人教版英语选修七新素养讲义Unit3Underthesea1SectionⅠWarmingUpReading-ComprehendingWord版含答案

绿海龟是世界上最大的硬壳海龟，体重最重可达204公斤。目前全世界80多个国家的海岸线上都有它们的踪迹。现在就让我们一起去探知绿海龟的生活习性吧！GreenSeaTurtlesGreenseaturtlesaretheworld’slargestspeciesofhard­shelledseaturtle.Whilemostofthemweighabout136to181kilograms,somecanbeasheavyas204kilograms.Theseturtlesarefoundnestingalongthecoastlineofmorethan80countries,withthelargestnestingpopulationsfoundinCostaRicaandAustralia.Greenseaturtlesspendmostoftheirlivesunderwater,wheretheycanrestforuptofivehoursatatimebeforeingupforair.Greenseaturtlesarealsoknowntosunbathe(晒日光浴)onland.Unlikemostotherseaturtles,adultgreenseaturtleseataprimarilyplant­baseddietconsistingofseaweedandseagrass.Scientistsbelievethesegreenfoodsgivetheseaturtle’sfatitsgreencolor.Theshellofthegreenseaturtleisusuallyashadeofbrownorolive.Similartootherseaturtles,greenseaturtlesmigratelongdistancesbetweentheirfeedinggroundsandtheirnestingsites,withrecordeddistancesoflongerthan2，600kilometers.Femalegreenseaturtlesleavethewaterinordertolayeggsonthebeachandwillchoosethesamenestingspotaswheretheywereborn.Afemalewilldigoutanestandlayabout115eggs.Thenshe’llcovertheeggswithsandandreturntothesea.Afterabouttwomonths,thebabieswillhatch(孵化)fromtheireggs.Thefirstfewyearsofagreenseaturtle’slifearespentfloatingatsea,wheretheyfeedonplankton(浮游生物).Astheygrowolder,theturtlesmovetowatersalongthecoastwheretheyfindseagrasstoeat.Adultgreenseaturtlesfacemanythreats,primarilyfromhumans,includinginjuriesfromboats,beingcaughtinfishingnetsandpollution.Newlyhatchedseaturtlesarealsoatriskofbeinghuntedbyanimalssuchasbirds,crabs,andraccoonsastheymovefromtheirnestsouttothesea.SectionⅠWarmingUp&Reading—prehending重点单词写作词汇1.witnessvt. 当场见到；目击n. 目击者；证人；证据2.oppositeprep. 在……对面adj. 相对的；相反的3.pausevi.&n. 暂停；中止4.teamworkn． 协作；配合5.relationshipn． 关系；血缘关系；交往6.urgevt. 催促；极力主张；驱策7.meantimeadv. 其间；同时拓展词汇8.annualadj.每年的；按年度计算的n．年刊；年鉴→annuallyadv.每年；一年一度地9.acmodationn．住所；住宿→acmodatevt.提供住宿10.fleevi.逃避；逃跑vt.逃离→fled(过去式)→fled(过去分词)11.dragvt.拖；拉；扯→dragged(过去分词)→dragging(现在分词)12.depthn．深(度)；深处→deepadj.深的→deepenv．加深13.abandonvt.放弃；遗弃；抛弃→abandonedadj.被遗弃的；放纵的14.conservationn．保存；保护→conservev．保存阅读词汇15.anecdoten． 轶事；奇闻16.shoren. 岸；海滨17.yellvi. 大叫；呼喊n. 叫声；喊声18.divevi.&n． 跳水(的动作)；潜水 (的动作)；俯冲19.harpoonn. (捕鲸用的)鱼叉20.sharkn. 鲨鱼重点短语1.atthebeginningof 在……开始时2.hearof/about 听说3.sortout 整理4.aheadof 在……前面5.raceafter 追赶6.inthemeantime 在此期间；与此同时7.holdup 举起8.help(...)out 帮助(某人)摆脱困境或危难重点句型1.Itwasatimewhen...那是一个……时期：Itwasatimewhen(那是一个……时期)thekillerwhales,or“killers”astheywerethencalled,helpedthewhalerscatchthebaleenwhalesthatwereontheirannualmigration.2.beabouttodosth.