创新思维：克服思维惯性的方法

2009-9-17߯ᮄᗱ‰

-P ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩Ҕ‡㾷އ߯ᮄ䯂乬$Ⓒᑺ䯂乬, ӳᵤ,ӏࡵ,㾷އ7Ḝ,]എ,䇗ᭈ䗖ᑨƒƒnѻ,

nѻ,߽⍺䯂乬A

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IWINT,INCӳᵤӏࡵӳᵤ㾷އ7Ḝӳᵤ䇗ᭈ䗖ᑨƒƒnѻӳᵤnѻ]എᡔᴃ㋏㒳೼䖤㸠䖛⿟$ѻn$ᆇ԰⫼,ö࣪݊෎MI㛑㽕ҹ㋏㒳ⱘ᳔ᇣব࣪⍜䰸$ᆇ԰⫼⍜䰸$ᆇ԰⫼7⊩:$$ӳᵤࡳ㛑៤Mӳᵤ㾷އᡔᴃ\Ⳓⱘ߯ᮄॳ⧚⠽എӳᵤ (ƒ‰㾷㋏㒳).ARIZᡔᴃ㋏㒳䖯࣪ӳᵤA

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IWINT,INC䯂乬⾡㉏№№nѻ៤M催ᑳⒸ⥛fiᡔᴃ㋏㒳Ⳍ}ⱘϡę⧚⍜㗫fiѻⒸnѻᎹ¿3⿟Ⳍ}ⱘϡę⧚⍜㗫№№nѻ៤M7⊩:ࡳ㛑៤Mӳᵤ,㋏㒳ㅔ࣪(Tri

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mmi

ng)A

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IWINT,INC䯂乬⾡㉏3. থ⦄ѻⒸᑨ⫼ⱘᮄ乚ඳ๲ࡴѻⒸࡳ㛑᭄䞣,ᢧᆑ䫔䏃ᢧሩѻⒸ䫔䏃7⊩:ࡳ㛑៤Mӳᵤᡔᴃ㋏㒳䖯࣪ӳᵤS᳆㒓ӳᵤA

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IWINT,INC䯂乬⾡㉏4. ‰໛nѻᮄѻⒸ

finѻ3⿟Ⳍ}ⱘ䯂乬㾘 yѝ$ⱘÇ߽nѻᮄѻⒸ7⊩:$$ӳᵤ⠽എӳᵤ (ƒ‰㾷㋏㒳).ࡳ㛑៤Mӳᵤᡔᴃ㋏㒳䖯࣪ӳᵤS᳆㒓ӳᵤA

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IWINT,INC䯂乬⾡㉏gথAᮄѻⒸ⹂;$ࠡ᱃ⱘѻⒸᎹ԰ॳ⧚乘ëѻⒸnѻ№ᑨ⫼䖛⿟$ৃ㛑[⦄ⱘ䯂乬gথᮄѻⒸ7⊩:$$ӳᵤ亢䰽ӳᵤᡔᴃ㋏㒳䖯࣪ӳᵤS᳆㒓A

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IWINT,INC䯂乬⾡㉏Ҕ‡㾷އ߯ᮄ䯂乬$Ⓒᑺ®№ᡒ¾E⹂ⱘথᯢ䯂乬P ᗱ‰ᛃI䯂乬ࣙ৿\Ⳓ㾷އ7Ḝ೼݊;乚ඳ$㽕⫼ᮄR䆚㾷އ䯂乬A

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩A

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IWINT,INCᗱ‰ᛃIӳ㉏ƒ՟3.

P

ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩P ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩ƒ՟:

ᚙ๗:ᡞᑇ¼䫙㒥೼⢫ⱘሒᏈϞ.䇋䯂:⢫ҹ№⾡䗳ᑺ༨ ,ᠡ㛑ϡR¾䫙ⱘᩲߏø?L.

L.

KapizaA

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IWINT,INCᗱ‰ᛃIӳ㉏01.

ࡳ㛑ᗱ‰ᛃI02.

ᴃ䇁ᗱ‰ᛃI03. ⠽ԧᔶƒǃ໪㾖ᗱ‰ᛃI04.

