从生态伦理学角度解读《瓦尔登湖》中的人与自然的和谐关系

AnBriefAnalysisonStrategiesofEliminatingListeningComprehensionObstaclesforEnglishLearners PAGEI从生态伦理学角度解读《瓦尔登湖》中的人与自然的和谐关系OnHarmoniousRelationshipofHumanandNatureinWaldenfromtheAngleofEcologicalEthics PAGEIII摘要本文主要运用生态伦理学的基本理论来阐释梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》，着眼于梭罗本人独特的性格与经历，系统的分析生态伦理观在梭罗作品《瓦尔登湖》中的体现及梭罗生态伦理观的当代意义和价值，对梭罗作品中蕴含的生态伦理观做了一个较为全面的梳理。从伦理学的角度审视其作品，进而展现出其独特的思想性，为我们整体性的认识梭罗创作思想打开了一个新的窗口：只有尊重自然，敬畏自然，实现人与自然的和谐共存，选择合理的生活方式，才能解决我们现在所面临的生态危机。关键词：《瓦尔登湖》；生态伦理学；人与自然；和谐关系AbstractInthispaper,thebasictheoryofecologicalethicsistoillustrateThoreau'sWaldenandotherwritingsthroughbasictheoryofecologicalethics.IpayattentiontoThoreau'suniquecharacterandexperience.InthebasisofanalyzingtheappearanceofecologicalethicsinWaldenandOtherWritingsandthetheory'smodernmeaningandvalue,Icombthetheorywholly.Ialsoperceivetheworkfromethics,exhibititsparticularphilosophyintheworkandtrytoopenawindowforourunderstandingtoknowThoreau'sthoughtoncreationcomprehensively:Onlywhenweshowrespectandawetonature,canwerealizetheharmoniouscoexistencebetweenhumanandnature.Thusonlychoosingproperlifestylecansolvetheecologicalcrisisthatwearefacingnow.Keywords:Walden;Ecologicalethics;Manandnature;HarmoniousrelationshipContent11246摘要 I18452Abstract II3831Content III9085Chapter1Introduction 114536Chapter2EcologicalEthics 35377Chapter3TheCausesofEcologicalEthicsEmbodiedinWalden 6117753.1Thoreau'sPersonalCauses 651783.1.1Thoreau'sUniqueLivingEnvironment 6244083.1.2Thoreau'sViewofNature 841603.1.3Thoreau'sViewofLife 8255223.2TheImpactofEmersonandItsTranscendentalism 982103.3TheEssenceoftheLostSpiritofIndustrialSociety 1119263Chapter4HarmoniousRelationshipofHumanandNatureinWalden 12234254.1TheLifeCommunity 1275034.2Simple,Simple,andSimpleLifePrinciples 1318520Conclusion 1523891Bibliography 1726063Acknowledgement 18OnHarmoniousRelationshipofHumanandNatureinWaldenfromtheAngleofEcologicalEthicsPAGE18Chapter1IntroductionHenry,DavidThoreau(1817-1862)wasafamousAmericanphilosopherinthe19thcentury.Awriterandathinker.Thoreaudidnotreceivetherecognitionthathedeserved,andthegenerationsofThoreaupraisedhimlessandless.Afterthe1940s,theAmericanpeople'sevaluationofThoreauwasgettinghigherandhigher,andvariouskindsofAmericanpolicecamein.In1969,Thoreau'sstatuewasformallyplacedinthecelebritypavilionofthegroup.HewasalsoknownasthefirstinterpreterofAmericanliteratureinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,thefirstsaintofAmericanenvironmentaldoctrine.In1985,theAmericanheritageselectedtenbooksconstitutingAmericancharacter,Thoreau'sWaldenwasrankedfirst,andThoreauwasthetopofthelistafterasimilarselection.AmericanwriterBillonceregardedWaldenasaCovenantandinspiredliteraryclassics,headded:itisnotsomuchanimmortalasitisareallife.ThoreaubegantopublishhisknowanddemocraticcommentsintheBostonpapersin1843,andbecamelessfamous.In1849,ThoreaupublishedhisfirstbookaweekontheconcordandMerrimackrivers,describinghowThoreauandhisbrotherfloatedontworiversneartheirhometown,butdidnotcausemuchreaction.In1854,Thoreaupublishedanotherofhisworks,Walden,andachieved-acertainsuccess.OnlythesetwobookswereputintoprintwhenThoreau'swerealive,andotherworkssuchastheMaineforest.Thecapecod,etc.arearrangedbytheirrelativesandfriends.Inaddition,histhreepapers,onthedisobedienceofcitizens,thereplacementofforesttreesandtheproliferationofseeds,especiallyaftertwomoredirectlylaidtheecologicalstatusofThoreau.ThetextmainlystudiestheharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnatureinWalden.Thoreau'slivingenvironment,Emerson'stranscendentalism,andtheessenceofindustrialsociety'sspiritofloss,thesethreemainfactorsmadeThoreau'sWalden.Ecologicalethicsisabranchofethics,whichstudiesanddiscussestheethicalandmoralproblemsofhumanbeingsinecologicalenvironment.ThispartmainlyUSESrelevanttheoriesofecologicalethics:worshiplife,fearlife;Newhumanitarianism;thevalueofnatureistointerpretThoreau'sWaldenlake,soastohaveanintuitiveunderstandingoftheecologicalethicscontainedinThoreau'sWalden.Chapter2EcologicalEthicsIftheThoreautheorypublishedin1862byEmersonintheAtlanticmonthlyasthestartingpointofThoreau'sstudy,thentheAmericanThoreaustudyhashad148yearsofhistory.Inthehistoryofmorethan100years,Thoreau'sunderstandingandacceptancealsoexperiencedsometwistsandturnsandrepeated.Thoreau'spamphletwaspopularoncampusattheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury.In1886,Thoreau's1productwasissuedinEngland.Inthelate19thcentury,FranklinbegantoorganizeThoreau'sbooks.Inthe1930s,becauseoftheimpactoftheeconomiccrisis,Thoreau'sphilosophyandhissimplelifeattractedthepublic.ThefirstpaperonThoreauwasadoctoralthesiscompletedbytheuniversityofMichiganattheuniversityofMichiganin1899,andbyEllaKnapp(nowlost).ThesecondisHelenaSnyder,aGerman(thetitleisnotknown).Thoreau'sliterarytheoryandcriticismbyHenryThoreau,writtenbyaAdam,isthethirdarticleinthestudyofThoreau,whichwaslaterpublishedbyAdama"HenryDavidThoreau"evokedtheinterestoftheacademiccommunityinThoreau'sresearch.ThelargestchangeinThoreau'sstudywasfoundin1941,foundedbythesoloassociationofWalterHarding,whichisthelargestandoldestorganizationintheUnitedStates.Beginninginthe1950s,theThoreaustudyintheUnitedStatesbegantopresentavarietyofaspects,includingbiographicalstudies,literarystudies;philosophicalstudies,ecologicalstudiesandculturalstudies,andvariousstudiesalsoreflectedtheintersectionofeachother.qTheearlystudieswerefocusedonThoreau'sbiography,biography,andliterature,amongwhichthefamousShermanPaul(PaulSherman)publishedtheAmericancoastline:Thoreau'sinnermostexploration.(ThoreauofAmerica:Thoreau'sexploration).Inthisbiography,theauthorturnedhisattentiontoThoreau'sworksnothislife,HebelievedthatthewritingwastherecordofThoreau'sinnerlife,andheshouldunderstandthethemeofThoreauthroughreadingthetext,anddigupthecourseofThoreau'smind.Robert'slifeofmind,alifeofthemind,theauthorstandsonThoreau'sposition,byrereadingthebooksthatonceinfluencedThoreau,notonlythesourceofThoreau'sthoughts,butalsotheprocessofThoreau'sselectionandtransformationofhisinterestinthesebooks,forThoreau'stextandthemostKanoflife,Walter.Harding,adistinguishedEnglishprofessorwhohastaughtattheuniversityofaboutstate,hasbeenasecretary-generalofthesoloresearchinstitutefornearlyfiftyyears,devotedhislifetoThoreau'sstudy,andhepersonallycollectedmorethan15,000piecesofThoreau'sresearch.Amongthem,theThoreau'smaterialeditedbyhishandis:thedaysofThoreau(1965);Henry.DavidThoreau'saddressbook(1958)；Thoreau'smanual(1954);Thoreau:acentury'scriticism;HenryDavidThoreau:thecollectionofresearchandcriticism(1972);NewThoreauhandbook(