正要做某事：Thiswasthecallthatannouncedtherewasabouttobeawhalehunt(猎鲸行动马上就要开始).3.seesb.beingdone看到某人正在被……：IttookoverhalfanhourtogettheboatbacktoJames,andwhenweapproachedhim,IsawJamesbeingfirmlyheldupinthewaterbyOldTom(看到老汤姆正在水中稳稳地托着詹姆斯).eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)Fast­readingSkimthetextandanswerthefollowingquestion.Thetextismainlyabout________．A．thekillerwhalesareeasilytrainedB．thekillerwhalescanhelpthewhalerscatchthehugewhalesC．thekillerwhaleskillthewhalesfortheirfoodD．thekillerwhalesdragthewhalesunderthewater答案：Beq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)Careful­readingReadthetextcarefullyandchoosethebestanswer.1．WhathappenedtoJamesafterhewaswashedofftheboat?A．Hegothurtbyashark.B．Hewasabandonedbytheotherwhalersandfeltterrified.C．Hedroppedhishopeandwasnearlydying.D．HewasheldupinthewaterbyOldTomandrescued.2．WhydidGeorgebeatthewaterwithhisoar?A．Tofrightenthewhalesaway.B．TocallbackOldTomtoleadtheway.C．Toattracttheattentionofhugewhales.D．Tosendsignalstootherwhales.3．Wecaninferfromthetextthat________．A．thekillerwhalesmaybetrainedbythewhalersB．thekillerwhaleswanttohelpmancatchthewhalesthemselvesC．thekillerwhalesneednotrainingforhelpingthewhalersD．thekillerwhaleswanttoeatthewhalesafterkillingthem4．Whatdoestheword“it”inthesentence“Heletitgoandtheharpoonhitthespot.”referto?A．Thewhale. B．Theboat.C．Theharpoon. D．Thekiller.答案：1－4.DBACeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)Study­readingAnalyzethefollowingdifficultsentencesinthetext.1．OntheafternoonIarrivedatthestation,asIwassortingoutmyacmodation,Iheardaloudnoiseingfromthebay.eq\a\vs4\al()①本句是一个主从复合句。②Iheardaloudnoiseingfromthebay是主句；Iarrivedatthestation是省略了关系副词when引导的定语从句，修饰先行词afternoon；as引导时间状语从句。 [翻译]有天下午我来到捕鲸站，正在整理住处的时候，听到从海湾那边传来一声巨响。2．IhadalreadyheardthatGeorgedidn’tlikebeingkeptwaiting,soeventhoughIdidn’thavetherightclotheson,Iracedafterhim.eq\a\vs4\al()①本句是一个由so连接的并列复合句。②前一个分句中，Ihadalreadyheard是主句，that引导宾语从句。③后一个分句中，Iracedafterhim是主句，eventhough引导让步状语从句。 [翻译]我以前就听说过，乔治不喜欢等人，所以尽管我还没有穿上合适的衣服，就跟在他后面跑起来。3．IttookoverhalfanhourtogettheboatbacktoJames，andwhenweapproachedhim，IsawJamesbeingfirmlyheldupinthewaterbyOldTom.eq\a\vs4\al()①该句中and连接两个并列分句。②第一个分句为“Ittakes/took＋一段时间＋todosth.”句型。③第二个分句中when引导时间状语从句，该从句对应的主句中含有“see＋宾语＋宾补”结构，动词－ing的被动式作宾补。 [翻译]我们花了半个多小时才把船头调向詹姆斯，当我们靠近他的时候，我看到老汤姆正在水中稳稳地托着詹姆斯。①hearof听说(＝hearabout)hearfrom收到……的来信、信息等②witness['wItnIs]vt.当场见到；目击n.目击者；证人；证据③sortout整理④acmodation[əˌkɒmə'deIʃn]n.住所；住宿⑤shore[ʃɔː]n.岸；海滨⑥intime及时；迟早intimetodosth.及时地做某事⑦opposite['ɒpəzIt]prep.在……对面adj.相对的；相反的beoppositeto与……相反/迥然不同intheoppositedirection朝相反的方向⑧throwoneselfoutof跃出⑨crashv．猛撞，猛击⑩callout高声喊叫⑪yell[jel]vi.大叫；呼喊n．叫声；喊声yellout(尤因恐惧、愤怒或激动而)叫喊，大嚷大叫⑫beabouttodosth.即将做某事beabouttodosth.when...即将做某事，这时……⑬eon此处表示“快点儿”，还可表示“加油”“得了吧”。⑭aheadof在……前面aheadoftime提前⑮have...on穿着⑯pause[pɔːz]vi.&n．暂停；中止⑰headvi.朝(某方向)前进headfor...向……前进⑱lookdown朝下看lookdownupon/on瞧不起，看低，轻视⑲beatv．击打；连续敲打⑳oar[ɔː]n.桨；橹eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))telescope['telIskəʊp]n.望远镜eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))apackof一队；一群eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))teamwork['tiːmwɜːk]n.协作；配合eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))blow­holen．(鲸鱼的)鼻孔；(隧道的)通风口eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))dive[daIv]vi.&n．跳水(的动作)；潜水(的动作)；俯冲eq\o(○,\s\up1(26))flee[fliː](fled，fled)vi.逃避；逃跑(＋to/from)vt.逃离escape逃跑，逃脱(强调结果)eq\o(○,\s\up1(27))harpoon[hɑː'puːn]n.(捕鲸用的)鱼叉eq\o(○,\s\up1(28))aim...at使……瞄准……，使……对准……eq\o(○,\s\up1(29))let...go放开；松开eq\o(○,\s\up1(30))drag[dræɡ]vt.拖；拉；扯eq\o(○,\s\up1(31))swiftlyadv.迅速地；快速地eq\o(○,\s\up1(32))depth[depθ]n.深(度)；深处eq\o(○,\s\up1(33))bringin带来；收获eq\o(○,\s\up1(34))inthemeantime在此期间；与此同时(＝inthemeanwhile)meantime['miːntaIm]adv.其间；同时(＝meanwhile)eq\o(○,\s\up1(35))haveagoodfeed饱餐一顿eq\o(○,\s\up1(36))lip[lIp]n.一片嘴唇；(容器或洞的)边，口eq\o(○,\s\up1(37))fierceadj.凶猛的；凶狠的eq\o(○,\s\up1(38))washoff冲走；洗掉eq\o(○,\s\up1(39))overboard['əʊvəbɔːd]adv.越过船舷进入水中eq\o(○,\s\up1(40))turn...around把……转过来eq\o(○,\s\up1(41))urge[ɜːdʒ]vt.催促；极力主张；驱策urgesb.todosth.敦促某人做某事eq\o(○,\s\up1(42))roughadj.狂暴的，汹涌的；粗糙的；粗暴的eq\o(○,\s\up1(43))beterrifiedof害怕eq\o(○,\s\up1(44))abandon[ə'bændən]vt.放弃；遗弃；抛弃abandononeselfto沉溺于eq\o(○,\s\up1(45))shark[ʃɑːk]n.鲨鱼eq\o(○,\s\up1(46))approachvt.&vi.接近，靠近n.方法；手段；尝试eq\o(○,\s\up1(47))holdup举起；阻止eq\o(○,\s\up1(48))welldone(口语)干得好，干得不错eq\o(○,\s\up1(49))pull...back把……拉回来OLDTOMTHEKILLERWHALEIwas16whenIbeganworkinJune1902atthewhalingstation.Ihadheardof①thekillersthateveryyearhelpedwhalerscatchhugewhales.Ithought,atthetime,thatthiswasjustastorybutthenIwitnessed②itwithmyowneyesmanytimes.◆thateveryyearhelpedwhalerscatchhugewhales是关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰thekillers。that在定语从句中作主语。◆thatthiswasjustastory是that引导的宾语从句。句中带有插入语时，宾语从句的引导词that不可省略。OntheafternoonIarrivedatthestation,asIwassortingout③myacmodation④，Iheardaloudnoiseingfromthebay.Werandowntotheshore⑤intime⑥toseeanenormousanimalopposite⑦usthrowingitselfoutof⑧thewaterandthencrashing⑨downagain.Itwasblackandwhiteandfish­shaped.ButIknewitwasn’tafish.◆as引导时间状语从句，主句中含有“hear＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。“That’sOldTom,thekiller，”oneofthewhalers,George,calledout⑩tome.“He’stellingusthere’sawhaleoutthereforus.”◆thekiller是OldTom的同位语。Anotherwhaleryelled⑪out，“Rush­oo...rush­oo.”Thiswasthecallthatannouncedtherewasabouttobe⑫awhalehunt.