⠽ԧ⡍Iǃƒᗕǃখ᭄ᗱ‰ᛃI05.

԰⫼ॳ⧚ǃ乚ඳR䆚ᗱ‰ᛃI06. ⠽¾ϡৃবᗱ‰ᛃI07.

⠽¾៤ӳǃ㒘ӊᛃIᗱ‰08. ‰᭄ᗱ‰ᛃI09. ϡᄬ೼ⱘ⽕½ᗱ‰ᛃI10. ԰⫼ᗱ‰ᛃI11. 㾷އ7Ḝଃ—ᗱ‰ᛃI12. }⠽¾ᗱ‰ᛃI13. ⠽¾Ӌؐᗱ‰ᛃI14. Ӵ㒳ᑨ⫼ᴵӊᗱ‰ᛃI15.

㉏K7Ḝᗱ‰ᛃI16. }ԭֵᙃᗱ‰ᛃIP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩A

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩1. ࡳ㛑ᗱ‰ᛃI2.

ᴃ䇁ᗱ‰ᛃIᴃ䇁㉏߿:ÇϮIᕜᔎⱘᴃ䇁(B-19

yᴎ3䗮⫼IᎹ⿟ᴃ䇁(Ӵᛳ఼ǃᇍ3఼3ࡳ㛑ᴃ䇁(ᬃᩥ⠽ǃߛࡆ఼ǃټᄬ㔤3$pᴃ䇁ǃᄽ$ᴃ䇁(䫙ǃiƒǃ㓇ƒǃᄽƒᛃ⫼ⱘ䆡䇁3䗮⫼Iᴃ䇁(ϰ$,⠽ԧ3䯂乬:®№䪏ᄨ?A

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩ᇣV⊩

–

⫼ᇣV῵ᢳ㋏㒳$䯂乬៪ކさⱘথn,ᓎゟ䯂乬῵ൟ,▔থVӀⱘᗱ‰,䖯㗠ᡒ¾䯂乬㾷އᗱ䏃ⱘ7⊩o㘾ᯢⱘᇣⷂV(Smart

Little

People3,ㅔ⿄SLPᇣV⊩԰⫼ӳᵤ䯂乬ǃᓎゟ䯂乬῵ൟᯊP ᗱ‰ᛃI:㛑ᦤկކさⱘ乱໪ֵᙃ,㸼䖒[㾷އ䯂乬ⱘ—㠀䏃ᕘ:A

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩A

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IWINT,INCᇣV⊩ᑨ⫼÷偸ᔧ㋏㒳ݙⱘ$ѯ㒘ӊϡ㛑ᅠ៤݊‰㽕ࡳ㛑,ᑊ㸼⦄[Ⳍ

k\Ⳓᯊ,ᡒ[䯂乬$ⱘ\Ⳓ⫼—㒘ᇣVᴹҷ㸼䖭ѯϡ㛑ᅠ៤⡍;ࡳ㛑䚼ӊ,ᓎゟ䯂乬῵ൟ䗮䖛㛑ffiⱘᇣV,ƒ⦄乘ᳳⱘࡳ㛑,⍜䰸\Ⳓ,ᡒ¾㾷އ7Ḝ῵ൟҢ㾷އ7Ḝ῵ൟ䖛⏵¾ƒƒ7ḜP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩ᇣV⊩䖛এ೼(№԰Ϯᯊ,䗮pϸӳgݙ$क⃵⟚

,᪡԰ਬ$䎇4ⱘᯊ䯈⫼Ӵ⟚ㅵ᠟ffiᇚ₦䏃᥹䗮o(№԰Ϯ(⫼]ᮄ7⊩Пৢ,䳔㽕೼0.

6

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‰乏೼ø—⃵⟚0.

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⾦ৢথn:øϝ⃵೼øѠ⃵ⱘ0.

