形容词和副词的用法

形容词和副词一、形容词定义：形容词是用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否的词。（一）、形容词可分为两大类：描绘形容词和限定形容词。描绘形容词是描写人或物的颜色、尺寸、形状、性质、状态等的形容词。限定形容词用于限定被修饰词的数量、距离、所有关系等。除了these和those外，形容词的单数与复数形式相同。描绘形容词限定形容词Beautiful,large,red,基数词(one,two)序数词(first,second)interesting,colourful物主代词(my,your)指示代词(this,that,these)important数量词(few,many)冠词(a,an,the)（二）、形容词的位置1）形容词一般作定语，置于被修饰语之前，但当几个形容词修饰同一名词时，其排列顺序一般如下：形容词型代/冠词T数量词T描绘形容词allboththe,a(n)this,thatfirstone性质尺寸形状新旧温度颜色国籍材料、用途goodlargecoldredChineseironsuchYour,some,manysecondtwoFinesmallhotblueEnglishstoneExample:thatstrongyoungChineseswimmer形容词前有as,so,no,too,how等词时，不定冠词应置于形容词之后。Sheistookindagirltorefuse.在下列情况下，修饰语应置于被修饰的名词后：名词之后的数量词+名词+old,long,wide等。aboysixyearsold,astreettwokilometerslongsomething,anything,everyone,anybody・■■+形容词。There'snothingwrongwiththeelectriccooker.作定语用的分词或形容词短语Thejudgehastalkedtoallthepeopleinvolved.两个形容词由and或or并列时Allpeople,richorpoor,areequal.“数词+名词”构成的形容词中名词用单数,放于被修饰词之前(1)数词+名词，如atwo-weektour,atenreport等。（2）数词+名词+形容词，如aseven-year-oldboy等。注：名词（无冠词）+基数^=the+序数词+名词，如Unite6=theSixthUnite（4）“数量词+复数名词”作主语，虽然是复数形式，但仍然用单数动词，作为一个单位来表示。如果强调个别数，则须用复数动词。Tenyearsisquitealongtimetohim.TwomonthshavepassedsinceIlastheardfrommyparents.5） 形容词也可作表语，放于系动词之后。6） 形容词可以放于复合结构中宾语之后，作宾语补足语。力the+形容词，可以表示一类人或一类物。二、副词定义:副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。（一） 分类:1） 时间和频度副词:now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently,seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately,hardly,finally,shortly,before,ago,sometimes,yesterday.2） 地点副词:here,there,everywhere,anywhere,in,out,inside,outside,above,below,down,back,forward,home,upstairs,downstairs,across,along,round,around,near,off,past,up,away,on.3） 方式副词:carefully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fast,well,calmly,politely,proudly,softly,warmly4） 程度副词:much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite,perfectly,enough,extremely,entirely,almost,slightly.5） 疑问副词:how,when,where,why.6） 关系副词:when,where,why.7） 连接副词:how,when,where,why,whether（二） 、副词的构成如下：1） 本身就是副词，如very,now,there,quite等.2） 有形容词后缀如Ty,如happily,carefully等。3） 有些副词与形容词同行，如early,high,long,fast,hard等。注意：有些Ty结尾的词不是副词而是形容词，如manly,friendly,queenly等。（三）、副词的位置1） 修饰形容词和副词时，须放在被修饰词之前，如Thesceneryaroundhereisverybeautiful.2） always,never,often,sometimes,ususlly等表示频率的副词在一般动词前，be动词后，有助动词时，在助动词和动词之间。Heusuallygetsupearly,buthegotuplatetoday.IhavenevermethimandIhopeIwillnevermeethim.3） 有两个以上不同种类的副词作修饰语时，其顺序为地点（小地点+大地点）T状态T次数T时间（单位小的时间+单位大的时间）。TheyarrivedinParissafelytheotherday.4） seldom,rarely,never等具有否定意义的频率副词置于句首时，助动词或be动词须放在主语的前面（也叫倒装句），如NeverdidIhearsuchafunnystory=Ineverheardsuchafunnystory.（四）、几个特殊副词的用法1） enough须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之后；too须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之前.ShespeaksEnglishwellenoughtobeaninterpreter.It,stoohotadaytowork.但enough修饰名词时须置于名词之前.Haveyougotenoughmoneyforthismicrowaveoven?2） too…（for…）+不定式（to）,作“太…而不能”解；enough+不定式，意思是“足够可以”，这一结构可转换成so・・・that结构。Theboywasstilltooyoungtogotoschool.THewassoyoungthathecouldnotgotoschool.ThemanisrichenoughtobuyaRoll-Royce.THeissorichthathecanbuyaRoll-Royce.3） already用于肯定句，作“已经”解;yet用于否定句，作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解，still作“仍然”解。Ihavealreadyseenfilm.Haveyouseenthefilmyet?Istillpreferteatocoffee.4） 随着only和also在句中位置的改变，句意和语气也会改变。OnlyMr.Licametoseemetoday.Mr.Licametoseeonlymetoday.Mr.Licametoseemeonlytoday.

