第05讲-冠词和名词 2022年初高中英语无缝衔接讲义20讲+精练（原卷版）

优点英语第05讲冠词和名词冠词冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。a(an)叫不定冠词，the叫定冠词。a用在辅音（发音）之前，an用在元音（发音）之前。➡不定冠词的用法（1）不定冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前表示泛指，泛指某一人或某一物。如：TheChineseDreamisadreamtoimprovepeople’swell-beingandadreamofharmony,peaceanddevelopment.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平和发展的梦。（2）表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。如：WhentheAshleystriedtomakeherreturn,Mumbetconsultedalawyer,TheodoreSedgewick.当Ashleys一家试图让她回来时，Mumbet咨询了一个叫西奥多·塞奇威克的律师。（3）用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间；用在人名前还可表示与某人有类似性质的人。如：—Excuseme,isthereaMrTailorlivingintheneighborhood？Thereisaparcelforhim.—Sorry,butthereisnosuchpersonhere.——劳驾，这个居民点住着一位名叫Tailor的先生吗？这里有他的包裹。——对不起，这儿没有这么一个人。（4）不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示“再一，又一”。如：Shedidn’tlikethecolorofthetwobagsandaskedforathirdone.她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。（5）表示单位时间内的频度，含有“每”的概念。Themedicineistobetakenthreetimesaday.这药每天吃三次。（6）具有动作意义的名词在与have，take，make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时，前面要加不定冠词。如：takealook看一看；haveatry试一试。Youhadbettergotothefactoryandhavealook.你最好到厂里去看一看。（7）不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如：awasteof浪费……；allofasudden突然地；asarule通常。IthitmeallofasuddenthatIhadforgottenherbirthday.我突然想起我把她的生日给忘了。➡定冠词用法（1）特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如：ThebookonthedeskisanEnglishdictionary.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.（2）指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。如：Openthedoor,please.Jackisinthelibrary.（3）上文提到过的人或事物。如：YesterdayJohn’sfatherboughthimanewbike.Thebikecosthim200yuan.（4）表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.（5）用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。如：ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.（6）用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。如：Thenurseiskindtothesick.Weshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.（7）用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。如：theGreatWall，theSummerpalace，inthemorning，intheopenair等。（8）用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫妇”。如：theBrowns,thewhites等。➡不用冠词的情况（1）某些专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。例如：China，Canada，Japanese，glass，water，love等。（2）名词前已有作定语用的this，that，my，your，whose，some，any，no，each，every等代词时，不用冠词。如：Thatismycap.Ihavesomequestions.Godownthisstreet.（3）复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词。如：Theyareworkers.Wearestudents.（4）称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。如：Idon’tfeelwelltoday,Mother.BushwasmadepresidentoftheU.S.（5）三餐饭的名称前，球类活动，学科和节目名词前，常不用冠词。如：Ihavelunchathome.Heoftenplaysfootballafterclass.WehaveEnglishandmathseveryday.（6）在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词。例如：Byair,atnight,athome,gotobed,gotoschool,onfoot,frommorningtillnight等。名词🔼名词的数➡单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors,boy→boys。（2）以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。（3）以ce，se，ze，（d）ge结尾的名词加-s，例如：orange—oranges。（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es，如：city→cities,factory→factories,country→countries,family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加-s，如：boy→boys，day→days。（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es，如：hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes，但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s，如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，如：photo→photos,piano→pianos。（6）以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，如：knife→knives,leaf→leaves,half→halves。（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，如：man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。【注意】①与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。如：anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen；（注意：German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans。）②man，woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：menworkers，womenteachers。③有个别名词单复数一样，如：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。（注意：但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。）（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people，police等。（9）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如an8-year-oldgirl，aten-milewalk。（10）有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。（11）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：科学名词：physics,mathematics/maths游戏名称：bowls专有名词：theUnitedStates,NiagaraFalls其他名词：news,falls➡复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法如下表所示：➡不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”，可以用以下两种方法：（1）用much，alittle，alotof/lotsof，some，any等表示多少，如：Therichmanhasalotofmoney．Thereissomemilkinthebottle.Isthereanywaterintheglass？Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere’stoomuchsnowandice．（2）用apieceof这类定语，如：apieceofpaper，apieceofwood，apieceofbreadabottleoforange;aglassofwater(milk);acupoftea;abagofrice;threebagsofrice。如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，如：twocupsoftea;fourpiecesofpaper;threeglassesofwater.🔼名词的所有格名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。1.表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's，其复数形式是s'，如：astudent'sroom;students'rooms;father'sshoes。2.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's，如：Children'sDay。3.表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's，如：atwentyminutes'walk;tenmiles'journey;aboat'slength;twopounds'weight;tendollars'worth。4.无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：amapofChina;theendofthisterm;thecapitalofourcountry;thecoloroftheflowers。5.双重所有格，如：afriendofmyfather's。【注意】如果两个名词并列的情况：①分别有's，则表示“分别有”，例如：John'sandMary'srooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Tom'sandMary'sbikes（两人各自的自行车）。②只有一个's，则表示“共有”，例如：JohnandMary'sroom（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；TomandMary'smother（Tom与Mary是兄妹）。检测训练冠词基础版一、单项选择1．Iwouldliketobe________teacherwhenIgrowup.A．a B．an C．the D．/2．—WhatareyousearchingforontheInternet?—I’mtryingtobuy________MP3playerat________lowprice.A．a;a B．an;the C．an;a D．the;the3．—HaveyoureadabookcalledTheMerchantofVenice？—Yes.________bookisveryinteresting.4．—Shallweplay________basketballthisafternoon?—Goodidea!Doyouhave________basketball?A．the;a B．a;a C．/;/ D．/;a5．—HaveyoueverreadthebookTheAdventuresofTomSawyer?—Yes,it'sreally________interestingbook.A．a B．an C．the D．/6．—IsACMilan________Europeanfootballclub?—Yes.It’soneof________mostsuccessfulclubsinItaly.A．a;/ B．a;the C．an;the D．an;/7．Britainis________Europeancountry.However,Japanis________Asiancountry.A．a,an B．an,a C．a,a D．an,an8．—Doyouknow________ladytalkingwithMrBrownoverthere?—Yes,Sheisour________newEnglishteacher.A．/;the B．the;the C．a;/ D．the;/9．Jane,______honestchild,bought______usefuldictionaryyesterday.A．a;a B．an;an C．a;an D．an;a10．Here’s____80-wordarticleonhowtowashhands,whichwaswrittenby____universitystudentinTaizhou.A．a;an B．an;a C．an;an D．an;the11．Manychildrenstarttolearntoplay_____________pianoatanearlyage.A．a B．an C．the D．/12．Lucyisaneleven-year-oldgirlandshegoestoschoolon______footeveryday.A．an B．a C．不填13．Thegeniusboy,LaurentSimons,wentto______collegeattheageoftwelve.A．а B．the C．an D．/14．Lookat____bookonthatbookcase.It’s________interestingbook.A．a;the B．the;an C．a;a D．the;a15．Thevisitorsherearegreatlyimpressedbythefactthat___________peoplefromallwalksoflifeareworkinghardfor_______newJiangsu.A．/;a B．/;the C．the;a D．the;the16．Mikeishonestboyandheoftenwalkshisdogaftersupper.A．a;the B．a;/ C．an;a D．an;/17．Ilikeplayingvolleyballandmyparentswillbuyme________balltomorrow.A．/ B．an C．a D．the18．—Thisisreallyuglybird.

