暨南-国际经济学考试范围(卜国琴范围)

《国际经济学》复习范围题型：名词解释（共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）判断题（共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）简答题（共5小题，每小题8分，共40分）论述题（共2题，每题15分，共30分）范围：I.名词解释1.InterindustrytradeTradeinwhichtheproductsofoneindustryareexchangedforproductsofanotherindustry.2.IntraindustrytradeTwo-waytradeindifferentiatedproductswithinanindustryorbroadproductgroup.3.IntraproducttradeTradeinwhichtheproductsofoneindustryareexchangedforproductsofanotherindustry.4.TheBalanceofPaymentAsummarystatementofalltheinternationaltransactionsoftheresidentsofanationwiththerestoftheworldduringaparticularperiodoftime,usuallyayear.5.ComparativeAdvantageAcountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodsiftheopportunitycostofproducingthisgoodsintermsofothersissmallerthanthatinothercountries.6.Stolper-SamuelsonTheorem(effect)Iftherelativepriceofagoodsincreases,holdingthefactorsuppliesconstant,thenthenominalandrealreturntothefactorusedintenselyinthatgoodswillalsoincreasewhilethenominalandrealreturnofotherswilldecrease.7.Heckscher-OhlinTheoremAcountrywillexportgoodsthatuseitsabundantresourcesintenselywhileimportthoseusingitsscarcefactorsintensely.8.Factor-PriceEqualizationTheoremInternationaltradeleadstocompleteequalizationintherelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogenousfactorsacrosscountries.9.OptimumtariffTherateoftariffthatmaximizesthebenefitresultingfromimprovementinthenation’stermsoftradeagainstthenegativeeffectresultingfromthereductionoftrade.10.ExchangeRateOvershootingThetendencyofexchangeratestoimmediatelydepreciateorappreciatebymorethanrequiredforlong-runequilibrium,andthenpartiallyreversingtheirmovementastheymovetowardtheirlong-runequilibriumlevels.11.purchasingpowerparity(PPP)Thetheorythatpostulatesthatexchangeratedependsonrelativepricesinthetwocountries.12.LawofonepriceThepropositionthatintheabsenceoftransportationcosts,tariffsandotherobstructionstothefreeflowoftrade,thepriceofeachidenticaltradedcommoditywillbeequalizedinallmarketsbycommodityarbitrage.13.TheFisherEffectArise(fall)inacountry’sexpectedinflationratewilleventuallycauseanequalrise(fall)intheinterestsratethatdepositsofitscurrencyoffer.14.TheJ-CurveAfterarealcurrencydepreciation,theCAofacountrymayfirstworsenandthenimprove.ThechangingpathofCAintermsoftimeislikea“J”,sowecallthiscurve“J-Curve”thatdescribesthetimelagwithwhicharealcurrencydepreciationimprovestheCA.15.managedfloatingexchangeratesThepolicyofinterventioninforeignexchangemarketsbymonetaryauthoritiestosmoothoutshort-runfluctuationswithoutattemptingtoaffectthelong-runtrendinexchangerates.16.sterilizedinterventionAsterilizedinterventionisthepurchaseorsaleofforeigncurrencybya

centralbank

toinfluencetheexchangevalueofthedomesticcurrency,withoutchangingthe

monetarybase.

17.CapitalflightCapitalflightisalarge-scaleexodusof

financialassets

andcapitalfromanationduetoeventssuchaspoliticaloreconomicinstability,currency

devaluation

ortheimpositionofcapitalcontrols.18.vehiclecurrencyAcurrencythatiswidelyusedtodenominateinternationalcontractsmadebypartieswhodonotresideinthecountrythatissuesthevehiclecurrency.19.interestparityInterestrateparity(IRP)isatheoryinwhichthe

interestratedifferential

betweentwocountriesisequaltothedifferentialbetweentheforwardexchangerateandthe

spotexchangerate.

