)/z/zebra,zoo,zero,seize11)/ʃ/ship,sheep,fish,clash,shirt12)/ʒ/visual,version,vision,leisure14)/dʒ/jar,jam,July,angel,cage15)/θ/south,path,mouth,math,path16)/ð/they,those,other,teethe17)/ts/cats,boats,meets,gifts18)/dz/beds,cards,rides,friends19)/tr/trade,trill,metric,tree20)/dr/drink,dress,dream,draw21)/h/home,hello,hand,happy22)/r/rain,read,red,grass23)/l/line,like,alive,meal,pool24)/m/mud,move,swim,smart,animal25)/n/no,winner,ant,brain26)/ŋ/ink,bank,sing,spring,pink27)/w/swan,with,what,white,work/j/yak,youth,yell,billion,unit三、读音方法在学习字母在单词中的读音时有三种方法:第一种:去尾法，有九个，b、d、c、p、t、v、z、j、k。比如:能根据读音把b分成两个音标/b//i/，去尾顾名思义，就是把最后一个音去掉，第一个音，就是在单词中的发音;第二种:掐头法，有六个，f、lm、n、s、x。比如f能根据读音把f分成两个音标/e/、/f/，把第一个音去掉就是在单词中发音;第三种:对比法，就是把字母在单词中的发音和在汉语拼音中的发音对比，有五个:g、h、y、w、r。我们可以发现，这五个音和拼音中的音很相似，所以可以这样记。拼读规则一、音节及音节的划分1.音节的定义:音节由音素组合而成。一个元音加上一个或几个辅音即可构成一个音节，一个元音也能构成一个音节。某些辅音也能与其他辅音构成音节。2.音节构成A:一个元音和一个或多个辅音可以构成一个音节，如:be/bi:/;big/bɪg/B:一个元音可以构成音节，如about/'/əˈbaʊt/，I/aɪ/C:成音节即由辅音和成节音//，/m/，/n/，/n/构成的音节，如:button/ˈbʌtn/3.音节的分类A:开音节:指以发音的元音字母结尾的音节或元辅e结构。如:go/ɡəʊ/;photo/ˈfəʊtəʊ/;cake/keɪk/;like/laɪk/B:闭音节:以辅音字母结尾(r，w，v除外)，同时只有一个元音音素的音节，如:bag/bæg/;stop/stɒp/C:r音节:即ar/a/;er/ə/;ir/ə/; or/ɔ/;ur/ə/在非重读音节中一般发短音/ə/ 4.音节的划分口诀:一在后，二分手一在后:如果两个元音中有一个辅音，则把这个辅音的发音划到后面。二分手:如果两个元音中有两个辅音，则平分这两个辅音的发音，前后各一个。一般来说，一个单词的发音元音的总数决定了这个单词所包含的音节数目，也就是说有几个元音音素就有几个音节，如一个音节:I;a;six;girl;one;how两个音节:fa/ther;re/move;peo/ple;ri/ver;rea/dy三个音节:cen/tu/ry;vi/ta/min;cer/tain/ly5.不同音节中元音字母的发音(1)在闭音节中的元音字母一般发短元音，如:a/æ/cat;e/e/bed;i/I/big;o/ɒ/dog;u/ʌ/bus(2)在开音节中的元音字母一般发字母的名称音绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾。如:she/∫i/;hi/haɪ/相对开音节:元辅e结构。如:lake/leɪk/;like/laɪk/;coke/kouk/二、不完全爆破音与浊化1.不完全爆破音(incompleteplosion)带有不完全爆破音的词或句子，听起来好像有些音被吞掉，但实际上并未完全被吞掉。当两个辅音相邻时前面的辅音由于受后面辅音的影响，在发音时只需要作出这个音的口形，但不需要把音发出来。这种要发而又不发出来的音就是我们所说的不完全爆破音，这种发音现象叫做失去爆破。爆破音/p//b//t//d//k//g/ .两个或两个以上的爆破音相连，只爆破最后一个爆破音，其他爆破音只需要作出口形即可。如：act;two(2).爆破音后跟破擦音时，爆破音失去爆破。如pi(c)ture;tha(t)judge(3).爆破音后跟摩擦音时只需做出口形，不爆破。如:brea(k)fast(4).爆破音后跟鼻音时，爆破音亦不爆破。如:goo(d)morning2.浊化(soft)浊化就是把清辅音发成与其相应的浊辅音。一般情况下，在音节开头如果有两个在一起的清辅音，那么第二个清辅音就要浊化，即发成浊辅音。常见的有:/sp/→/sb/如:sport;/st/→/sd/如:stair;/sk//sg/如:sky;scarf;school3.连读(liaison)在英语的实际运用中，人们常将属于同一意群的词连在一起，一口气说出来。意群中词与词之间不留空隙，这种读法叫连读。如:Not^at^all.Pleasetake^alook^at^it.Ifind^abookin^it.(book与in分别在两个不同的意群中故中不连读。三、重音、语调与节奏1.重音(stress)(1)单重音英语的每个词，至少有一个音节读得特别重而清楚，而其他的音节则轻而含糊。读得重而清楚的音节，叫做单词重音，又叫重读音节。读得轻而含糊的音节，叫做非重读音节或轻读音节。