《喧哗与骚动》中班吉形象的精神分析

AnAnalysisoftheImageofBenjyinTheSoundandtheFuryfromthePerspectiveofPsychoanalysis《喧哗与骚动》中班吉形象的精神分析摘要威廉·福克纳是美国当代著名作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者。其长篇小说《喧哗与骚动》描述了一个美国旧南方贵族没落的故事,刻画了康普生家族成员的生活、精神状态。本论文主要用心理学家弗洛伊德的精神分析理论分析《喧哗与骚动》中有着自己独特而鲜明的特色的班吉这一人物形象。依据弗洛伊德精神分析理论，在解读文本的基础上，分析班吉的人格世界以及他在安全感、秩序以及爱三个方面的缺失，进而分析班吉这一悲剧形象产生的原因。通过这些分析研究，可以发现班吉的精神生态畸形象征着一个有着旧南方传统价值观群体的精神生态畸形，是十九世纪转型时期的社会条件下美国南方人悲惨生活的体现。关键词：精神分析人格世界缺失AbstractWilliamFaulknerisacelebratedcontemporaryAmericanwriterandthewinneroftheNobelPrizeforliterature.Hisfull-lengthnovelTheSoundandtheFurydescribesthedeclineofanAmericanaristocratintheoldsouth,anddepictsthelifeandmentalstateoftheCompsonfamilymembers.ThispapermainlyanalyzestheimageofBanjywhohashisownuniqueanddistinctivecharacteristicswithFreudianpsychoanalysistheory.BasedonFreudianpsychoanalysistheoryandtheinterpretationofthetext,thispaperanalyzesBanjy’spersonalityworldandhisabsenceofsecurity,orderandlove,andanalyzesthereasonsfortheemergenceofthetragicimageofBanjy.Throughtheseanalysesandstudies,itcanbefoundthatBanjy’sspiritualandecologicaldeformitysymbolizesaspiritualandecologicaldeformityofagroupwithtraditionalvaluesoftheoldsouth,andistheembodimentofthemiserablelifeofsouthernAmericansunderthesocialconditionsinthetransitionperiodofthe19thcentury.Keywords:psychoanalysispersonalityworldabsenceContentsI.Introduction IntroductionSinceitspublication,TheSoundandtheFuryhasattractedtheattentionofcriticsandscholars.Thestudiesaboutitcanbedividedintomanykinds,suchaswritingskills,essaystructure,southernthemes,feminism,charactersinitandsoon.BenjywhichisanalyzedinthispapercomesfromthenovelTheSoundandtheFury.Forbetteranalysisandunderstanding,thefollowingwillintroducethelifeoftheauthorandthecontentofthenovel.1.1IntroductiontotheAuthorWilliamFaulknerisconsideredbymanytobethegreatestAmericanwriterofproseandfiction.HeisalsooneofthemostimportantwritersinsouthernAmericanliteratureandthewinneroftheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1949.Hewrote19novelsandnearly100shortstoriesduringhislifetime.ThevastmajorityofthestoriestakeplaceinthefictionalYoknapatawphaCounty,knownasthe“YoknapatawphaLineage.”Theseworksarerealistic,imaginative,pessimisticandheroic.Faulkner’sstoriesarethestoriesofseveralgenerations

insomefamiliesfrom

differentsocialclasses.HisworksprofoundlyandcomprehensivelyexploreandanalyzethefundamentalcausesofthedisintegrationoftheoldsouthintheUnitedStates,andshowthehistoricalchangesofthesocialcrisisinthesouthandthespiritualcrisisinthesouth.Faulkner’sinsightintothesouthernUnitedStatesandeventhewholewesternworld,aswellashisfruitfulinnovationsinnovelformsandcreativemethods,havearousedgreatinterestofreadersandcritics,whohaveexploredhisworksfromdifferentperspectives.WilliamFaulknerintegratedmodernism,romanticismandrealism.Westerncriticshavepaidattentiontohisworksformorethan70or80years.Duringthisperiod,alargenumberofresearchpapersandrelatedworksaboutWilliamFaulkneremergedinEurope,andpeople'sloveforFaulknerwasfarearlierthanthatintheUnitedStates.Asearlyasthe1930s,whenFaulknerwasunknownandnoonecaredaboutthemaninAmerica,hisworkshadbeentakenattentionandlovebyFrenchscholars,ideologistsandreaders,“InthemindsofyoungpeopleinFrance”,withSartre’swords,“hewasGod.”IntheformerSovietUnion,inJapan,andespeciallyinLatinAmerica,WilliamFaulknerhadawidereadershipandinfluencedgenerationsofwriters.InChina,althoughtheacademicresearchesaboutFaulknerstartlateandareinterruptedforalongtime,thankstotheunremittingeffortsofexpertsandscholarssuchasLiWenjunandTaoJie,remarkableaccomplishmentshavebeenmadesincethe1980s.ItcanbesaidthatthedomesticresearchonFaulknerhasmadegreatprogressandenteredanewstage.Inrecentyears,newpapershavebeenpublishedeveryyear.Inhis19novels,Faulkner’sfavoriteisTheSoundandtheFury.In1998,themodernlibrarylistedFaulkner’sTheSoundandtheFuryasthesixthof100bestEnglishnovelsinthe20thcentury.TheSoundandtheFuryisalsopayedattentionbymostcritics.1.2IntroductiontotheNovelTheSoundandtheFurywascreatedon27April1928.Faulkneroriginallycalledit“Twilight”.Whathewantedtowriteisanovelaboutthedeclineofanaristocraticfamilyinthesouthandwiththelossoflove.Althoughhelaterchangedthetitle,thebasicpurposeremainedthesame.TheSoundandtheFuryisFaulkner’sfirstmatureworkandoneofFaulkner’smostdevotedworks.ThetitleofthebookisfromShakespeare’stragedyMacbeth,“Lifeistaletoldbyanidiot,fullofsoundandfury,signifyingnothing.”Fromthesourceofthenovel’sname,itcanbeseenthatFaulkner’schoiceoftheidiotBenjyasthefirstnarratorhasanecessitybasedontheconsiderationofthesubject.Thatlifeislikearidiculousstorytoldbyanidiotisthethemehewantstoconvey.ThroughtheidiotBenjy,FaulknerrenderedtheatmosphereofthecollapseofCompson’sfamily.Thebookisdividedintofourparts,eachdescribedbyacharacter.ThefirstpartisBenjysection,whichdescribesthatthepositionwhereBenjyandhisfamilylocatedisonthevergeofdecline,anddescribesitfromtheperspectiveofanidiot’syoungson.ThesecondpartisQuentinsection,withBenjy’sbrotherastherelator,describingwhatBenjysawandheard,aswellashissubconsciousandreallife.ThethirdpartisJason’ssection,withBenjy’ssecondbrotherastherelator,whichshowsBenjy’sselfishpsychologicalstate.ThefourthpartisDilseysection,fromDilsey’s(ablackmaidservantoftheCompsonfamily)observationandinnermonologuetoimprovetheplotofthisnovel,isasupplementtothelimitedperspectivefirstthreepartsandasupplementtothebook’sattributes.Inshort,theperfectstructureofTheSoundandtheFurysurprisedcriticsandreaders.WhatthenovelnarratesisthesoutherndeclinelandlordCompsonfamilytragedy.Thisisaonceillustriousfamousfamilywhicheverhadagovernorandageneralastheirancestor.Therewerelotsoffieldsandlotsofblackslavesbefore.ButasoldCompsonwasidlerandsotted,whilehiswife--oncethesoutherngreatlady—wasselfishandcallousanddidnothavethetenderfeelingdueasamotherandwifecompletely.Nowtherewasonlyoneruinedhouseleft,andblackservantDilseyandherlittlegrandsonLester.TheeldestsonQuentindesperatelyclingtotheso-calledoldsouthtraditioneventuallybrownedhimselfbecausehissisterCaddy’sromanticaffair.ThesecondsonJasonisruthlessandgreedypersonman.Atthesametime,hatredanddespairsometimesmakehimanirrationalandimpracticalrevengemaniacandsadist.ThethirdchildBenjyisacongenitalidiotwhohasonlythreeyearsoldintelligence.Benjy,ontheotherhand,hasnodifficultyinrevealingthetruthoflifeandtheworld.AllmembersoftheCompsonfamilycanreflectvariousnobleormeanoruniversalorindifferenthumannaturethroughBenjy.AndthespiritualabilityandvaluablehumanbrilliancethatBenjypossessesareadmirable.BenjywasthevictimoftheCompsonfamily.Hewaspunishedforthemistakesofothersandforcedtotakethescapegoatfortheconsequencesoffamilydecline.AlthoughBenjyexperiencedalotofsuffering,buthetoldthesufferingofhumanbeingsthroughhisownexperiencetocherisheachothermoremutualsupport.InTheSoundandtheFury,thesiblings’personalitydevelopmentisnotsound.Theyliveinaspecialworld.IntheoldworlddescribedbyFaulkner,braveCaddylancinatestheveilofpatriarchalsocietydisguisewithhershockingaction;Quentinloseshimselfinthesearchandgoestohisdeath;Theself-servingJasonspendshislifeinanxiety;Benjy,asthenovel’sopeningrelator,isoftenregardedbycriticsasthestartingpointforbringingouttheprotagonistinthenovel.Infact,Benjyinterpretstheworldaroundhiminitssimplestform.Hishowlingandmoaningandcryingwerefullofhubbubtoshowthecommotion.HissoundandfurynotonlyshowedthedeclineoftheCompsonfamily,butalsoreflectedthespiritualcrisisofthewholeAmericansoutherngrandplantationfamilywhenvariousculturesandcivilizationsclashedviolentlyinthe20thcentury.ThroughBenjy,thenovelreflectsthenoble,mean,kindorindifferenthumannatureandhighlightsthethemeofhumansuffering.LiteratureReviewPsychoanalytictheorybelongstopsychodynamictheory,whichwasfoundedbyAustrianpsychiatristFreudinthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcentury.Psychoanalytictheoryisthecornerstoneofmodernpsychology,anditsinfluenceisfarfromlimitedtothefieldofclinicalpsychology.Ithasaprofoundinfluenceonthewholepsychologicalscienceandevenallfieldsofwesternhumanities.ItsinfluencecanbecomparedwithDarwinism.Asasocialandculturaltrendofthought,Freudianpsychoanalytictheoryhasemergedinthewestinthe20thcenturyandhasahistoryofmorethan100years.Overthepasthundredyears,italsohasattractedtheattentionofmanyscholarsathomeandabroad.2.1ForeignResearchStatusFreudianpsychoanalytictheoryhaspenetratedandinfluencedthewesterntheoreticalcriticismcircle,andvariouscriticshavemadetheirownreactionsandcriticismstoit.Inthesereactionsandcriticisms,therearebothprosandcons.ErichFrommandTerryEagletonputforwardarelativelypertinentcriticismandevaluationtoFreudianpsychoanalytictheoryfromtheperspectiveofwesternMarxism.TheformermakesanoverallevaluationofFreudianpsychoanalytictheoryfromtheperspectiveofthewholeculturalcriticism,whilethelatterexplorestherise,evolution,development,successandfailureofpsychoanalytictheoryagainstthebackgroundofvariousliterarytheoriesinthewestinthe20thcentury.InhisbookGreatnessandLimitationofFreud’sThought(1979),FrommpointedoutthethreemajordiscoveriesofFreud:thetheoryandmethodofstudyingtheunconscious,thestepsandtechniquesofdreaminterpretation,andthetheoryoftheinstinctoflifeandtheinstinctofdeath.AccordingtoFromm,“thegreatthingaboutFreud’sdiscoveryisthathecameupwithawaytoreachthetruth,awaytoreachbeyondthetruththatanindividualtrusts……Freudprovedempiricallythatthecureformentalillnessliesintheinsightofthepatient’sinternalmentalstructure,thatis,inthereliefofrepression.”FrommwasveryimpressedwithFreud’scontribution.Inhiseyes,Freudwasindeedawizardintheestablishmenttheory.ItwouldnotbetoomuchtodedicatetoFreudthemaxim“buildtomakereality”.ButatthesametimeFrommalsopointsoutthelimitationsofFreud,mercilesslythinkhislimitationismainlyduetothebourgeoismaterialismtheory,especiallyvulgarmaterialismdevelopedbyVogt,MoleschottandBuchnerinGermany.TerryEagletoncriticizesFreudianpsychoanalytictheorymainlyfromtheperspectiveofliterature.AfterpointingoutthelimitationsandinadequaciesofthetheoryoftheunconscioustheOedipuscomplex,andthetheoryofdreams,hecametotheconclusionmoreobjectively:“AnytheoryascomplexandoriginalasFreud’sisboundtobethesourceofabittercontroversy.Freudianpsychoanalytictheoryhascomeunderattackformanyreasons,butitshouldneverbeseenasasuretheory.”HerearealsocriticswhostudiedFreudianpsychoanalytictheoryfromtheperspectiveofliterature.LionelTrillingestablishedhimselfasanauthorityonFreudianstudieswithhisearlypaperFreudandliterature.Later,inArtandNeurosis,heraiseddoubtsforFreudandhisdisciples’conflationofartandneurosis.Trilling’sresearchcoversawiderange,butmainlyfocusesonculture-literarycriticism.Withhisview,therelationshipbetweenliteratureandpsychoanalysisisactuallyaformoftherelationshipbetweenliteratureandculture.“Noprofession,”heargued,“hashadsuchalastingandintimateassociationwithpsychoanalysisasliterature.”ThereasonforthatmainlydependsonFreud’scontribution,andFreud’scontributiontoourunderstandingofliteratureisnotbecauseofwhathesaysaboutliteratureitself,butbecauseofwhathesaysaboutthenatureofthehumanmind.Inthisway,Freud’sgreatcontributiontothecultureandliteratureofthe20thcenturyisfurtherconfirmedinthebroadsenseofculture.AlthoughTrillingdiedmanyyearsago,hisassessmentofFreudianpsychoanalytictheorystillhasasignificantimpact.Whilestudyingmodernwesternliterature,AlfredKazinalsonoticedthegreatroleofpsychoanalysisasaculturalphenomenoninmodernliterature.“Freud’sgreatinfluence,”henotes,“arosefromthefactthathereallygaveusanewperspective,andthatpeoplecouldfollowhimfromideatoidea,fromsubjecttosubject.”Itisbecauseofthisbroadvisionthatpeoplecantrulyunderstandtheinnerrelationshipbetweenpsychoanalysisandcontemporaryliteratureandculture.Intoday’sAmericancriticalcircle,manycriticstrytointegratethetheoryofpsychoanalysisintothepracticeofculturalcriticisminabroadsense.2.2ChineseResearchStatusThedisseminationofFreudiantheoryinChinacanbetracedbacktotheearly2020s,anditsmaindisseminativechannelsarethroughWesternEuropeandJapanrespectively.ThefieldsthatFreudiantheoryintroducesincludepsychology,cultureandliterature,andtheevaluationandintroductionworkinthesethreefieldsisalmostsimultaneous.In1920,psychologistWangJingxipublishedareviewarticlewhosetitleisTheInstinctandtheUnconsciousinTrendyVol.2,No.4onMay.Thisarticle,thoughnotdirectlyintroduceFreudpsychoanalysistheory,itindirectlymentionssomeofFreud’stheoriesbycommentingontheviewsofWallace,McDougallandothersoninstinctandunconsciousness.Inthesameyear,WangJingxipublishedRecentTrendsinPsychology,whichintroducedtheestablishmentofFreudianpsychoanalysisanditspopularityinwesternculturalcirclesaftertheFirstWorldWar.Inhisopinion,thesignificanceandinfluenceofpsychoanalysisaremainlyreflectedintwoaspects:oneisthatinstinctandemotionshouldplayanimportantroleinpeople’spsychology;theotheristhatpsychoanalysisprovestheexistenceoftheunconsciousnessandalsofindseffectivewaystodetecttheunconsciousness.Thesetwofindingsareactuallypowerfulshockstothepastofrationalpsychologyandmarkthebeginningofanewkindofpsychology-unconsciouspsychology.FromWang’spointofview,heatleastrelativelybelievesinpsychoanalysisandalsoexpresseshisdeepadmirationtoFreud’sexplorationandboldideas.Heregardsthatasarecenttrendinthedevelopmentofpsychology.AfterWangJingxi,in1922YangZhenshengpublishedanarticleentitledNewPsychology,whichindirectlyintroducedsomeimportantpointsofFreud,suchastheunconsciousnessandlibido.PanGuangdan,ZhangShizhaoandothersactivelystudiedFreud’spsychoanalytictheoryintheculturalandliterarycircles.Generallyspeaking,theirideologicaltendencywastopraiseandadmireFreud.DuringhisstudyinGermany,ZhangShizhaoevenwrotetoFreud.IntheafterwordoftheChinesetranslationofFreudandMarx,DongQiusi,aleft-wingscholar,triedtoevaluatethecontributionandlimitationsofFreudianpsychologistictheoryfromtheperspectiveandstandpointofMarxism.Fromtheoutset,hearguedthat“Freud’sfundamentalideaslikeunconsciousness,whichonthefaceofitseemtobeidealist,areinfactwellfounded.Itisnotfair,therefore,toconcludefromsuperficialobservationthatFreud’stheoryisprimarilyidealist.”Inhisopinion,psychoanalysishasmanyelementsofmaterialismanddialectics,soithassomethingincommonwithMarxisminmanyaspects.Butsinceitisanew,experimentaldoctrine,theshortcomingsofFreudiantheoryareobvious.Inthefieldofpsychology,psychologistGaoJuefufirstintroducedandstudiedFreudiantheorycomprehensivelyanddeeply.In1928,GaoJuefupublishedareviewarticletitledOnFreud,whichstartedthecomprehensiveintroductionofFreudandhisworks.In1930,hepublishedhispaperFreudandHisPsychoanalyticCriticism.ThisarticlereachedthehighestlevelofpsychologyaboutcommentingonFreud.GaoJuefutakesabipartiteattitudetowardsFreud’stheoryandhighlyappraiseshiscontributiontohumancivilizationandprogress.AccordingtoGao,Freud’scontributionmainlyliesinthefollowingthreeaspects:(1)Freuddealtafatalblowtorationalism(i.e.,rationalpsychology);(2)Freudthoroughlyappliedtheprincipleofcauseandeffectinpsychology;(3)Freudmadepsychologyandhumanhaveacloserelationship.However,GaoJuefudidnotonlyfocusonFreud’scontribution,butalsopointedouttheextremepointsofFreud’stheoryofunconsciousness,dream,sexualinstinctandsoon,andwarnedthatpeopleshouldneverblindlyechohistheory.TheoriesofFreudianPsychoanalysisAsanAustrianphysician,psychologist,literarycriticthefounderoftheschoolofpsychoanalysis,SigmundFreud(1856-1939)wasborninaJewishmerchantfamily,andwasknownasthethreeJewswhoinfluencedthewholehumanthinkingtogetherwithMarxandEinstein.Freudianpsychoanalysistheorywasformedinhislong-termdiagnosisandtreatmentofmentalpatients.InAustriainthelate19thcentury,thefreecompetitionofcapitalismdevelopedintothestageofmonopolycapitalism,withsharpsocialcontradictions,strongreligiousatmosphereinculture,severesocialtaboos,greatsuppressionofsexualinstinct,andincreasinglyhighincidenceofmentalillnessandneurosis.Itisunderthissocialbackgroundthatpsychoanalytictheorycomesintobeinganddevelops.Freudianpsychoanalysisisgenerallydividedintotwostages:earlystageandlatestage.Intheearlytheories,hedrewmuchattentionforhisdiscoveryoftheunconscious,anddividedpeople’spsychologicalstructureintothreeparts:consciousness,pre-consciousnessandsubconscious.Withthefurtherexpansionoftheresearchscope,hemadearelativelylargerevisiontotheprevioustheory,andcomprehensivelyextendedthistheorytophilosophy,religion,society,cultureandotherfields,makinghistheoryrisetotheheightofphilosophyandanthropology.Thepersonalitytheoryusedtoanalyzetheinnerworldofcharacterswascreatedinthisstage.Hewrotemorethan50worksinhislifetime,whichhadawideimpactonallfieldsofsociety,especiallythefieldofliterature.Uptonow,Freudianpsychoanalytictheoryisstillbeingstudiedandexplored.