1980);Thoreau'sdiary(1984);Thoreauintheeyesofhisgeneration(1990).Inpreviousstudies,thecommentsweremoreconcernedaboutThoreau'sInhiswritingcareer,HardinfocusedonThoreau,amanofThoreau'slife,carefullycombingthroughtheaccumulationofinformationovermanyyears,andtryingtorestoreThoreau'simagefromtheWeirdo,thereclusiveimageofitsflint,andshowedusacontradictionofaveryhumannatureandaonelikemostofus.AsthefounderandlifelongmemberoftheThoreauresearchinstitute,Hardin'scollectionofThoreauarebiographicalmaterialsandtherevisedversionofThoreau'stextareofgreatreferencevalue.Inaddition,StephenistranslatedandpublishedbyChineseBookCompany.Thoreau'sThoreau(Thoreau),withtheshuttleLuo'sthoughtisbasedontheinterpretationofitsvarioussocialroles,shaping-athree-dimensionalandcomprehensiveimageofThoreau.ThebookfocusesonThoreau'slifeandthought,revealingtheimageofthenaturalistThoreau,uniqueandrichincontent.Ithasoriginalmeaning.ThebiographicaldataoftheChineseversionalsoincludeRobertmi'sremakeofThoreau,whichcombinespsychologistsloveandMarxistculturalscholarRaymond.Theviewfromthecomplexrelationshipbetweenpersonalconsciousnessandgroupconsciousness,socialprocessandliteraryformtostudyThoreau,focusesonThoreau'sprocessofadjustingindividualsocialpsychologyinhisworks.ForThoreau'slife,thebookgivesanobjectiveandfairevaluation,insightful,uniqueandsufficientarguments.Languageisclearandfluent,withliterarygrace,bothlivelynarrativeandasteadyargument.Throughin-depthexcavation,thepersonreshapedThoreau'simage,thusopenedanewperspectiveforThoreau'sresearch.TheearliesttranslationofThoreau'sworksinChinaismainlyhismasterpieceWalden.TheearliestversionofthebookwastranslatedbyMr.XuChiandpublishedbyShanghaimorninglightpublishingcompanyinOctober1949,entitledwatt.Inthe50s,thepiracyofthebookappearedinHongKong,whichisatriptothelakebyWuMingshi(anonymous),publishedbyHongKongpublishinghousetoday.After33yearsofthefirstedition,in1982,Mr.XuChi,whowasclosetohis70s,returnedtoproofreadthefirsteditionandwroteanepiloguetobepublishedbyShanghaitranslationpublishinghouse,thetitleofwhichisofficiallycalledWalden.ButtheintensivestudyofThoreauandWaldeninourcountrybeganinthe1990s.Forexample,in1996,themagazinepublishedaseriesofarticlestodiscussThoreau'sWalden.ThedomesticresearchofThoreaumainlyfromthelocalperspective,focusingonChineseandwesterncomparisonandthemeresearch,fromtheperspectiveofroadculturecomparisontostudyThoreauandChineseculturalrelationsisoneofthefocuses.Inrecentyears,becauseoftheachievementsofecologicalliteratureandecologicalphilosophyinEuropeandAmerica,domesticscholarsbegantointerprettheirworksfromtheperspectiveofecologicalcriticism.Chapter3TheCausesofEcologicalEthicsEmbodiedinWalden3.1Thoreau'sPersonalCause3.1.1Thoreau'sUniqueLivingEnvironmentThetownofconcord,Massachusetts,inthenorthwestsuburbofBoston,only20milesfromBostonharbor,belongingtotheNewEnglandarea.ItcannotbecalledtheMillenniumtownasChina,butithasalonghistoryintheUnitedStates.InThoreau'stime,therewereonly5,000people,butnowmorethan17,000,muchsmallerthaninChinaatown,whereThoreauwasbornin1817asmallshopkeeperfamily.