如:'interesting;'dictionary;'relay;for'get;e'nough;dis'like (2)句子重音①实词如名词、实意动词、形容词、副词等，一般需重读，但在倒装句中实意动词要轻读。如:Shealways’madeherclassinterestingUnderthetreestoodanoldman.②代词以及虚词如冠词、连词、介词等往往不重读，但作表语的介词短语中的介词需重读。如:Theballis'underthechair.Whichgradeareyou'in?语调(intonation)英语语调，即说话的腔调，就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。降调:主要用于陈述句、祈使句、特殊疑问句、感叹句句末，表示肯定、明确或意思表达完整。如:Pleaseopenthedoor.↘Whatafineday!↘升调:主要用于疑问句或表示请求的句子末尾，表示不太肯定、亲切和意思未完。如:Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?↗Doyouoftengotoschoolbybike?↗(3)降升调①先升后降:常用于选择疑问句中或列举时。如:Isyourfriend↗aboyoragirl?↘Whichdoyouprefer,↗teaorcoffee? ↘Thereareeggplants,↗cucumbers,↗tomatoesandpotatoesinthemarket.②先降后升:常用于补充说明或反意疑问句中。如:Wehavetohurryup,↘I’mafraid.↗Hehasn’tbookedtheroom,↘hashe?↗3.节奏(therhythm)读长句时，需要注意在意群之间换气，稍作停顿，而一个意群内部不可停顿，以便意思保持完整。如:OurEnglishteacher/toldus/aninterestingstory.Heandhisbrother/havealreadyfinished/doingtheirhomework.检测训练一、短对话1．Whatdoesthemanlikeaboutthemovie?A．Itsfunnyplot. B．Itsmusic. C．Itsactors.【答案】C【原文】W:Thatisagreatmovie,isn’tit?Ithassomereallyfunnyparts,andIthinktheactorsarereallygood.M:Iagreeabouttheacting,butIdon’tthinkitisfunny.Idon’tcaremuchforthemusic.2．Howmuchisaconcertticketforachild?A．$2. B．$4. C．$8.【答案】B【原文】M:Concertticketsare8dollarsforadults,halfpriceforchildren.W:OK.I’dlikeoneadultticketandtwochildrentickets,please.3．Whatdoesthewomansuggestdoingfirst?A．Havingbreakfast. B．Buyingthemedicine. C．Travelingtothetown.【答案】A【原文】M:Wereallymustgotothetowntobuythatmedicinerightnow.W:Ithinkthat’sOKafterwehavebreakfast.4．WhatwillSamdotonight?A．Attendaparty. B．FlytoTokyo. C．Haveameeting.【答案】B【原文】W:Sam,couldyoucometotheparty?M:I’dloveto,butI’llflytoTokyoonbusinesstonight.I’llattendsomemeetingsthereinthenextfewdays.5．Whereisthemanprobablygoingnow?A．Agiftshop. B．Hisbrother’shouse. C．TheChildren’sCenter.【答案】A【原文】W:Whyareyouinsuchahurry?M:TomorrowisChildren’sDay,butIhaven’tgotagiftformybrother.6．Whatdoesthemansayaboutthenewfilmstar?A．Heispopularwithyoungpeople. B．Heisnothandsome. C．Heisagoodactor.【答案】A【原文】W:Look!Thathandsomeboyisanewfilmstar,isn’the?M:Yes,he’sverypopularwithyoungpeople.ButIdon’tthinkheactswell.7．Whatisthepictureabout?A．Acity. B．Afarm. C．Apet.【答案】B【原文】W:Whatanicepicture!Abeautifulfarmwithcowseverywhere!M:Thankyou.ItookthepicturewhenIstayedinthecountryside.8．Howwillthemangotopark?A．Bybus. B．Bycar. C．Onfoot.【答案】A【原文】W:Wouldyouliketogototheparkbycar?M:No.Yousee,it’sSundaytodayanditisn'tverycrowdedonthebus.9．Whatisthewomandoingnow?A．