文化及其对外交政策影响

日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

戴季陶DaiJitao(famousChinesepoliticalfigureandtheorist)日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

戴季陶DaiJitao’sOnJapan

OnJapanpublishedin1928日本已经把中国放在手术台上进行解剖，而中国人对于日本，只是一味地排斥、反对，再也不肯做研究的工夫。JapaneseareanatomizingChineseontheoperatingtablewhileChineseareonlyrepelling,rejectingandexcludingJapanesewithoutdoinganystudyonthem.日本人最富有的是优雅精致，缺乏的是伟大崇高。我确信日本人有一种强烈的“信仰力”，这“信仰力”的作用，足以使他为主义而牺牲一切。而好美，和信仰同样是民族最基本的力量，有了这两个力量，一个民族一定能够强盛，能够发展。Japanesearefullofeleganceandexquisitenesswhilelackinggreatnessandnobility.IbelievethatJapanesehaveastrongsenseof“faith/belief”,whichmakethemabletosacrificeeverythingforcertain“ism”.Loveofbeautyandstrongbelief/faitharethebasicpower/strengthofanation,andwithtwokindsofpowerassuch,anationmustbedevelopingandprosperous.JapaneseShintobeliefs,thecharacteristicsoflovingbeauty,themartialspiritandmilitarismaretheimportantcharacters/thingsofJapaneseobservedbyMr.DaiJitao.日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

JiangBaili(Chinesemilitarytheoristandeducator)

蒋百里日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

《日本人》１９３８年出版

日本是中国近现代史怎么也绕不过去的一个国家．对于日本，无论是怎样反对他、攻击他，总而言之，非晓得他不可。过去如此，现在更是如此。

Japanese---AStudybyaForeigner

publishedin1938JapanisacountrywhichChinesemodernhistorycannotavoidatall.Nomatterhowhardweareagainstitorattackingit,wemustknowit.Itwasthecaseinthepast,andisstilltrueatpresent.时时向外界注意，缺少了内省的能力Japanattachesgreatimportancetothingsoutsideitsterritoryandlackstheabilityofintrospectionorself-examination.日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy蒋百里、戴季陶著JapaneseandOnJapanbyJiangBailiandDaiJitao日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

鲁思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedictTheChrysanthemumandtheSword·日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

鲁思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedict·菊花王朝...日本皇室的家徽是16花瓣的菊花Chrysanthemum

dynasty…16-petalchrysanthemumistheroyalheraldryofJapan.日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

鲁思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedict武士刀WarriorSword(SamuraiSword)·

日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

鲁思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedict

·恬淡静美的“菊”----日本皇室家徽；QuietandbeautifulchrysanthemumisJapaneseroyalheraldry.凶狠决绝的“刀”----武士道文化的象征。Fierce/viciousswordisthesymbolof

bushidoculture.公家（圣德天子明治天皇昭和天皇平成天皇）武家（丰臣秀吉德川家康）“菊”与“刀”来揭示日本人矛盾的性格，即日本文化的双重性ChrysanthemumandswordembodythecontradictorycharactersofJapaneseandreflectthedualnatureofJapaneseculture.日本人生性极其好斗而又非常温和；黩武而又爱美；倨傲自尊而又彬彬有礼；顽梗不化而又柔弱善变；驯服而又不愿受人摆布；忠贞而又易于叛变；勇敢而又懦怯；保守而又十分欢迎新的生活方式。Japanese,ontheonehand,areveryaggressiveandontheotherhandaremildandgentle.Theyaremilitaristicandwarlikewhilelovingbeauty.Theyarearrogantbutalsocourteous.Theyareverystubborn/obstinate,butalsochangeableandfickle;docileandtamebutunwillingtobeorderedabout;loyalbutbetrayseasily;bravebutalsocowardly;conservativebutalsoadaptabletonewwayoflife.日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

鲁思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedict·日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy一．日本文化JapaneseCultureFeatures日本文化是所有伟大的传统中最神秘的、最离奇的。－－美国哲学家穆尔TheU.S.philosopherMoorethinksthatJapanesecultureisthemostmysteriousandmostfantasticofallthegreattraditions.１．独立性＋吸收性IndependenceandAcquisition/Learning大化改新（7世纪）：吸收中国大唐文化，接受佛教和中国哲学