Thelandscapeofconcordandthemostpleasantwind,Thoreaulivedmostofhislifeinthetownofconcordornearthetownofconcord,inteachingandwriting.Hetraveledallhislifetothemountainsandriversofconcordandyou,allofwhichbecamethesourceofhisworks.Hesaidinthestrollingthateveryoneoftheewalksthroughthewoodsforfourhoursofcustom,thinknotonlyisgoodforhealth,andcaninspireliterarycreationinspiration,hefeltnaturallyhasaspecialmagneticforceforhim.TherichnaturallandscaperesourcesofconcordgaveThoreauawonderfulenvironment,establishedhisconnectionwithnature,andprovidedhimwithrichwritingmaterials.Thoreauthemostimportantworksofhislifealmostalwayshasacloseconnectionwiththetownofconcord.TheconcordofThoreau'slifewastheworldhethought,andThoreaulovedhishometownconcord.Emersonsaid:MrThoreaudidhisbesttodedicatehisgeniustothefieldsandmountainsofhishometown,sothatalltheAmericanandoverseaspeoplewholovedtoreadwereinterestedinthem.Hewasbornbytheriveranddiedbytheriver.HehadonlybeentoMaineandtheCapeCodCanalforseveralshortjourneysinhislife,aswellasthelongjourneytoCanada.Hetookhishometownconcordasastrongholdandsilentlyrealizedhisobservationandfeelingofnature,becausehebelievesthatallplacesarethesame,whereeveryoneisthebestplace.Emerson'sevaluationofThoreauwasundoubtedlyextremelyaccurate.Thoreauhaddedicatedhislifetolivinginconcord,practicinghisownviewsofnatureinthemountainsandwatersofconcord.Therefore,themostbeautifulandpleasant,thesimpletownofconcordhasbecomeanaturaldiggingbasketthatgavebirthtoThoreau'senvironmentalethics.Situatedoutsidethetownofconcord,thestateofconcord,LakeValisabeautifulsmalllakeonthesideofacountryroadinNewEngland.itwasnomorestrikingthananyotherlake,butthelittlelakewasknownforthesakeofHenryrThoreau,HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862).From1845to1847,ThoreauspentmorethantwoyearsinthesmallwoodhouseonWaldenPond,anexperimentofhissimpleliving.Hegrowshisownvegetables.Sometimestheygotothenearbyvillagestodooddjobs.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeobservingnature,readingandwriting,andrecordingtheirownobservations,activitiesandideas,andlaterwrotethebookWalden.OnthebanksofWalden,Thoreaubegantobeunrestrainedandintegratedintothelifeofnature.Thisoutstandingnaturalbible,becauseofadvocatingakindofconceptandmethodofsimpleliving,isrespectedbypeople;manypeopleregarditasasolutiontothespiritualcrisisinthematerialdevelopedsociety.WaldenalsomakesThoreauaphilosopherwhoworshipsnature,returnstonature,andcreatesawisemanwhothinksinanErroneous.TheformationofThoreau'secologicalethicsthought,Waldenplayedanimportantrole.WaldencanbecalledThoreau'sfriend,andThoreau'smentor.ThoreauoncesaidtoWalden,wheneverIlookatthelakeofthelake,thelakegivesmetheimpressionofthemountains,onthesideofthemountains,Iseeittakeofftheeveningmist,itsgentlewaves,oritsglassyNamihiralake,wherethemist,likethespirit,creptoutofeverydirection,intothefaceofthelake,fullofjoyandyouth,anditseemedtosuggestthatthewholelakeofthelakewasanactivefish.Accordingtosomeofthecharactersweknow,perhapsonlyWaldenhasinsistedthelongest,andkeptitpureforalongtime.ManypeoplehavebeencalledValbyarms.butonlyafewofthemdeserveit.WaldengivesThoreauaquiet,Confusiongarden,givinghimasimple,mellowsoulcompanion,insuchaheaven,thatThoreaugraduallyproximalhimselfintotheranksofthewise.InThoreau'seyes,Waldenwasfilledwiththelightofhumannature.Thoreauwrote:perhapslongbeforeAdamandeveweredrivenoutofthegardenofEden,thelakehadalreadyexistedbeforethespringmorning,evenatthattime,withthelightmistandthesoutherlygales,thesoftrain,