Takingdollarandeuroasexamples,theconditionisR$=R€+(E’$/€-E$/€)/E$/€.20.inflationbiasHighinflationwithnoaveragegaininoutputthatresultsfromgovernments’policiestopreventrecessionII.GiveaT(True)oraF(False)foreachofthefollowingsayings.涉及每章重要的知识点。III.简答题1.Howaboutthebasicreasonsforwhichcountriesengageininternationaltrade?Differintheirresourcesandintechnology\inordertoachievescaleeconomiesorincreasingreturnsinproduction.2.WhataboutthebasicviewpointsoftheHeckscher-Ohlintheory?Firstofall,H-Otheoryemphasizesresourcedifferencesastheonlysourceofinternationaltrade.Secondly,itshowscomparativeadvantageisinfluencedbyfactorabundanceandfactorintensity.Itscoreviewsaysthatacountrywillexportthegoodsthatuseitsabundantresourceswhileimportthoseusingitsscarcefactors.3.HowabouttheInternationaleffectsofexport-biasedandimport-biasedgrowth?画相对供给-相对需求图Export-biased:itwillincreasetherelativesupplyofthiscountry’sexportcommodities,causingtheshiftofRScurve,whichmeansitworsensthetermsoftradeofthiscountryImport-biased:justinoppositetotheeffectofexport-biasedgrowth,itwillimprovethiscountry’stermsoftradewhileworsenthatofothercountries.4.Comparetheeffectsofatariffandofanexportsubsidyonthetermsoftrade.画相对供给-相对需求图TariffandexportsubsidywillbothcausetheshiftofRSandRDcurve.Tariff:ifacountryimposesaimportingtariffonagoods,thenundoubtedlythepriceofitwillincreasedomestically.Soproducersinthiscountrywilltrytoincreasetheproductionofthisgoods,whichwillraisetherelativesupplyofthisgoodsininternationalmarket.Therefore,theRScurvewillshifttotheleft,causingadropinrelativepriceofthisgoods.Meanwhile,peoplewillturntoanothergoods(exportingones),whichwillleadtotheincreasingdemandofthiscountry’sexportinggoodsininternationalmarket.Therefore,theRDcurvewillshifttotheright.Bothofthesemovementswillcausetheimprovementoftermsoftrade.Exportsubsidy:beoppositetariff,justworsensthetermsoftrade.5.Howtoexplainthateconomiesofscalecanbeeitherexternalandinternal?External:thecostperunitdependsonthesizeoftheindustrybutnotnecessarilyonthesizeofanyonefirm\Internal:thecostperunitdependsonthesizeofanindividualfirmbutnotnecessarilyonthesizeoftheindustry.6.Howaboutthebasicreasonswhyaclusteroffirmsmaybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation?Specializedsuppliers:bringingtogethermanyfirmscansupportspecializedsuppliersbecausethisprovidesthemabigenoughmarket,sotheycankeepsupplyingspecializedequipmentorservice.\Labormarketpooling:aclusteroffirmscreatesapooledlabormarketforworkerswithspecialskills.\Knowledgespillover:aclusteroffirmsisbeneficialtotheexchangeofinformation,technologyorinnovation.7.Howabouttheeffectsofanexportsubsidy?画RS-RD图（说明贸易条件的影响见问4）以及本国该商品的S-D图（标示消费者剩余、生产者剩余、政府支出，进而说明对福利的影响）Firstofall,anexportsubsidywillworsenthetermsoftrade.Secondly,itcanalsoraisethepricesofthesegoodsdomesticallywhileloweringtheminimportingcountries.AccordingtoS-Dchart(考试时现画)，thecostofexportsubsidyapparentlyexceeditsbenefits.8.Trytocomparetheoptionsofimport-substitutingindustrializationandexport-orientedindustrialization.