TaikaReforminthe7thcentury:learningfromtheTangDynasty,acceptingBuddhismandChinesephilosophy明治维新（19世纪）：吸收西方文明，接受西洋技术MeijiReform/Restorationinthe19thcentury:learningfromthewesterncivilization,acceptingwesterntechnology２．本土性locality崇尚原味（爱吃生冷食物等）loveoriginaltaste(suchassashimi)家族意识（集团意识）familyconsciousnessorgroupconsciousness民间巫术，对神灵的崇拜；（神国、日出之国，天照之神，日照之神）

Folkwitchcraftandworshipofgods,suchastheKingdomofGod,theLandofRisingSun,etc.神道，日本的传统民族宗教，最初以自然崇拜为主，属于泛灵多神信仰（精灵崇拜），视自然界各种动植物为神祇。

ShintoisthetraditionalJapanesereligion,originallyworshipsmainlythenature,andregardsallanimalsandplantsinnatureasgods.日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

鲁思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedict·3.耻感文化：（相对于罪感文化）Shame-basedCulture(differentfromquiltculture)他们以知耻为德行之本，依靠外部的强制力来做善行。GuiltemergesforEuropeanswhentheydosomethingtheyknowiswrongandnooneknowsaboutit.Europeansexperienceshameasbeing“embarrassed”orfeeling“ashamed”.ShameemergesforEuropeanswhensomethingtheydowrongespublic.Japaneserelyontheexternalforcetodogoodthings.这种文化的极端表现，就是日本流行的自杀现象和战争输出。本人以适当的自杀行为来洗刷污名从而赢得名声，这让我们再一次想起武士切腹。Anextremeexampleofshamecultureissuicideandwarwaging.Someoneearnsreputationandgetsridofstigmabycommittingsuicide.对外发动侵略战争，其深层动因依然是名誉，日本人迫切要求在世界上赢得“尊重”。Waginginvasionwartoothercountriesinnatureisforreputation.Japanesearelongingeagerlyforothers’“respect”.日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy茶道teaism花道ikebana书道calligraphy剑道kendo日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy靖国神社YasukuniShrine日本文化与外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy喜好自然素雅（对美的理解；对自然花草的偏爱等）Japaneselikesimple,unadornedbutelegantthings.日本人眼中的美BeautyinJapanese’sView:洁净之美：きれいー既有干净之意，也有美丽之意clean简洁之美：枯山水—一地白沙，几块天然石plain素雅之美：追求自然、本份、素淡、和谐。吃讲究原味。simplebutelegant纤细之美：小而精巧为美，茶道、花道、书道等slender感伤之美：凋零美、寂寞美。sorrowful(witheringofsakura,loneliness)群体之美：樱花具有群体美、气势美，个人应该像樱花一样隐没在花海中，不能像牡丹那样一枝独秀，也不能像梅花那样洁身自好，不合时流。collectivity(Sakurahasthebeautyofcollectivity.Individualshouldbeintegratedintogroupasimmergesintheseaofsakuras,andshouldn’tbeoutstandinglikepeonyorloftylikewintersweet.)MainCharacteristicsofJapaneseCulture二．日本文化的特点CharacteristicsofJapaneseCulture１、位置意识/集团意识PositionConsciousness/GroupConsciousness人情味的集团意识；亲情般的上下级关系。Groupmembersarelikefamilymembers.以集团为家，对集团忠义，内外有别。Loyaltothefamily-likegroup;cleardistinctionbetweenthein-groupsandoutsiders.２、耻感文化Shame-basedCulture“耻”意识是日本人思想和行动的道德规范，强调外在的约束，他律性。缺乏是非观念。ShameconsciousnessisthemoralstandardofJapanesethoughtsandbehaviors.Itemphasizestheexternalconstraintsandheteronomy.Japanesehasnosenseofprinciple.３、宗教意识ReligiousConsciousness自然崇拜，多教并存。（佛教、道教、基督教等）Natureworship,andcoexistenceofdifferentreligionssuchasBuddhism,Daoism,Christian,etc.Inconclusion,themaincharacteristicsofJapanesecultureincludeshinto

thought,shame

culture,

group

consciousness,religiousconsciousness

and

island

mentality.JapaneseHasNoSenseofPrincipleCommonfeelingisveryimportantinJapanandhasmanyvalues.Itdoesnotrecognizeonesolecorrectideologicalsystemorabsolutejustice.Managingwithdifficulty