三、形容词的比较等级形容词比较等级的规则变化如下表:构成法原级比较级最高级1、单音节词末尾加-er和-est伟大的greatgreatergreatest2、单音节词如以-e结尾，只加-r和-stbrave勇敢的fine好的braverfinerbravestfinest3、闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须big大的biggerbiggest先双与这个辅音字母，再加-er和-esthot熟的hotterhottest4、少数以-y,-er,-ow,-ble结构的双音节词，末尾加-er,和_est（以-y结尾的词，如_y前是辅音字母，则y变为i,再加-er和-est。以-e结尾的词仍只加-r和-st）happy快乐的clever聪明的narrow狭窄的able 能happiercleverernarroweralberhappiestcleverestnarrowestablest5、其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most.difficult困难的moredifficultmostdifficult四、形容词比较等级部分不规则变化表原级比较级最高级goodwellbetterbestbadillworseworstmanymuchmoremostlittlefewlessleastfarfartherfurtherfarthestfurthestoldolderelderoldesteldestlatelatterlaterlastlatest五、形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法形容词与副词都有三个比较等级。1）原级常用于“as+原级+as”结构Helikesherasmuchashelikeshissister.否定的原级用notas…as或notso…as,二者一般无甚区别。Hedoesnotsmokesoheavilyashisbrother.比较级常用于“比较级+than”结构.Heistallerthanme.否定比较与否定原级一样，也用notas(so)…as…结构，也可用less・・・than结构.ThiswordislessfrequentinBritishEnglishthaninAmericanEnglish.两个人或物比较时，定冠词the+比较级表示最高级。Heisthetallerofthetwo.最高级常用于“the+最高级+比较范围”结构，比较范围为短语或从句。Heisthebestpictureinthehall.含有否定词的比较级，如nolessthan=asmuch(ormany)as“不亚于”notlessthan=atleast “至少”TOC\o"1-5"\h\znoless…than=as・・・as “和 样”notless+原级+than “至少不亚于”nomore・・・than=notanymorethan“和 样不 ”notmore…than=notso…as “不像 那样 ”nomorethan=only “只不过”，言其少notmorethan=atmost “不多于”，“至少”表示“几倍于”用twice(两倍)，threetimes(三倍)+as…as,Thisbookcoststwiceasmuchastheotherone.the+比较级 ,the+比较级，意思是“越 就越”，如：Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.比较结构之前可用程度状语加以修饰，如as・・・as前可用almost,nearly,just(about),quite等词语修饰，如，Johnisalmostastallashisfather.在morethan结构之前可用far,(so)verymuch,(quite)alot,agreatdeal,(just)abit,still,far等词语修饰，如：HespeaksEnglishalotmorerapidlythanhedoesFrench.比较级+and+比较级，作“越来……越”解，如：Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger一、基础练习IfIhad ,IwouldvisitEurope,stoppingatallthesmallinterestingplaces.A.alongenoughholidayB.anenoughlongholidayC.aholidayenoughlongD.alongholidayenoughTheseorangestaste .A.goodB.wellC.tobegoodD.tobewellHowbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheard .A.thebettervoiceB.agoodvoiceC.thebestvoiceD.abettervoiceIwouldbe ,ifyoucouldgivemeanearlyreply.A.pleasantB.gratefulC.satisfiedD.helpfulThoseT-shirtsareusually$35each,buttodaytheyhavea(a priceof＄19intheshoppingcenter.A.regularB.specialC.cheapD.ordinaryMrSmithboughta purseforhiswife.A.smallblackleatherB.blackleathersmallC.smallleatherblackD.blacksmallleather——Howwasyourjobinterview? Oh,Icouldn'tfeel .Ihardlyfoundproperanswerstomostofthequestionstheyasked.A.betterB.easierC.worseD.happierLongjingtea,JasmineteaandWuyiteaareallfamous,butwhichdoyouthink ?A.tastesbestB.smellsmostC.soundsbestD.drinksmostly——CanLiHuahelpmewithmyEnglish? IregrettotellyouherEnglishis yours.A.asgoodasB.nomorethanC.nobetterthanD.asmuchasAlthoughhesometimesloseshistemper,hisstudentslikehim forit.A.notsomuchB.notsolittleC.nomoreD.nolessWhentheycamein,MrHarris likeababy.Nobodywouldliketowakehimfromagooddream,becauseheneededrest.A.fellasleepB.wassoundasleepC.gotasleepD.wenttosleepThisyeartheyhaveproduced grain theydidlastyear.A.asless；asB.asfew；asC.less；thanD.fewer；than——CanIhelpyou? Well,I'mafraidtheboxis heavyforyou,butthankyouallthesame.A.soB.muchC.veryD.too——Howdidyoufindyourvisittothemuseum?——Ithoroughlyenjoyit.Itwas thanIexpected.A.farmoreinterestingB.evenmuchinterestingC.sofarinterestingD.alotmuchinteresting Wouldyoulikesomewine? Yes,just .A.littleB.verylittleC.alittleD.littlebitIttakesalongtimetogotherebytrain；it's byroad.A.quickB.thequickestC.muchquickD.quickerIftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhave atschool.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertimeI'msurprisedthatyoushouldhavebeenfooledbysucha(a trick.A.ordinaryB.easyC.smartD.simpleThesalesmanshowedherseveralbagsandshechose oneasshedidn'twanttospendtoomuchmoneyonit.A.thelessexpensiveB.lessexpensiveC.theleastexpensiveD.leastexpensive boxcannotbeliftedbyaboyoffive.A.SoaheavyB.SoheavyaC.AsuchheavyD.Suchheavya二、提高练习Toplantthetree,wemustdig .A.athreefeetdeepholeB.three-foot-deepaholeC.aholethreefeetdeepD.athree-feet-deepholeIthinkheisoneofthebestmenyou've found.A,neverB.alreadyC.everD.once theboy'sgrown!Heisalmost___hisfather.A.What,astallasB.What,tallerthanC.How,astallasD.How,tallerthanIhaven'tgot nailstomendthecupboard.Ineedanotherthreeofthem.A.enoughbigB.bigenoughC.muchbiggerD.manyenoughHenryknowslittleofphysics ofchemistry.A.aswellasB.nolessthanC.andstillmoreD.andstillless—Thedishisdelicious!Well,atleastit's___theoneIcookedyesterday.A.asbadasB.noworsethanC.aswellasD.nobetterthan—Doyouthinktheweatherisgoodenoughforapicnic?Yes.Youcouldn'thopefor atthistimeoftheyear.A.anicedayB.thenicedayC.anicerdayD.thenicestdayItmakesThomasnobetter,anditmakesyou A.bestB.goodC.wellD.worseWiththehelpofthenewequipment,ourfactoriesproduced___VCDplayersin2000astheyearbefore.A.asmanyastwiceB.twicemorethanC.astwicemanyD.twiceasmanyIhadinvited50gueststotheparty,butactuallytwice came.A.morethanB.asmanyC.asmuchD.lessthan—Whydidn'tyougotothecinemalastnight?Itwassomething interesting.A.farlessB.moreorlessC.muchmoreD.anyfurtherThepopulationofmanyAlaskancitieshas doubledinthepastfiveyears.A.largerthanB.morethanC.asgreatlyasD.asmuchas—Thisisagoodplaceforapicnic.Yes,itcouldn'tbe .A.betterB.bestC.worstD.worse—HowdoyoulikeyourteacherofEnglish?—Well,nooneteaches here.A.wellB