◆此处that引导定语从句，修饰先行词thecall,that在从句中作主语；therewas...hunt为宾语从句，作announce的宾语。“eon⑬，Clancy.Totheboat，”Georgesaidasheranaheadof⑭me.IhadalreadyheardthatGeorgedidn’tlikebeingkeptwaiting,soeventhoughIdidn’thavetherightclotheson⑮，Iracedafterhim.◆asheranaheadofme是as引导的时间状语从句，as意为“一边……，一边……；当……的时候”。◆beingkeptwaiting是动名词短语的被动形式，作like的宾语。(主动形式：keepsb.doingsth.让某人一直做某事)◆eventhough引导让步状语从句。Withoutpausing⑯wejumpedintotheboatwiththeotherwhalersandheaded⑰outintothebay.Ilookeddown⑱intothewaterandcouldseeOldTomswimmingbytheboat,showingustheway.Afewminuteslater,therewasnoTom,soGeorgestartedbeating⑲thewaterwithhisoar⑳andtherewasTom,circlingbacktotheboat,leadingustothehuntagain．◆seesb.doingsth.意为“看到某人正在做某事”。◆现在分词短语showingustheway在句中作伴随状语。◆现在分词短语circlingback...leadingus...在句中作Tom的定语。Usingatelescopeeq\o\ac(○,)wecouldseethatsomethingwashappening.Aswedrewcloser,Icouldseeawhalebeingattackedbyapackofeq\o\ac(○,)aboutsixotherkillers.◆现在分词短语Usingatelescope作方式状语。“What’retheydoing？”IaskedGeorge.“Well,it’steamworkeq\o\ac(○,)—thekillersovertherearethrowingthemselvesontopofthewhale’sblow­holeeq\o\ac(○,)tostopitbreathing.Andthoseothersarestoppingitdivingeq\o\ac(○,)orfleeingeq\o\ac(○,)outtosea，”Georgetoldme,pointingtowardsthehunt.Andjustatthatmoment,themostextraordinarythinghappened.Thekillersstartedracingbetweenourboatandthewhalejustlikeapackofexciteddogs.◆stopsb./sth.(from)doingsth.意为“阻止某人/某物做某事”。◆现在分词短语pointingtowardsthehunt在句中作伴随状语。Thentheharpooneq\o\ac(○,)wasreadyandthemaninthebowoftheboataimeditateq\o\ac(○,)thewhale.Heletitgoeq\o\ac(○,)andtheharpoonhitthespot.Beingbadlywounded,thewhalesoondied.Withinamomentortwo,itsbodywasdraggedeq\o\ac(○,)swiftlyeq\o\ac(○,)bythekillersdownintothedepthseq\o\ac(○,)ofthesea.Themenstartedturningtheboataroundtogohome.◆现在分词短语Beingbadlywounded在句中作原因状语。“What’shappened？”Iasked.“Havewelostthewhale？”“Ohno，”Jackreplied.“We’llreturntomorrowtobringineq\o\ac(○,)thebody.Itwon’tfloatuptothesurfaceforaround24hours.”“Inthemeantimeeq\o\ac(○,),OldTom,andtheothersarehavingagoodfeedeq\o\ac(○,)onitslipseq\o\ac(○,)andtongue，”addedRed,laughing．◆现在分词laughing在句中作伴随状语。AlthoughOldTomandtheotherkillerswerefierceeq\o\ac(○,)hunters,theyneverharmedorattackedpeople.Infact,theyprotectedthem.TherewasonedaywhenwewereoutinthebayduringahuntandJameswaswashedoffeq\o\ac(○,)theboat．◆whenwewereout...theboat是when引导的定语从句，修饰oneday。“Manoverboardeq\o\ac(○,)！Turntheboataroundeq\o\ac(○,)！”urgedeq\o\ac(○,)George,shoutingloudly．◆shoutingloudly是现在分词短语作伴随状语。Theseawasrougheq\o\ac(○,)thatdayanditwasdifficulttohandletheboat.ThewaveswerecarryingJamesfurtherandfurtherawayfromus.FromJames’sface,Icouldseehewasterrifiedofeq\o\ac(○,)beingabandonedeq\o\ac(○,)byus.ThensuddenlyIsawasharkeq\o\ac(○,).