Havingameeting. B．Havingameal. C．Working.【答案】B【原文】M:Hi,Mary.ThisisTed.Areyoubusy?W:We'rehavingdinnernow.CanIcallyoubackinhalfanhour?10．Howdoesthemanhelpthewoman?A．Byfillingouttheformforher.B．Bytellingherhispersonalinformation.C．Byreadingtheinformationontheform.【答案】C【原文】W:Excuseme!Canyoureadoutthisformforme?I’veforgottenmyglasses.M:Ofcourse,ma’am.First,youshouldwritedownyournameandaddress,andthenyourtelephonenumber.11．Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A．Whattheman’shobbyis.B．Whetherthemanlearneddrawing.C．Whenthemanwenttohighschool.【答案】A【原文】W:Tellme,whatdoyouenjoydoinginyoursparetime?M:Ienjoydrawing.W:Ididn’tknowyoucoulddraw.M:Ilearnedbackinhighschool.12．Whenwillthemanarriveattheparty?A．At7:30. B．At8:00. C．At8:30.【答案】C【原文】W:Whattimedoesthepartystart?M:Itstartsat8o’clock.IthinkI’llarrivehalfanhourlatebecauseIhavetoworklatetoday.13．Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A．Teacherandstudent. B．Doctorandpatient. C．Classmates.【答案】C【原文】W:Ididn’tgotoschoolyesterdaybecauseIwassick.M:I’msorrytohearthat.DoyouwantthenotesandhomeworkfromEnglishclass?W:Thatwouldbenice,thankyou.M:Noproblem.Ihopetoseeyouatschooltomorrow.14．Whatisthewomangoingtodo?A．Payfortheshoes.B．Gototheshoeshop.C．Borrowmoneyfromtheman.【答案】B【原文】W:Yourshoeslookreallynice.Howmuchdidyougetthemfor?M:Theyonlycostmeaboutfortydollars.W:I’mgoingtogetapairformyhusband.LetmeseeifI’vegotenoughmoney.15．Whoisthegirltalkingto?A．Herdentist. B．Thepolice. C．Aguide.【答案】A【原文】M:Nowopenyourmouthwider.W:Ah...M:Oh,goodgirl.Well,Icanseewhafshappening.Thereisaholeinyourtooth.16．Whatwillthemandonext?A．Gotothemovies. B．Keeponstudying. C．Checkoutsomebooks.【答案】A【原文】W:Cometothemovieswithus,Matt.You'vebeeninthelibraryallday.Youneedtorelax.M:Youareright,Jenny.I’vebeenstudyingforsolong.Ineedtotakeabreak.17．WhatdoesthemanusuallydoonSundayafternoons?A．Hegoesshopping.B．Heworksinthegarden.C．Hereadsthenewspaper.【答案】B【原文】W:WhatdoyouusuallydoonSundays?M:Igoshoppinginthemorning,workinthegardenintheafternoon,andreadthenewspaperafterdinner.18．Whenwillthematchbeginaccordingtotheman?A．At2:30. B．At3:00. C．At4:00.【答案】C【原文】W:Wedoneedtohurryup.It'salready2:30.Thematchissupposedtobeginin30minutes.M:Youmusthavebeentoldthewrongtime.Iamsurethematchbeginsat4:00.19．Whatdoesthemanliketodrink?A．Tea. B．Coffee. C．Water.【答案】C【原文】W:Ipreferteatocoffee,butwheneverwevisitHarry,healwaysservesuscoffee.M:Idon'tlikecoffee,either.AllIreallywantisaglassofcoldwater.20．