02

⾦Пৢ,ձℸ㉏Ⓒo㗠೼ϟϾQ߫䞠,øѠ⃵⟚

‰乏থn೼

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩ᇣV⊩§᥹⚍№⧗П䯈ᄬ೼䯈䱭,₦ֵªϡ㛑䗮䖛᥹⚍,⟚⚌гϡӮথn:Ԛᰃ⧗ৃҹ乎⬙ഄ䗮䖛᥹⚍䯈䱭,㒻3৥ϟ—Ͼ᥹⚍䖤ffi.§᥹⚍№⧗П䯈≵$䯈䱭,⧗Ӯ÷⒲೼ϸϾ᥹⚍䯈,₦ֵª㛑4䗮䖛ø—ᇍ᥹⚍,ѻn⟚⚌,Ԛ⧗ϡ㛑㒻3৥ϟ—ᇍ᥹⚍䖤ffi.A

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩3. ⠽ԧᔶƒǃ໪㾖ᗱ‰ᛃIӏ№ᚙމϟgϡ㛑ḍg⠽ԧⱘ໪㾖ƒ;݊԰⫼ॳ⧚㾷އ䯂乬ᯊ,®$$‰㽕,ৃҹᬍবt㹿VӀдᛃⱘ⠽ԧ໪ᔶA

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩೒$㛑ᡒ¾၈ܓ№?A

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩4. ⠽ԧ⡍Iǃƒᗕǃখ᭄ᗱ‰ᛃI૆ᄺ¿䇈:“ӏ№—Ͼ⠽ԧg$—ѯ೎$ⱘ}᯴݊ݙ೼M¾ⱘ⡍I,®䞡࡯ǃ⛁ǃ₦ǃŒǃffᇌㄝ⡍I.

”⠽ԧখ᭄ⱘ↣ϾᛣН,g䳔㽕偠䆕.㾷އ䯂乬ᯊ,®$$‰㽕, fi⠽ԧ$㟈ੑ}㋏ⱘখ᭄,гৃҹᬍব.↣Ͼ⠽ԧg$݊H㽕ⱘǃᰒ㗠ᯧ¾ⱘ⡍Iǃখ᭄ঞ┰೼ⱘ(䱤Iⱘ3⡍I. 㾷އ߯ᮄ䯂乬ᯊ䳔㽕ᡒ[݊䱤I⡍I.A

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩᭄䕈⊩݊$᳔p¾ⱘᰃ

STC(Si

ze-Ti

me-Cost

3$ƒখ᭄䞣ⱘব࣪Ӯᇐ㟈¾ⱘব࣪.䖤⫼÷偸:13䗝ᢽgおᇍ䈵23䗝ᢽgおᇍ䈵ⱘ$—ϾI㛑খ᭄(ϡ—;ᰃ㒱ᇍⱘë䞣খ᭄,ৃҹᰃⳌᇍ$ϾMƒⱘë䞣খ᭄3K®:Vⱘ䆄ᖚ䞣—ৃҹҹ$ㄝ䆄ᖚ䞣 Mƒ䖯㸠㒳䅵oᏂϡ}᠔$ⱘϰ$gৃҹ䞣࣪o33⹂;䆹I㛑খ᭄ⱘ⦄$ᛣН(K®:䩶ヨⱘ๼∈ৃҹ⫼↿P

Mƒ䅵$,гৃҹ⫼᠔⬏䔼䗍ⱘ䭓ᑺ Mƒ䅵$343

೼᭄䕈Ϟ䆄ᔩ᠔䗝খ᭄ⱘ⦄$ᛣН᭄ؐ,ᑊӳᵤ৘Ͼϡ№㣗ೈݙ(᮴か໻ǃ᮴かᇣ3খ᭄ⱘᛣН– ߮߮催ƒ᠔;᭄ؐ– 催ƒ᠔;᭄ؐᕜ}(1000, 1000000ס3– №ƒ᠔;᭄ؐ– ㄝƒ0– 䋳ؐ(ӳ᭄ǃ᮴⧚᭄3A

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩5. ԰⫼ॳ⧚ǃ乚ඳR䆚ᗱ‰ᛃI᳓ᤶ԰⫼ॳ⧚—ᮄⱘR䆚乚ඳ—Ç¿ⱘᗱ‰Ⓒ}ᓎ䆂:ᇚÇ¿ᓩ乚¾ᮄⱘR䆚乚ඳᇍ⠽ԧ䖯㸠ࡳ㛑ӳᵤᡔᴃ㋏㒳—ࡳ㛑—⧚ᛇⱘᡔᴃ㋏㒳㒣p䳔㽕೼乚}ⱘᡔᴃ乚ඳ$fiᡒᅠ៤᠔䳔ࡳ㛑ⱘᡔᴃA

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩

Z

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ƒ⦄ࡳ㛑ⱘ⍜㗫.⧚ᛇᑺ ⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧$(IFR-Ideal

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Result3㋏㒳೼᳔ᇣ⿟ᑺᬍবⱘᚙމϟ㛑4ƒ⦄᳔໻⿟ᑺⱘ㞾 ࡵ.ᡔᴃ㋏㒳ᰃ⊓ⴔᦤ催݊⧚ᛇᑺ,৥᳔⧚ᛇ㋏㒳ⱘ7৥䖯࣪.㋏㒳ⱘ¾䞣ǃԧ⿃ǃ䴶⿃⍜㗫䍟䖥ƒ0,ƒ⦄ⱘ$⫼ࡳ㛑᭄䞣䍟䖥ƒ∞.ƒ¾:

№№៤M๲ࡴ$⫼ࡳ㛑.䇈ᯢ:ϡҙ೼ᡔᴃ㋏㒳ⱘᭈϾnੑ਼ᳳ$ৃҹgおƒ⦄ࡳ㛑ⱘ᭄䞣№ㄝ㑻….

ঞƒ⦄ࡳ㛑ⱘ⍜㗫….,೼ᡔᴃ㋏㒳থሩⱘ৘Ͼ䰊↉ഛৃᇍ݊䖯㸠gお(ሔ䚼ᛇ࣪3oA

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩⧚ᛇᑺ ⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧$(IFR

3⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧$ᴹ⑤ƒARIZ,ARIZⱘøϝ䚼ӳ㽕∖䰜䗄⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧$№B‰䖒¾⧚ᛇ᳔࣪㒜㒧$ⱘ⠽⧚\Ⳓoϡᰃ∌䖰g㛑䖒¾⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧$,Ԛᰃ⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧$㛑㒭៥Ӏᣛᯢ7৥,г$ࡽƒP ᗱ‰ᛃIoI

FR

԰⫼:ᣛᯢ䗮ᕔ㾷އ7ḜП䏃:䯂乬ᇪ䫤࣪,ϡ䍄ᡬ$П䏃.䰜䗄⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧$:㋏㒳㞾䑿ᅠ៤䳔㽕ⱘࡳ㛑,Ϩϡ䳔乱໪⍜㗫o⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧$

( IFR) –

ѻn$⫼԰⫼៪⍜䰸$ᆇ԰⫼,

ϡö࣪݊;԰⫼៪ѻn$ᆇ԰⫼oᦣ䗄ᔶᓣ:xܗ㋴,ϡ㛑 ㋏㒳Qᴖ࣪,ϡ㛑ᓩ䍋$ᆇ⦄䈵,೼(᪡԰ᯊ䯈)/(᪡԰ऎ))ݙ

㽕⍜䰸($ᆇ԰⫼3,гϡB‰Ꮉ݋ᅠ៤ⱘ($⫼ࡳ㛑3,Ϩxܗ㋴᳔དᰃ㋏㒳ݙ䚼䌘⑤oA

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IWINT,INCᑨ⫼IFRⱘ÷偸A

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IWINT,INCø—÷:⦄$ⱘ䯂乬ᦣ䗄

øѠ÷:䯂乬㾷އⱘIFRᦣ䗄øϝ÷:ӳᵤ⦄$ⱘ᠔$ৃ߽⫼䌘⑤øA÷:ᕫ¾᥹䖥IFRⱘᡔᴃ7ḜP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩⧚ᛇᑺ ⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧$(IFR

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IWINT,INCӳᵤ䌘⑤:⠽¾ǃ㛑䞣ǃffi԰7Ḝ:߽⫼t$ⱘffi԰P ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩A

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IWINT,INC⧚ᛇᑺ4⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧

$y⹳ – 䱊⫋ࠊ៤ (burnt

clay)P ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩A

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IWINT,INC⧚ᛇᑺ№⧚ᛇ࣪ⱘ᳔㒜㒧$ƒ՟:®№ë䞣8ሲⱘ㗤䝌I?P ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩6.