进口替代解释：Importing-substituting(thestrategyofencouragingdomesticindustrybylimitingimportsofmanufacturedgoods)isbasedontheinfantindustryargumentwhichbelievesthatitisusefulfordevelopingcountriestoadoptsomeprotectiveactionssuchastariffsorimportquotatoprotectdomesticmarketsoastoachievethepotentialcomparativeadvantageinmanufacturing.结果：1.However,manycountriesstillhavenotshownanysignsofcatchingupwiththeadvancedcountries.2.Highratesofeffectiveprotection3.Inefficientscaleofproduction4.Higherincomeinequityandunemployment原因：duetotheinfantindustryargumentwasnotvalid.出口导向解释：export-orientedisthewaytoachieveindustrializationviaexportingmanufacturinggoodsindevelopingcountries.结果：1.itmaybeusefulduetotheexistenceofHPAEswhichusedlowratesofprotectiontosuccessfullyachieveindustrialization2.Itrefutesthatindustrializationanddevelopmentmustbebasedonaninward-lookingstrategyofimportsubstitution.9.Whatarethevolumeeffectandvalueeffectofarealexchangerate?Volumeeffect:Theeffectofconsumerspendingshiftsonexportandimportquantities.Valueeffect:Itchangesthedomesticoutputworthofagivenvolumeofforeignimports.10.HowdoesdisposableincomechangesaffecttheCurrentAccount?Anincreaseindisposableincomeincreasesdomesticconsumer’sspendingonallgoods,includingimportinggoods,whichwillcauseadecreaseinthecurrentaccount.11.Howabouttheinterestparityconditions?Theexpectedreturnsondepositsofanytwocurrenciesareequalwhenmeasuredbythesamecurrency.Takingdollarandeuroasexample,theinterestparityconditionscanonlybemetwhenR$=R€+(E’$/€-E$/€)/E$/€.对其中各个名词进行说明12.Howdochangesinthecurrentexchangerateaffectexpectedreturns?Depreciationofacountry’scurrencytodaywilllowertheexpecteddomesticcurrencyreturnonforeigncurrencydeposits.Appreciationofacountry’scurrencytodaywillincreasetheexpecteddomesticcurrencyreturnonforeigncurrencydeposits.(看利率平价公式)13.Howabouttheeffectofchangingexpectationsonthecurrentexchangerate?（利用利率平价公式，假定利率不变，看汇率的变化）Ariseintheexpectedfutureexchangeratewillcauseariseinthecurrentexchangerate.Adropintheexpectedfutureexchangeratewillcauseadropinthecurrentexchangerate.14.Howaboutthefactorsinfluencingmoneydemand?Expectedreturn:theinterestratemeasurestheopportunitycostofholdingmoneyratherthaninterest-bearingbonds.(ariseintheinterestrateraisesthecostofholdingmoneyandcausesmoneydemandtofall)Risk:holdingmoneyisriskybecauseanunexpectedriseinthepricesofgoodsandservicescouldreducethevalueofmoneyintermsofcommoditiesconsumed.Changesintheriskofholdingmoneyneednotcauseindividualstoreducetheirdemandformoney(becauseitcausesanequalchangeintheriskinessofbonds)Liquidity:themainbenefitofholdingmoneycomesfromitsliquidity.Ariseintheaveragevalueoftransactionscausesitsdemandformoneytorise.15.Howaboutthelong-runeffectsofmoneysupplychanges?1.hasnoeffectonthelong-runvaluesoftheinterestrateorrealoutput.2.apermanentincreaseinthemoneysupplycausesaproportionalincreaseinthepricelevel’slong-runvalue.3.apermanentincrease(decrease)inacountry’smoneysupplycausesaproportionallong-rundepreciation(appreciation)ofitscurrencyagainstforeigncurrencies.IV.