HowdidthespeakersgotoFrance?A．Bytrain. B．Byair. C．Bycar.【答案】B【原文】M:HereweareinFranceatlast.Whatajourney!Airtravelismoretiringthandriving.W:Youwouldn’thavesaidthatifyouhaddrivenalongway.Let’stakethetrainnexttime.21．Whatdoesthewomanwanttoborrownow?A．Thedictionary. B．Theeraser. C．Thescissors.【答案】A【原文】W:Canyougivememyeraserback,please?I’dliketouseit.M:Sure,hereyouare.W:OK.Andwouldyoumindlendingmeyourdictionary?Oh,andthanksforyourscissors.22．WhydoesthewomancallJack?A．Toaskhimtoclosethewindow.B．Tomakeacomplaint.C．Togethernotebookback.【答案】A【原文】W:Gee,it’sfreezinghere!Jack,wouldyoumindclosingthewindow?M:Holdon.Justletmefinishthisnotefirst.23．Whatdoesthewomanmean?A．Mattmightseethestrongmouse.B．Mattmightknowhowtogetmorecheese.C．Mattmighthaveeatenthecheese.【答案】C【原文】W:That’sfunny.I’msurethere’ssomecheeseleft.Theremustbeastrongmousearoundourhousethatcanopenthefridge!Matt,whatdoyousay?M:Er...maybethereisone.24．Howdoesthemanprobablyfeelnow?A．Satisfied. B．Nervous. C．Disappointed.【答案】C【原文】M:Yousaidyoucouldplaythedrumwell.Isthatall?Ihavehighhopesforyou.W:Hmm...Iwastoonervousjustnow.I’lldobetternexttime.25．Whatwasthewoman’sworryinherdream?A．Failingtofinishthehomework.B．Beinglateforschool.C．Herbeinglaughedat.【答案】A【原文】W：Inmydream,Iwascoveredwithbooks,beingworriedaboutthedeadlineofhandinginmyhomework.M：Thatmeansyouhavetoomuchhomeworktodo.26．Whydoesthewomanwanttodesigntheschooluniforms?A．Tomakemoney.B．Towearwhattheylike.C．Tosatisfytheschool’sneed.【答案】B【原文】W：Weshouldbeallowedtodesignourschooluniforms.M：Whydoyouthinkso?W：Weshoulddecidewhatweliketowear.27．Whatdoesthemanmean?A．Thequestionisnotveryclear.B．Thewomanislateforclassagain.C．Thepapercan’tbeputofftohandin.【答案】C【原文】W：Professor,couldIhandinmypapertwodayslater?Iwanttoaddsomefreshmaterialtoit.M：I’mafraidthat’soutofthequestion.28．Whatdictionariescanbeusedbystudents?A．English-Englishdictionaries.B．English-Chinesedictionaries.C．OxfordEnglishdictionaries.【答案】A【原文】W：Studentsshouldbeallowedtousedictionarieswhenwritingacomposition.M：Yes,buttheyshouldonlyuseEnglish-Englishdictionaries.29．Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?A．Thestudentslikeschooluniforms.B．Thestudentswanttoweartheirownclothes.C．Theschoolruleswillbechangedsoon.【答案】B【原文】W：Whatschoolrulesdoyouthinkshouldbechanged?M：Well,Ithinkweshouldbeallowedtowearourownclothes.W：What’sthereason?M：Wewouldfeelmorecomfortableandthatisgoodforstudying.30．WhatdoweknowaboutPeter?A．Heisn’ttalkative. B．Hestudiedveryhard. C．