Applyingittoliteraryworksplaysanimportantroleinexploringtheimageofcharacters.3.1ConsciousandUnconsciousTheoryAccordingtothepointofviewofmodernpsychology,theconsciousnessisthespecialhigh-levelformreflectingtheobjectiverealityandtheconsciousreflectionwithpurpose.Thiskindofreflectionismainlyreflectedinthecognitiveactivities,thatis,theactivitiesof“awareness”.Theso-calledunconscious,generallyreferstounconscious,notawareofthepsychologicalactivities;Itisnotrelatedtothesecondtrustsystemandcannotbeexpressedinwords.InFreud’searlytheory,thehumanmindhastwoparts,oneisconsciousnessandtheotherisunconsciousness.FreudandBreuerfoundintreatinghysteriathatthesuffererwasnotawareofallhisemotionalexperiences.Whenpatientsareunderhypnosis,iftheycanrecalltheirownexperienceofthediseaseandtellthewholetothedoctor,theywillfeelrelievedandthediseasewillbecured.Freudbelievedthatitwastheemotionalexperienceofthesuffererthatwasrepressed,squeezedoutofconsciousness,lurkingintheunconscious,andthatcausedthedisorder.FromthisearlyconceptionFreuddevelopedhisconceptsofconsciousnessandtheunconscious.Thisleadshimtobelievethatthehumanmindconsistsofconsciousandunconsciousparts.AccordingtoFreud,consciousnessisthepsychologicalpartrelatedtodirectperception,includingwhattheindividualisnowawareofandwhatcanberememberedalthoughheisnotawareofnow.Theunconscious,however,cannotberealizedbytheself.Itincludestheprimalblindimpulses,variousinstinctsandthedesiresrelatedtoinstinctsafterbirth.Theseimpulses,instinctsanddesires,whichareincompatiblewithsocialcustoms,habits,moralsandlaws,aresuppressedorpushedunderthethresholdofconsciousness(thresholdofconsciousnessreferstotheboundaryofbeingawareof).Theyhavenotbeeneliminated,butarestillactivelyactiveunconsciouslyinpursuitofsatisfaction.Sotheunconsciousisabigrepositoryofpeople’spastexperiences.BecauseFreud’sunconscioushassuchanature,peoplecallhisunconscious“subconsciousness”.Freudalsobelievedthatbetweentheconsciousandtheunconscious(subconscious),thereisa“pre-conscious”.Thepre-consciousispartoftheconscious,thepartoftheconsciousmindthatisnotconsciousbutcanberemembered.InFreud’sview,thepre-consciousliessomewherebetweentheconsciousandtheunconscious,anditisthepartthatcanberecalled,theexperiencethatcanberecalled.Theunconsciousisnottoberecalled.Inthisway,infact,Freuddividedthehumanmindintothreepartsorthreelevels:consciousness,pre-consciousnessandunconsciousness(subconscious).Theconceptoftheunconscious,whichisattheheartofpsychoanalysis,isthebasisofFreud’stheory.Amongallthosewhohavesincerevisedtheclassicalpsychoanalysis(FreudianPsychoanalysiswaslatercalledClassicalPsychoanalysistodistinguishitfromthenewpsychoanalysis),nomatterthedegreeofrevision,thisbasicconcepthasnotbeenabandoned,otherwise,thepsychoanalystisnot.Freudinhistheory,theunconscious(subconscious)toanunprecedentedheight,andconsciousnessisonlyasecondaryposition.Hebelievedthat“mentalprocessesthemselvesareunconscious”andwasopposedthetheoryofmindas“thescienceofconsciouscontent”.Henotonlybelievedthat“consciousmentalprocessesareonlyisolatedprocesses”,butalsothatthereis“somethinglikeunconsciousthinkingandunconsciouswill”,andtherecognitionofunconsciousprocessesisadecisivetendencythataffectstheworldandscience.Therefore,Freudarguedthattheresearchobjectofpsychologyshouldmainlybethevariousunconsciousmentalprocessesofhumanbeings,thatistosay,psychologyshouldbethescienceofunconscious.InFreud’stheory,therelationshipbetweenconsciousness,pre-consciousnessandtheunconscious(subconscious)canbeexpressedasfollows:InFreud’sview,pre-consciousnessispartofconsciousnessasmentionedabove.Pre-consciousnesstoconsciousness,orfromconsciousnesstopre-consciousness,isamatteroftheblinkofaneye.Althoughthereisaboundarybetweenthetwo,thereisnoinsurmountablegap.Wecandrawitasadottedline.ForFreud,itisverydifficultfortheunconscioustoreturntotheconscious,becausethereisaclearbarrierbetweenthetwo.Itseemsthatthereisastrictdefenseatthedooroftheconscious,andtheinstinctivedesireoftheunconsciousisnotallowedtointrudeatwill.Wecanwriteitasasolidline.InFreud’searlytheories,thisdefensewascalledtheinspectioneffectorinspector.3.2PersonalityTheory In1923,Freudestablishedthemoreformalstructuralmodelofpsychoanalysis,whichwasdefinedbythethreeconceptsofId,EgoandSuperego,whichrepresenteddifferentaspectsofhumanpsychologicalfunctions.AccordingtoFreud,theEgoistheexistenceandawakeningofone’sownconsciousness;TheIdisthenaturalexpressionoftheoriginaldesire.Thesuperegoisthesocialnormandtaboo.3.2.1IdAccordingtotheory,theIdrepresentsthesourceofalldriveenergy.Theenergyofindividualmentalfunctionisrootedintheinstinctsoflifeanddeath,orsexandaggression,whicharepartoftheId.Initsfunction,theIdseekstoreleaseexcitementandtensionandreleaseenergy,anditoperatesonthepleasureprinciple,whichisthepursuitofpleasureandtheavoidanceofpain.Inthisway,theIdseeksimmediateandcompleterelease,whichhasthequalityofaspoiledchild:whenyouwantit,yougetit.TheIdcan'tstandanyfrustrationandhasnoscruples,whichismanifestedinitsdisregardforanyrealityanditsabilitytoobtainsatisfactionbyactingorbyimaginingthatithasgotwhatitwants-satisfyingthefantasyisasgoodastheactualsatisfaction.TheIdhasnoreason,logic,values,moralsenseandethicalcreed.Inshort,theIdisexcessive,impulsive,blind,irrational,unsocial,selfish,andindulgent.3.2.2EgoAccordingtoFreud’sstatement,thefunctionoftheEgoistoexpressandsatisfythedesiresoftheidandthedemandsofthesuperegothroughtheargumentofreality.TheEgooperatesaccordingtotherealityprinciple,inwhichinstinctivegratificationisdelayeduntiltheappropriatetimesothatmostpleasuresinvolveminimalpainandnegativeconsequences.Accordingtotheprincipleofreality,theenergyfromtheEgomaybeblocked,transferred,orslowlyreleased,dependingontherequirementsofrealityandconscience.Thiswayofworkingisnotinconsistentwiththepleasureprinciple,butmerelyrepresentsatemporaryinterruptionofsatisfaction.InthewordsofGeorgeBernardShaw,theEgoperformsitsfunctionby“beingabletochoosethepathofthegreatestgoodratherthanthepathoftheleastresistance”.Theegocanseparatedesirefromfantasyandcantoleratetensionandcompromise.Overtime,itcanalsochangeitselfanddeveloptheskillsofpercipienceandcognitionandtheabilitytothinkaboutmorecomplexproblems.Forexample,peoplecanthinkaboutthefutureandwhatisbestinthelongrun.Allofthesequalitiesarediametricallyopposedtotheunrealistic,immutable,excessivequalitiesoftheId.3.2.3SuperegoTheoppositeoftheIdistheSuperego,whichcontainstheideaswestriveforandthepunishmentsweexpectwhenweviolateourownmoralcode.Thispartofthepersonalitystructurecontrolsbehavioraccordingtosocialno