thelakewasnolongercalm,flocksofwildducksandswansupstreamofthelake,theydidnotknowtooutofitthesamething,thepurewaterofthelakewassufficient.ItwaswiththeintoxicatingwordsofThoreauthatWaldenPondbecamethemeccaofAmericanliteratureandthespiritualhomelandthatcountlesspeopleaspiredto,and,ofcourse,becauseoftheWaldenPond,thegreatfamebehindThoreau'sdeath.3.1.2Thoreau'sViewofNatureForThoreau'sviewofnature,Thoreau'sviewofnatureisdifferentfromthatofEmerson,whichobviouslytranscendsEmerson'sviewofnature.HisWaldenisakindofspiritualrealm,whichaccordswiththecurrenttheoryofecology.Therefore,manycommentsonThoreau'sviewonnaturefromtheperspectiveofecology.ItrevealsthatThoreau'sviewofnatureandecologyarecloselyrelatedtothebackoftheeraoftheindustrialization.Therearecommentsthatshuttle'snaturalindependentvalue,opposedtothevalueofnatureasaneconomicandpracticalvalue,expressestheideathatbalanceshouldbemaintainedbetweencivilizationandwilderness.Emphasizetheaestheticandspiritualsignificanceofnature.Inshort,Thoreau'sviewofnaturepursuestheharmonybetweenmanandnature,criticizesthevulgardesire,makesthemateriallifesimple,callsforareturntonature,challengestheanthropocentrism,andhonorsthespirituallife.3.1.3Thoreau'sViewofLifeThecommentonThoreau'sviewoflifeismainlyfromhispursuitoflife.Moralview,spiritualrealmandsoon.Thoreauopposedmercantilism,simplifiedmateriallife,pursuedspiritualenrichment,struckabalancebetweencivilizationandnature,andproposedaspirituallifeabundantsociety.somecommentatorshaveobservedthecallofmoralconscienceinThoreau'sindividualisticthought,consideredthattheindividual'sconscienceisahighermoralprinciplethanthelaw,andadvocatedthatindividualinterestsarehigherthaninstitutionalinterests,andconsideredthatthisidealinfluencestheconstructionofAmericannationalcultureandhasbecomeanimportantpartofAmericanculture:ThoreauworshipMateriallifeissimple,pursuitofspirituallifeandpromotespiritualpurification.ThepursuitofspirituallifeisthemostdazzlinguniquepartofThoreau'sviewoflife.TheideaoftranscendentalismblendstheeasternclassicalphilosophyofIndia,Chinaandothercountries,whichisparticularlyattractiveforChinesescholars.TheytakeadvantageoftheirChineseculturaladvantages,tocontrastthewesternculturaldiversionoftheeasternculture,andtocomparetherelationshipbetweenthesystemoftranscendentalismandtheConfucianandTaoistcultureinChinesephilosophy,andtherelationshipbetweenThoreauandChineseculturemainlyfromtheconnectionofConfucianismandTaoism.ThroughcomparingThoreauwithConfucius,Mencius,LaoziandZhuangziinexaminingtherelationshipbetweenmanandnature,thewayoflifeadvocated,thepoliticalattitudeandtheexpressionofthinking,thispaperanalyzestheinfluenceofThoreauonthevaluechoice,lifeconcept,roadchoiceandsentimentcultivation,andcomparesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenThoreauanddumplingandTaoism.TherearealsosomecommentsonthehumanisticspiritreflectedinThoreau'sthoughtandthesimilaritiesandessentialdifferencesbetweenthehumanisticspiritandthehumanisticspirit.OthercriticspointedoutthatThoreau'sviewofnatureisconsistentwiththeideaofreducinggreedandreturningtonatureadvocatedbyLaoziandZhuangzi.Thoreau'spersonalviewisthesameasthatofLaozi'sinaction.OthercommentsthinkthatThoreauandLaoziandZhuangadvocatedthenaturalmeaningofthesame,ChuangTzu'sformepositionandThoreau'sattitudeandpursuitofthesameattitudeandpursuitofthegoalsarenotthesame,ChuangTzu'sTaoandtheTaoandThoreau'stranscendentaltruthandmeltingintothesuper.Therearefundamentaldifferencesinthetruth.ItcanbeseenfromthisthatthelifeexperimentonWaldenpondembodiesoneofthepositivegainlifeexperiencephilosophyoflife,whichshowsthatheisnotahermitinChinesetraditionalsense,andinturnacceptsThoreauinthemoderncontextofChina.3.2TheImpactofEmersonandItsTranscendentalismTheNewEnglandtranscendentalismisoneoftheimportantsourcesofThoreau'snaturalconsciousness.TheAmericanromanticliteraturemovementwaslaterintheUnitedkingdom,beganinthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury,thisisthebeginningoftheprosperityofAmericannationalliterature,atthattime,theAmericanliterarycirclewastryingtogetridofthebondageofcolonialliteratureform,tryingtoreflecttheidealandenthusiasmoftherisingperiodofthebourgeoisie.ItwasthetimetheEuropeanliteraryworldwasintheheydayofromanticism.ThepoetryofByronandWordsworth,Coleridge'sliterarytheoryandCarlisle'shistoricalphilosophy,RousseauandMrs.Stahl'swritings,Goethe'sworksandsoon.TheyweredeeplyconcernedbytheAmericanliterarycommunity.RepresentedbyOwen,cooperandotherearlyromanticliterature,mainlyinthehistoryoftheUnitedStateslegends,folkcustoms,naturalsceneryhasaunique"American"theme,openedaneweraofAmericanliterature.Itscreationisconservativeinpoliticalthought,anditisnotentirelyfreefromthemodeofEnglishliterature.Afterintothe30s,representedbyRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau,acollectionoftheauthortoitsproseadvocatecarryinfectiouspersonality,tocreateanewcontentandnewformsofliterature,theliteratureofthisperiodbelongstothelateromanticliteratureoftheUnitedStates.WesternscholarsgenerallysummedupinthetranscendentalatthispointintheNewEnglandregiononeofthemostactivegroupofcreators,becausethisperiodofromanticismliteratureandgeneralizedthetranscendentalistmovementisinseparable.GraduatedfromHarvardUniversityin1834,setsofprosewriter,thinkerandpoettranscendentalistmasterRalphWaldoEmerson,RalphWaldoEmerson,1803-1882settledinconcord,thesurroundingisalsoduetohegatheredabatchofprudent,makethetownfilledwithastrongculturalatmosphereoffreedom.Theyarefreefromtheshacklesofolddogmaandtheoldlawsthatbindpeople'sminds.ConcordbecametheculturalcenteroftheUnitedStatesandtheholylandoftranscendentalism.Transcendentalistsarguethatbytranscendingtheintuitionandinstinctofexperiencetocomprehendtheontologicalandeternalunityofallthings,theyadvocatenatureandbelievethatliteraturemustmaintainitsoriginalrelationshipwithnature.Butthenatureintheireyesisnotanobjectivereality,butasymbolthatpeoplecanseetheexistenceofgod.AstherepresentativeofAmericantranscendentalism,EmersonhadadeeprelationshipwithColeridgeandCarlisle,andhisthoughtsclearlyblendedwiththeBritishromanticism.ThoreauwasEmerson'sstudentandfriend,influencedbyhim,andhejoinedthetranscendentalistclub,becomingoneofthemostimportantrepresentativesoftheenlightenment.WhenThoreauwasstillinhisfourthyearatHarvardin1837,hestudiedEmerson'sfirstbook,nature,calledthetranscendentalistclassic.Backtoconcord,hestayedawayfromthecityandlivedinEmerson'shome,graduallymaturinginthecareandinspirationofEmerson.Duringthattime,heacceptedEmerson'sadviceandbegantowritealargenumberofessays,whichhelaterpublishedinDial.In1845,ThoreaubuiltacabinonlakeWalden,Emerson'swoodland,andbeganhisfamoustwo-yearexperiment.SinceEmersonwastheenlightenmentandlifementorofThoreau,theyhadalotincommon,andpeopletendedtoseeThoreauasapractitionerofEmerson'stheory.Infact,ThoreauwasafaithfulfollowerofEmersonandbelievedthatnaturereflectedthespiritofthesunasthemoonreflectedthesun.Butthen,asthetranscendentalistgraduallyin-depthstudyandpractice,intheprocessoftheconcordcarefulobservationofnature,formedaverydifferentfromEmerson,Thoreauinmodernsocietyismoreinfluentialinthefearofnaturalecology.Inhiseyes,natureisatextbook,andpeoplemustunderstandtheworldthroughthefactsthatoccurinnature.Natureexistsbecauseofitself,andhumanbeingsshouldliveinharmonywithnature.Thoreauyearningnatureofdynamicbalanceoftheoriginalstate,prayforthepeoplegetalongwithallotherbiologicalandnon-biological,longingfortherestraintmaterialneedsbutthespirituallifeinfiniteabundancefulfillingwayoflife.3.3TheEssenceoftheLostSpiritofIndustrialSocietyIntheeraofThoreau,thefirsthalfofthe19thcentury,theUnitedStateswasboomingindustry,fasterthananyothercountry,therapiddevelopmentoftheeconomy,theceremonywillcontinuetoprogress.However,thedevelopmentofindustryandcommercehascausedtheAmericanpeopletocatchthemoneyworshipthought,stimulatingpeopletotheunlimitedpursuitofmoneyandwealth.Thegoalofpeople'slifeistomakeafortune,todevelopnaturefromtheeasttothewest,andtodestroythenaturalenvironment.Materialdesireobscuredtheemptinessofthespiritualworld,materialdevelopmentexceededspiritualdevelopment,andthebalancebetweenthemwasdestroyed.Thespirithasbeenswallowedupbymachineproduction,technologicalmeans,economicinterests,hedonism,andconsumerism,andthecapitalistsociety,whichsupportsthecapitalistsociety,isleftwithapillarofprofit.thecapitalistsocietythatwalkswithalegisboundtobeplungedintoadeepmentalcrisis.Thoreaubelievedthattheso-calledmaterialneedsofgrowthwereonlywhatourmaterialwanted:theseriesofthingsweneededorthenecessitiesoflife,butwhatwewanted;Toportraymaterialastheneedtomeet,itwillbringussomeunnecessarydistress:toseethespiritualneedsasifthereisnohope,andtoendangerourexistenceandvalueashumanbeings.ThoreaupointedtothedominantpositionofAmericanmaterialisminthe19thcentury,pointingoutthathumanbeingsliveaquietanddesperatelife.Thedevelopmentofcivilization,theprogressofsocietyhasgraduallybroughtmankindintooneawkwardcorner.Humanbeingsareincreasinglyconvincedthattheycantaketheleadinsocialdevelopment.Buttheyareunconsciouslyreducedtothemachineofsociety.Chapter4HarmoniousRelationshipofHumanandNatureinWaldenAttheturnofthecentury,ecologicalethicsenteredhumanrealityasanewworldmorality.Thisistheresultofpeoplethinkingaboutenvironmentalproblemsfromtheperspectiveofculture,whichistheexpressionofethicsfacingthereallife.Itonceheshowedgreatvitality,itthoughtthehumanwelfareandprotecttheearthasthegoal,playamoreandmoreimportantroleinthesocialreality,thuscausetheattentionoftheworld.Thisisnotonlyhumanluck,butalsoluckyfortheplanet.Thoreauinitswritteninthe19thcenturyworksinWaldenhasalreadycontainedtheideaofecologicalethicsisintheworksofHenryDavidThoreauecologicalethichasitsobviouscharacteristics:first,intheworksofHenryDavidThoreauWaldenhasalotofontheextractofChinesetraditionalcultureandtouse,suchasConfucianspiritofcultivateone'smoralityraisesagender,eagernessinna