Hefailedtogetintocollege.【答案】C【原文】M:Ithinkonecan’tachieveanythingjustbysittingthereandtalkingaboutit.W:Ican’tagreewithyoumore.That’swhyPeterfailedtogetintocollege.M:Yes,Peteristalkativeandheshouldbemorehard-working.二、长对话听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。31．Whydoesthemanthankthewoman?A．Sheofferedhimajob B．Shetoldhiminformationonajob. C．Shehelpedhimwiththeinterview.32．Whatdoesthewomanadvisethemantodo?A．Goouttocelebrate. B．Takethejobseriously. C．Rebuildhisconfidence.【答案】31．B32．A【原文】M:Hi,Linda!W:Hello,Jim!Youlooksohappy!What’snew?M:Igotthejobyoutoldmeaboutlastweek.W:That’sgreat!Congratulations!M:Thankyouverymuchindeed.Youhelpedmerebuildmyconfidence.W:Don’tmentionit.You’realwaysgood.Whataboutgoingouttocelebrate?M:Thatwouldbegreat.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。33．What’stheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A．Friends. B．Neighbors. C．Customerandwaitress.34．HowwillBillandMarygohome?A．Bybus. B．Bytaxi. C．Bysubway.【答案】33．A34．B【原文】M:Isitreally11:00?Wheredidthetimego?MaryandIhadsuchawonderfuldinnerinyournewhome,butI’mafraidwe’vemissedthelastbus.W:Doyouwantmetodriveyouhome,Bill?It’snotrouble.M:No,thanks.Iknowyouhavetoworktomorrow.Wedon’twantyoutobetiredonyourfirstdayatwork,Sue.We’llcallataxi.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。35．Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A．Husbandandwife. B．Bossandsecretary. C．Salesmanandcustomer.36．Whatdothespeakersplantodo?A．SeeMartin. B．Haveacarfixed. C．Buyacar.37．Whenwillthespeakersgotoacarshop?A．ThisSaturday. B．ThisSunday. C．NextSunday.【答案】35．A36．C37．A【原文】M:Whydon’twegetourselvesanewcar,dear?Theoldoneisfallingapart.W:Whatagoodidea!Whenshallwegoandlook?M:Whataboutsometimenextweek?W:No.Ican’twait.Let’sgothisSaturday.M:OK.W:Whereshallwego?M:There’sacarshopdowntheroad.Howaboutgoingthere?W:No.Idon’tlikethatplace.Theyarealwaysexpensive.Whydon’twetrytheshopMartinrecommended?M:Fine,we’lldothat.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。38．WhatisBill’sattitudetowardhisexamresult?A．Greatlyexcited. B．Abitdissatisfied. C．Terriblydisappointed.39．WhatdoesthewomansuggestBilldo?A．Behardonhimself. B．Gooutfordinner. C．Goshoppingwithher.40．Howsoonwillthespeakersleavehome?A．Inabout15minutes. B．Inabout30minutes. C．Inabout45minutes.【答案】38．B39．C40．B【原文】M:Mom,wegotourEnglishtestbacktoday.Igotsecondplaceinmyclass.W:Oh,Bill.I’mgladyoudidsowell!Congratulations!M:Thanks,Mom.Butitwasnot