⠽¾ϡৃবᗱ‰ᛃIᎹ݋ⱘffiᗕ࣪

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩fiሣᐩ⊩A

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IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩fiሣᐩ⊩A

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IWINT,INCбሣᐩ⊩ⱘƒ⫼ℹ偸ø—÷:}Ңᡔᴃ㋏㒳M䑿[থ,$ƒৃ߽⫼ⱘ䌘⑤

øѠ÷:$ƒᡔᴃ㋏㒳ⱘƒ㋏㒳ǃ®㋏㒳$ⱘ䌘⑤

øϝ÷:$ƒ㋏㒳ⱘ䖛এ№$ᴹ,Ң$fiᡒৃ߽⫼ⱘ䌘⑤øA÷:$ƒ®㋏㒳№ƒ㋏㒳ⱘ䖛এ№$ᴹP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩A

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IWINT,INC䯂乬: ᄳࡴƒ೑㑺$1300ϛⱘẩ὜ᷥo—乫ẩ὜ᷥ↣Tৃѻ240}ᷥ∕⫼ᴹࠊ䗴ẩ὜㊪o Ԛᰃ೼㦋পᷥ∕ᯊ䳔㽕Ңᷥݴ৥ϟࡆῑ,ᷥᑆ催20㉇,ᗢ‡ffi?P ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩fiሣᐩ⊩A

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IWINT,INC$Vᦤ䆂:䖍№ę䰊䖍ᕔᷥfi⠀,Ԛ®$№[ᕜ}

ę䰊ẩ὜ᷥӮ⅏È,®$ę䰊ᇥ,ᕜⒸ⠀ᷥoᗢffi?P ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩fiሣᐩ⊩A

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2008

IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩fiሣᐩ⊩A

Pera

Global

Company

©

2008

IWINT,INCP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩8.

‰᭄ᗱ‰ᛃI9.ϡᄬ೼ⱘ⽕½ᗱ‰ᛃI໪೼⽕½:“᠔$VgR‰,䖭ḋخᰃϡ㸠ⱘ”ᅶfl⽕½:“V᠔¾R,䖭ϡৃ㛑” , “ VVⱚR,ϡ㛑䖭ḋخ".ݙ೼⽕½:“៥⹂ֵ,䖭ḋϡ㸠".⽕½:z䅸ƒᄺⱘᴗQǃⒸ⠠,t೎;ⱘϡE⹂ⱘ⠽ԧ῵ൟ.⚍A

Pera

Global

Company

©

2008

IWINT,INC㒓䴶ԧP ᗱ‰ᛃIⱘ7⊩8剐⊩--

ᚙ๗Sᛇӳᵤ⊩ᇚⳟ䍋ᴹϡ㛑ƒ⦄ⱘᛇ⊩,ӳৃҹƒ⦄ⱘ䚼ӳ№Sᛇⱘ䚼ӳ:—ⳈA

Pera

Global

Company

©

2008

IWINT,INC㒚ӳ,Ⳉ㟇᠔$䚼ӳgৃҹƒ⦄.ᑨ⫼÷偸:؛䆒ƒ$—⾡߱ྟⱘSᛇᚙ๗,៥Ӏᗱ$—ϟ,ℸᚙ๗$

Ͼ䚼ӳᰃ⦄ƒⱘ?г䆌䖭Ͼ䚼ӳॳMϡᰃSᛇⱘ.Sᛇᚙ๗1 – ⦄ƒ䚼ӳ1 =

Sᛇᚙ๗2ᕫ¾࠽ԭⱘSᛇᚙ๗—Sᛇᚙ๗2.

㒻3᧰fi,ⳟᰃ§䖬$ϡ⦄ƒⱘ䚼ӳ?Sᛇᚙ๗2 – ⦄ƒ䚼ӳ2 =

Sᛇᚙ๗3ᕫ¾Sᛇᚙ๗3.№Ϟ—ⳈᕔϟⒸ䆎,Ⳉ¾ᡒϡ[⦄ƒⱘ䚼ӳ Ωo$ƒ®