综合阐述题1.Pleaseanalyzethetheoryofmultinationalenterprise.Therearetwoelementsthatexplaintheexistenceofamultinationalenterprise:Locationmotive:Goodsareproducedindifferentcountriesduetoresources,transportcostsandbarriersoftrade.Internalizationmotive:Agoodisproducedindifferentlocationsbythesamefirmratherthanbyseparatefirmsbecauseitismoreprofitabletocarrytransactionsontechnologyandmanagementinthecasesoftechnologytransferandverticalintegration.2.Trytoanalyzetheeffect,costandbenefitofimportingtariff.画RS-RD图说明对termsoftrade的影响，其次画本国的S-D图从消费者剩余、生产者剩余、政府收入的角度说明对福利的影响。分大国和小国讨论。从对贸易条件、消费者、生产者、政府、国家福利的角度分析对小国：关税不会对贸易条件产生影响，国内价格的增长将完全等于关税额小国的消费者受损而生产者获益，政府获益对大国：Firstofall,导致本国该商品价格上升（幅度小于关税额），而外国该商品价格下降。然后，theimportingtariffwillimprovethiscountry’stermsoftrade.(国际市场RS-RD说明)Secondly,由于该商品在进口国和出口国价格的变化，会对consumers,producers,government产生或好或坏的影响（进口国S-D说明）：ConsumersloseintheimportingcountryandgainintheexportingcountryProducersgainintheimportingcountryandloseintheexportingcountryThegovernmentinimportingcountrygainsrevenue.Thirdly,onlywhenthetermsoftradegainisgreaterthantheefficiencyloss,cantheimportingtariffincreasewelfarefortheimportingcountry.(进口国S-D图说明)3.Trytocomparetemporarychangesinmonetaryandfiscalpolicyandpermanentshiftsinmonetaryandfiscalpolicy(relativetoChina).(花DDAA图纵轴汇率，横轴产出)Temporarychange:Monetarypolicy:Takingchinaasthehomecountry,anincreaseinmoneysupply//createsanexcesssupplyofmoney//lowersthehomeinterestrate//causeadepreciationofcurrentexchangerateduetointerestrateparity//causetheaggregatedemandtorise//theAAcurvehastoshifttotherightaccordingly.Andecreaseinmoneysupplywilljustbetheoppositesituation.Fiscalpolicy:anincreaseingovernmentspendingorsomeotherexpansionarypolicies//raisetheoutput//increasethemoneydemand//increasetheinterestrate//appreciationintheexchangerate//theDDcurveshifttotheright.Therestrictivepolicywilljustbetheoppositesituation.Permanentchange:Monetarypolicy:anincreaseinthemoney//causetheexpectedfutureexchangeratetoriseproportionally//causetheupwardshiftintheAAscheduleisgreaterthatcausedbyanequalbuttransitoryincrease.Fiscalpolicy:iftheeconomystartsatlong-runequilibrium,apermanentchangeinfiscalpolicyhasnoeffectonoutput（初始在充分就业的点上）.Apermanentfiscalchangeexpansions//causethedownwardshiftofDDschedule//appreciationinhomecurrency//causethedropofexpectedexchangerate//thedownwardshiftofAAschedule.4.Howtounderstandexternalbalance-theoptimalleveloftheCurrentAccountonChina.Firstly,thereisnowayforustouserulessuchas“fullemployment”or“stableprices”toapplytoestimateaneconomy’sexternaltransactions.Andwhetherornotwilltradingwithforeigncountriescausemacroeconomyproblemsdependsonmanyfactors(circumstances/outsideconditions/economicrelationswithforeigncountries)Secondly,mosttextbooksdefinetheexternalbalanceasthebalanceofCA,butitisnotauniversalruleinallcircumstances.Forexample,theviewaboutstickingtotheabsolutebalanceofCAignorestheprofitfromforwardtransactions.Therefore,inreality,manycountries’goalistouseCAtomaximizetheirprofitviaforwardtransactions.ButtheexcessiveCAimbalancecanbringmanyseriousproblems,sogovernmentsalwaystryavoidexcessimbalanceunlessthereisclearevidenceaboutgreatprofitsfromforwardtransactions.接中