todistinguishrightfromwrong,superiorityfrominferiorityornobilityfromhumbleness,certainlywillleadtoquarrelsandevendrawnswords.Howthencan“harmony”thenbetakenintoconsideration?TheJapanesedonotliketogetentangledinanabsolutetheory.Inextremeterms,whatallagreetois“correct”.ItisnowonderthatJapanesethinkerNakaeChominsaidfranklythatJapanhashadnophilosophyfromancienttomoderntimes.So,theJapanesehavenosuchmodeofthinkingthatseparateonetochoosethisorthat;theytakeineverything.PeopleoftensaythattheJapanesereceiveChristianbaptismatthetimeofbirth,abidebytherulesofShintoismatthetimeofmarriageandaskBuddhistmonkstochantscripturesatthetimeofdeath.Generallytheydonottakeextrememeasuresevenforsomedecree.Forinstance,whentheMeijigovernmentorderednationalstotrimtheirhairworninabunandhaveshorthair,itsolvedtheissuemainlyby“guiding,”ratherthan“banning”.FamousJapaneseculturalanthropologistandsociologistNakaneChiepointedoutthatthereisnofullyindependentframe,formandskeletoninJapaneseculture.ComparedwithChinaandIndia,Japanislikeamollusk,whileChinaandIndiaaresimilartomammalssuchashorsesandlions,whichhaveclear-cutbones.ItcanbesaidthatJapanisclosetolivingbeingswithoutbonessimilartotheseacucumber,whichinprincipledoesnotpresentanobviousformandoftenchanges.

ThisvividlysummarizestheJapaneselackofasenseofprinciple.日本文化与外交BeautyofCollectivity日本文化与外交

日本文化与外交日本文化与外交BeautyofPlainness日本文化与外交BeautyofSimplicity日本文化与外交WorshipofGod三．日本文化对外交的影响

JapaneseCulturalInfluencesonDiplomacy１．各守本分，依附强权Doitsownbitandclingtobigpower.

对自己在国际社会的地位、身份、等级很敏感，verysensitivetoitsposition,identityandstatusintheinternationalcommunity２．崇尚名誉，大国志向AdmiringGoodReputationandHavingBigPowerAmbition３．自卑与自大Feelingself-inferiorandself-importantatthesametime

日本的外交战略

JapaneseDiplomaticStrategy１．结盟外交－日本国家发展的重要战略资源AlliancediplomacyisanimportantstrategicresourceforJapan’snationaldevelopment.２．远交近攻，与强者为伍（历史经验：西方国家征服东方（中国）的帮手：镇压义和团，八国联军）

Keepingfriendlyrelationswithdistantstatesandattackingthosenearby;sidingwiththepowerfulstatesandbenefitingfromsidingwiththeWesternpowersinconqueringtheEasternstates(suchastheEight-PowerAlliedForces,aggressivetroopssentbyBritain,theUnitedStates,Germany,France,tsaristRussia,Japan,ItalyandAustriain1900,tosuppresstheanti-imperialistYihetuanMovementoftheChinesepeople).

3.

缺乏大战略，但见风使舵，机敏过人Lackofgrandstrategy,“sailingwiththewind”,surpassothersbyswiftchanges

阻碍日本走向大国的障碍

TheObstaclesforJapantobeaRealBigPower

１.岛国心态，大国志向IslandMentalityandBigPowerAmbition

日本虽然地处东亚一隅，但心怀东亚．日本的“亚洲感”比中国要强烈。近代以来，日本对亚洲有一种使命感，这种使命和抱负表现为一种冲动和扩张，“我要代表亚洲”，具有能动性。JapanhasgreaterambitiontobeNo.1bigpowerinAsiathanChina,andeagerlywantstobetherepresentativeofAsiasincemodernhistory.IthasalwayshadasenseofmissiontowardAsia,whichturnedouttobeaggression/invasionandexpansioninhistory.岛国劣根性Insularity：目光短浅，气量狭隘，自我封闭，排外等beingshort-sighted,

narrow-minded,self-isolated,anti-foreign,etc.２.外交结构:日美同盟与亚洲外交的平衡DiplomaticStructure:ABalancebetweenJapan-USAllianceandAsianDiplomacy３.国内问题能否解决DomesticProblems政治结构，政局动荡，政治家－政客politicalinstability社会结构，老龄少子化，６５岁以上２４％agingsocietywithover24%above65andfewerchildren财政赤子问题，２０１１年１２月，公共债务９５０万亿日元。financialdeficitproblem,JPY950000billionsofpublicdebtinDec.2011

中日关系

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