◆itwasdifficulttohandletheboat中it是形式主语，后面的不定式短语是真正的主语。“Look,there’sasharkoutthere，”Iscreamed.“Don’tworry,OldTomwon’tletitnear，”Redreplied.IttookoverhalfanhourtogettheboatbacktoJames,andwhenweapproachedeq\o\ac(○,)him,IsawJamesbeingfirmlyheldupeq\o\ac(○,)inthewaterbyOldTom.Icouldn’tbelievemyeyes.◆Ittakes(sb.)sometimetodosth.是固定句型，意为“(某人)花一些时间做某事”。◆seesb.beingdone意为“看到某人正在被……”。Therewereshoutsof“Welldoneeq\o\ac(○,),OldTom”and“ThankGod”aswepulledJamesbackeq\o\ac(○,)intotheboat.AndthenOldTomwasoffandbacktothehuntwheretheotherkillerswerestillattackingthewhale．◆where引导定语从句，修饰地点名词thehunt(捕猎的地方)。虎鲸老汤姆1902年6月，我开始在捕鲸站里工作，那时我16岁。在此之前我曾经听说过虎鲸每年都帮助捕鲸人捕捉大鲸。当时我以为这只是个故事罢了，但是后来我亲眼见过多次。有天下午我来到捕鲸站，正在整理住处的时候，听到从海湾那边传来一声巨响。我们及时赶到岸边，看到对面有一个庞大的动物猛力跃出水面，然后又坠落到水里。它黑白相间，样子像鱼，但我知道它并不是鱼。“那是老汤姆，是虎鲸。”一个叫乔治的捕鲸人高声对我说，“它是在告诉我们那边有一头鲸，叫我们去捕猎。”另外一个捕鲸人大声喊叫道：“快走啊……走啊。”这是宣告捕鲸行动马上就要开始的呼喊声。“克兰西，快来，上船去。”乔治在我前面边跑边说。我以前就听说过，乔治不喜欢等人，所以尽管我还没有穿上合适的衣服，就跟在他后面跑起来。我们一刻不停地和其他捕鲸人都跳进渔船，朝海湾方向驶去。我朝水里望去，可以看到老汤姆就在渔船旁边游着，为我们指路。几分钟之后，汤姆不见了，于是乔治开始用桨拍打水面。汤姆出现了，转回到船边，又领着我们前往捕猎处。通过望远镜，我们可以看到远处有情况正在发生。靠近一看，原来是一头鲸受到一群约六头其他虎鲸的攻击。我问乔治：“它们在干什么呢？”“嗯，它们在协同作战——那边的虎鲸正在往那头鲸的出气孔上扑去，不让它呼吸，而其他那些虎鲸则阻止它潜水或逃到海里去。”乔治一边指着捕猎的情景，一边告诉我。就在那时，最精彩的场面出现了。那些虎鲸在我们的渔船和那头鲸之间开始追逐了，就像一群发狂的猎狗一样。然后，猎鲸叉准备好了。站在船头的那个人把叉瞄准了那头鲸，扔了出去，恰好击中了要害，鲸受了重伤，没过多久就死了。过了片刻，鲸的尸体就被虎鲸们迅速拖向海的深处去了。捕鲸人于是调转船头往回走。“怎么啦？”我问道，“我们失去鲸了吗？”杰克回答说：“不，我们明天再回来运鲸的尸体。它在24小时左右是不会浮出水面的。”雷德笑着补充说：“在这段时间里，老汤姆和其他虎鲸会饱餐一顿的，鲸唇和鲸舌就是它们的美食。”虽然老汤姆和其他虎鲸都是凶猛的猎手，但是它们从来不伤害人，也不袭击人。事实上，它们还保护人。有一天，我们出海捕鲸的时候，詹姆斯被冲下水去了。乔治催促着，大声喊道：“有人落水了！把船头调回去！”那天海上波涛汹涌，很难调转船头。海浪把詹姆斯冲得离我们越来越远。从詹姆斯的脸上，我能看出他非常恐慌，生怕被我们遗弃。接着我突然看到了一条鲨鱼。我尖叫起来：“瞧，那边有一条鲨鱼。”雷德回答说：“别担心，老汤姆不会让它靠近的。”我们花了半个多小时才把船头调向詹姆斯，当我们靠近他的时候，我看到老汤姆正在水中稳稳地托着詹姆斯。我几乎不相信自己的眼睛。当我们把詹姆斯拉上渔船的时候，大家都欢呼着“老汤姆，好样的”“感谢上帝”。之后老汤姆离开了，回到捕猎的地方，跟其他虎鲸一起捕鲸去了。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)阅读理解APeoplebeedefensiveatthethoughtofsomeonetellingthemorimplying(暗示)thattheymustchange.“IamwhoIam;takeitorleaveit”isoftentheresponse.Whilemanyviewthesementsassignsofself­confidence,intruththisattitudeistypicallyacover­upforbeingafraid.“IfIchangethenIamadmittingthereissomethingwrongwithme.IfIchange,thenothersarecontrollingwhoIamanddictatingwhoIbee.”Neitheroptionisappealing.Likeyourclothingorhairstyle,whatneedstochangefromtimetotimeisyourattitudesandactions—thewayyouthinkandbehave.Keepinmindthatnegativeattitudesandactionsleadtodifficultiesinlife.Thewillingnesstochangemeansoneisacceptingenoughofthemselvestorealizetheyneedimprovementincertainaspectsoftheirlife;thattheyarenotfullyfortableofthewaytheyareliving;thattheyhaveataskinprogressandarecontinuallyseekingtogrowandimprove.Likeaworkerwhotakescontinuingeducationclassestoalwaysbeuponthelatestchangesintheirfieldsothattheycanbethebestemployeeonthejob,soisthissameapproachnecessarytosuccessinlife.Resistancetochangecausesthesamerigidity(死板)thatcanmakeafirmtreebreakinastrongwind.Thosethatarewillingtobendtoacmodatethewindremainunchanged.Humanswhoadoptanattitudethattheywillnotchangeforanyonearefearfulofgivingupthesatisfactionfromothers.Resistancetochangeingeneralcanbeanindicationofonewholivesindenialabouttheirunhealthyattitudes,actions,lifestyles,relationshipsandsoon.Lowself­esteem(自尊)preventsthemfromrecognizingtheirimperfectionsandlackofcourageorself­lovepreventsthemfrommakingthenecessaryimprovements.Eventhoughwedenyit,weallexpectotherstochangeforusinsomeway.Abadattitudeislikeaflattire：ifyoudon’tchangeityouwon’tgetveryfarinlife.【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了人要做出改变的原因。1．Whatdoestheauthorregardresistancetochangeas?A．Signsoffear.B．Signsofdefense.C．Signsofinflexibility.D．Signsofself­confidence.A解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的intruththisattitudeistypicallyacover­upforbeingafraid可知，作者认为反对改变事实上是为了掩饰恐惧。2．Accordingtothepassage,apersonneedstochangehimselfinorderto________．A．makepeoplearoundthemfeelmorefortableB．improvehiscertainimperfectionsC．adapttonewenvironmentD．domoreplexworkB解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的theyneedimprovementincertainaspectsoftheirlife可知，人们要改变自我是因为要完善自己某些方面的不足。3．What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A．Whypeopleneedtochange.B．Howtogetfarinthelifejourney.C．Howtorespondtopeople’sadvice.D．Whypeopleshouldbuildtheirself­esteem.A解析：主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了人要做出改变的原因。BFemalesealsdon’tchangetheirspots,accordingtoanewstudybyUniversityofAlbertabiologists.Infact,individualdifferencesinboldnessremainconsistent(一致的)overtime.Thestudyisamongthefirsttoexamineboldnessinwildmarinemammalsinthefieldofanimalpersonality.Animalpersonalityinfluencesmanyecologicalprocesses,likehowindividualsinteractwithotherspeciesorrespondtochangingenvironmentalconditions.ResearchersstudiedfemalesealsonSableIsland，hometotheworld’slargestgreysealcolony.Overaperiodfrom2008to2016,biologistChristiBubacandafieldteamledbyFisheriesandOceansCanadameasuredboldnessresponsesinthefemalesealswhendefendingtheiryoung.“Duringthebreedingseason,wesawthatfemalestendtobehaveconsistently,notonlybetweenyears,butalsowithinthelactationperiod(哺乳期)ofagivenyear，”explainedBubac,leadauthorandPhDstudentintheDepartmentofBiologicalSciencesstudyingwithwildlifegeneticistDavidColtman.