—Butitisusefulbird.Itcanhelpfishermencatchfish.A．an;a B．an;an C．a;a19．Dearstudents,beconfidentofyourselvesandcompletetheEnglishpapercarefully,andyou’llget_______unexpectedresultthroughyourefforts.A．a B．an C．/20．GeorgeWashingtonwas________honestboythatalltheneighborsalltrustedhim.A．soan B．suchan C．sucha冠词拔高版单项选择1．LiHuahas________goodknowledgeofmanyforeignlanguages,andoneofthemisEnglishwhichis________languagespokenbymanypeopleintheworld.A．the;a B．a;the C．a;a D．the;the2．Ryanreallyhadmade__________differencetothesechildren.Hebrokeinto__________joyfulsmile.A．the;the B．the;a C．a;the D．a;a3．________Internethelpsfriendships.A．An B．A C．/ D．The4．Icouldn’tremember______exactdateofthePicassoexhibition,butIknewitwas______Saturday.A．the;a B．the;the C．an;a D．an;/5．Thereis________widerangeofactivitiesforchildreninourclub.A．an B．the C．/ D．a6．Ittookusquitealongtimetogetthere.Itwasjourney.A．three-hour B．athreehour C．threehours D．athree-hour7．________HanDynastywasfoundedwithChang’an______itscapital.A．The;as B．/;being C．The;like D．/;tobe8．Stevelivesin______Europeancountry,andheteachesin_______universitythere.A．an;a B．an;the C．a;a D．a;an9．let’sgoto______cinema,whichwilltakeyourmindofftheproblemfor______while.A．the,the B．the,

a C．a,

the D．a,

a10．Whenyoufinishreadingthebook,youwillhave__betterunderstandingof__life.A．a,the B．the,a C．/,the D．a,/11．________experimenttookusfivemonthsandturnedout________greatdisappointment.A．The;/ B．/;a C．The;a D．The;the12．—Haveyouheardof________deathofStevenJobs?—Yes.Itmustbe________

shock

toApplefans.A．the;the B．a;theC．the;a D．a;/13．—Imagineyouareoutsidewhen________earthquakecomes.Whatshouldyoudo?—Goto________openspaceawayfrombuildingsortrees.A．the;the B．the;an C．an;the D．an;an14．Iwonderwhatitfeelsliketobeoneof____reallyrich.TheJenkinsonsalreadyhavetwoRollsRoycesandnowtheyarebuying____third!A．the,a B．the,the C．/,a D．/,the15．TheSpringFestivalis_____timewhenChinesepeoplegettogethertoeat,drinkandhave_____funwitheachother.A．a;/ B．a;the C．the;a D．the;/16．Itwasthoughttobe______adventureforhimtowalkacross______SaharaDesertalone.A．an;the B．the,/C．/;the D．an;a17．___partheplayedinthemoviedirectedbythefamousdirectormovedtheaudiencesto___tears.A．A;the B．The;不填 C．A;不填 D．The;the18．—Whatdoyouthinkofthegrammarbook?—Oh,itisreally_____usefulreferencebook,whichisworthreading_____secondtime.A．a,a B．an,theC．an,a D．the,the19．As_____matteroffact,basicgardeningissoeasytoachievethatevenpeoplewithphysicalhandicapscangarden.A．an B．the C．/ D．a20．Collegestudentsshouldbeencouragedtouse_____Internetas_____resourcewhenplanningatermpaper.A．the;a B．/;theC．the;the D．a;a名词基础版用所给单词的正确形式填空1．WeChineseallhavean________(agree)todevelopscienceandtechnology.2．Theyhaven’tmadea______________(decide)wheretospendtheirsummervacation.3．Weassureyouofourbest________(serve)toyou.4．Theguidebookisforthatimportant________(visit).5．YuanLongpingisoneofthegreatest

________(science)inChina.6．Thatcoupleof

French________(music)workattractsusdeeply.7．Wecanwintheheated________ifwepresentthefactsclearly.(argue)8．The