“Thisprovidesanexampleofanimalpersonality,withconsistentindividualdifferencesobservedovertime.”Bubacalsoexaminedhowreproductivesuccessisrelatedtoaseal’sboldnessorshyness.Greysealsnursefor16to18days,somothersealshaveaveryshortwindowtogetbabysealsasfatastheycan.Duringthistime,babysealstriple(增至三倍)inbodymass.Bodymassisagoodpredictorofreproductivesuccessbecauseitindicatesthepuppies’chancesofsurvival.“Onaverage,wefoundthatbolderfemalesstopfeedingthosethataretwokilogramsheavier,paredwiththeshyestfemales,improvingtheirchancesofsurvivingthefirstyearoflife，”saidBubac.Theseresultspresentsomeveryinterestingbiologicalquestions,explainedColtman,professorofbiology.“Thisresearchshowsthatyounggreysealmomsthatareboldtendtostopfeedinglargerpuppiesparedwithshymoms.However,oldergreysealsalsotendtobebolder.Ifbolderanimalshavebiggerpupsandlivelonger,whydoesvariationinboldnessremain?Whybeshy？”【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。海豹也是有个性的，而海豹个性的个体差异会影响后代繁衍。4．Whatisthepurposeofthestudyofseals?A．Totesttheireffectsonecologicalprocesses.B．Tostudyhowsealsinteractwitheachother.C．Tocheckhowtheenvironmentaffectsmammals.D．Toexaminemarinemammals’personalitydifference.D解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的Thestudyisamongthefirsttoexamineboldnessinwildmarinemammalsinthefieldofanimalpersonality.可知，研究的目的是了解海洋野生哺乳动物的个性差异。5．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A．Animalshaveremainedtheirpersonalitysincetheywereborn.B．Femalesealsbehavemoreboldlyinthelactationperiod.C．Seals’boldnessresponsesremainthesameovertime.D．Thestudyonseals’personalityhasbeenverymature.C解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句中的Duringthebreedingseason...withinthelactationperiod(哺乳期)ofagivenyear及Thisprovidesanexampleofanimalpersonality，withconsistentindividualdifferencesobservedovertime.可知，海豹的勇敢性保持不变。6．WhichofthefollowingmayChristiBubacagreewith?A．Bolderfemalesealsadjustthenursingtimetotheirbabies’weight.B．Mothersealstendtogetbabiesasslimaspossible.C．Itusuallytakesmotherseals20daystonurse.D．Bolderfemalesealsfeedlessthanshyones.A解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的Bodymassisagoodpredictorofreproductivesuccessbecauseitindicatesthepuppies’chancesofsurvival.可知，更勇敢的海豹妈妈喂养宝宝的时间长短以宝宝的体重为依据。CMuchofwhatweknowaboutmemoryesfromHenryGustavMolaison(otherwiseknownasH．M.).Fromthetimehewasasmallchild,H．M.hadepilepsy(癫痫症)soseverethatdoctorssuggestedremovingaportionofhisbraininanattempttocurethedisease.Soin1953,whenH．M.was27,hisdoctorDr.WilliamBeecherScovilleremovedtwosectionsofH．M.’sbrain,includingbothofhishippocampi(海马体)．DoctorsquicklyrealizedthatH．M.’slackofcertaincognitive(认知的)functionshadnothingtodowithintelligence.H．M.performedwellonanyIQtestshewasgiven.H．M.couldalsorememberclearlyanythingthathadhappenedbeforehisoperation.Itthusbecameclearthat,sincethesurgeryhadaffectedhisabilitytocreatememoriesbeyondafewminutes,thehippocampusmustbetheareaofthebrainresponsibleforlong­termmemory.Dr.BrendaMilner,oneofthemanydoctorstostudyH．M.,conductedanadditionalexperimentwithH．M.wheresheaskedhimtodescribeastarhesawinamirror.Hisfirstfeweffortsproducedveryshakyresultssincethetaskrequiredmovingintheoppositedirectionfromwhatthemirrorshowed.However,afterrepeatedattempts,H．M.finallyfinishedthetaskdespitehavingnomemoryoftheeventofhavingpracticeditbefore.Thus,whilethemakingofourlong­termmemoriesofpeople,places,oreventsmaytakeplaceinthehippocampus,ourmotorskillmemoriesmustbehousedelsewhere.H．M.’sbraincontinuestobestudiedevenafterhisdeathin2008.In2009,hisbrainwascutintoabout2，000piecesanddigitallyimageddowntothescaleofindividualneurons(神经元)．Humans’knowledgeofbraindiseaseandhowthenormalmindworkswouldbegreatlyreducedifitwerenotforthegenerosityofthesepeopleandtheirfamilies.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。专家对H.M.的大脑进行了研究，发现在他的两个海马体被切除之后，他的智力并没有受到什么影响，只是不能记住新的东西而已。7．ThedoctorsremovedpartsofH．M.’sbrainincludingthehippocampusinorderto________．A．preventhimfromgettingdementiaB．researchintohismemoriesC．curehimofhisepilepsyD．studyhisintelligenceC解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的Fromthetimehewasasmallchild...inanattempttocurethedisease.可知，医生之所以把H.M.大脑的部分切除掉，是为了医治他的癫痫症。8．AfterH．M.receivedhisoperation,he________．A．gotpoorscoresinIQtestsB．stillrememberedwhathehaddoneC．couldremembernewthingslongerD．neededmoretimetomemorizethingsBalsorememberclearlyanythingthathadhappenedbeforehisoperation.可知，在手术之后，H.M.还记得以前的事情。9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shaky”inParagraph3mean?A．Uncertain. B．Remarkable.C．Unmon. D．Expected.A解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的sincethetaskrequiredmovingintheoppositedirectionfromwhatthemirrorshowed及第四段中的However，afterrepeatedattempts...havingpracticeditbefore.可知，H.M.刚开始的尝试产生的结果是不确定的。10．Whatdidtheadditionalexperimentprove?A．Peoplewithoutthehippocampushavepoormotorskills.B．Motorskillmemoriesaren’thousedinthehippocampus.C．Itismoredifficulttorememberthingshappeningatthemoment.D．Peoplewithoutthehippocampuswouldn’tperformwellinshort­termmemories.B解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的Thus,whilethemakingofourlong－termmemories...ourmotorskillmemoriesmustbehousedelsewhere.可知，实验表明，海马体并不是贮存运动技能的器官。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)七选五YoungTaylorSwiftForacertain11­year­old,aspringbreaktriptoNashville,Tennessee,waslife­changing.Nashvillewasthec