商务英语的文化翻译研究和商务英语视听说原文与答案完整版

商务英语的文化翻译研究摘要：随着社会经济的迅猛发展，我国的国际贸易也得到了逐渐的发展和壮大，因此，对商务英语翻译的要求也逐渐增加，虽然它能够推动我国国际贸易的快速发展，但是其自身仍然存在较大的问题，主要体现在文化的差异方面，这将导致商务英语在翻译中的准确性和规范性得不到有效的保障，因此，翻译人员应不断提升自身的翻译能力，在翻译过程中将中西方文化相结合。本文将对商务英语翻译及其特点以及文化差异进行分析，并针对翻译中出现的主要问题，提出几条合理性的解决策略，以供参考。引言：在我国实行改革开放之后，贸易全球化逐渐加深，国际间的沟通和交流日益频繁，因此市场中急需一批专业化程度较高、素质良好的商务英语人才。语言是文化的重要载体，商务英语的交流活动同样也是文化传播的重要形式。由于不同国家在背景、环境以及风土人情等方面都不尽相同，因此在进行国际间的英语翻译时常常会出现失语的现象，这将对商务活动的效果产生较大的不利影响，由此可见，尊重和了解文化间的差异对商务翻译来说十分重要。商务英语翻译及其特点国际贸易逐渐壮大，国际间的交流和沟通日益频繁，在此背景下，商务英语应运而生，为国际间的交流提供保障，促进国际贸易的顺利进行。商务英语与普通的英语相比，在性质以及表达形式等方面都具有较大的区别，其相对于普通英语来说，在表现方面更加的正式和规范。因此，商务英语人员在翻译的过程中应保障表达的准确性，除了要对商务英语的基本特点及使用方法进行理解和掌握之外，还应对其母语国的地理环境、风土人情以及宗教信仰等多个方面进行深度了解，以此来保障英语翻译的准确性。此外，还具备以下几方面特点。句式结构格式化在商务英语中，进行合同、协议等文件的翻译时，由于句式结构较为复杂，并且具有格式化的特点，因此进行行文时也需要按照一定的格式，从而保障语言表达的正式性和规范性。例如，在商务合同中经常出现的“依照本合同中的相关规定”，针对这一句的翻译，其句式结构可以被格式化为“asprovidedherein”。在商务英语中，采用特定句式格式化的方式将能够使语句的准确性和规范性得到显著的提升。此外，在回答对方的提问时，通常会用到“Welookforward...”等格式化的语言进行，在给人清楚简练感觉的同时，也能够尽最大可能的让对方将自己的意思理解清楚[1]。语言应用专业化由于国际贸易十分广泛，因此利用商务英语进行交流的领域也较为广阔，其中包括产品名称、货物贸易以及法律法规等等。这些方面都将要求商务英语的表达能够符合某一领域中的专业化和标准化要求，从而保障交易双方都能够准确、清楚的了解对方所表达的意思和内容。例如，“premium为保险额、inquiry为询价”等等，这些都能够表达出商务英语具有较多名词且语言应用较为专业化的特点。词汇使简练化在进行商务活动时，应尽量使表述的语言变得顺畅、清晰，因此商务英语的语言应用应做到简明扼要，即能够正确的表述出自己的意思。因此，在进行商务交流的过程中，经常会应用一些专有名词或者词语的缩写。例如，肯德基缩写为KFC、沃尔玛超市为WMT以及离岸价缩写为FOB等等。此外，在进行商务交流时，应保障在语言表述具有客观性、真实性以及文明性的基础上，再进行词汇的简练化适用。商务英语翻译文化差异思维方式思维方式上的差异是文化差异的重要体现，不同国家的人们由于受到文化教育、地理环境以及风土人情等多种因素影响，在思维方式上面也存在着较大的差别。这些东西方人们在思维方式上呈现出的不同特征，使语言在表述形式上出现了差异，同时也给人们之间的正常沟通带来较大的障碍。在思维方式上文化差异的主要体现有以下几个方面。本体型与客体型思维的差异我国国民由于受到长期的人本文化影响，形成了汉民族本体型的思维方式，这种思维方式主要是以人为中心进行事物的研究和推理分析，而西方文化则更加侧重于以物为中心，以自然为本位，进行客观事物的推理和分析。两种思维方式在语言上的体现主要是句子结构以及成分方面的不同。在行为主体的选择方面，英语中通常会选择用该行为的承受者作为主语，即生物名词。但在中文中通常会用动作的执行者作为主语，即人或者其他有生命的词。综合型和分析型思维的差异中国文化在思维方式的体现上具有较强的综合性，但西方思维中则具有较强的分析性。这种不同在语言方面的体现为：在中国综合性思维中，句子的结构主要以动词为中心，整体来看将形成一种“流水型”的结构。但是西方的分析型思维中，则会以主语或者谓语为中心，包含较多的从句，形成一种“树杈型”的结构。例如，“我们要完成联合国长久发展的共同目标，利用人类积累的物质资源，缩小南北方区域差距，促进全球生产的健康发展。”在这个句子中，一连使用了“利用”“缩小”“促进”等多个动词，是典型的“流水型”结构。具象型和抽象型的差异总体来看，中国的思维方式更加偏向为具象型，而西方文化则更加偏向于抽象性。这种差异在语言上的表现主要为：在汉语中将会过多的使用些具体名词，但是在英语中将会应用些笼统的名词来表达意思和概念。例如，在“Wisdompreparesfortheworst;butfollyleavetheworstforthedayitcomes.”在这句话中，“wisdom”与“folly”对于使用英语国家的人们来说，这样用能够使词义变得更加明确，整个句子也会变得更加简练。但是对于中国人们来说，这样的用词方式过于抽象，因此在中文中“wisdom”经常被用来表示“聪明人”，而“folly”则被用来表示“愚蠢”，因此在此语句中产生了一定程度的差异。表达方式由于中西方人们拥有不同的语言体系和文化背景，在语言的表达方式上又有固定的应用形式，因此在不同文化背景下的人们，即使是面对同样概念的事物，在表达方式上也可能会存在差异，主要体现在以下几个方面[2]。着眼点不同由于不同地区的人们在文化教育方面存在着较大的差异，因此对于同一个事物的看待角度也有所不同，进而产生不同的说法。例如：“方便面”，在中国人的眼中是吃起来比较方便，但是在英文中的着眼点在于快速，因此便有了“instantnoodle”。再比如说“吃甜食的人”，中文对其的着眼点在于人，而英文中对其的表示是“sweettooth”即着眼于牙齿。说法不同各国家由于受到社会环境以及生态环境等因素的影响，都会从自身的角度进行事物的解释，这样做将会构成特定的表达方式，例如，中文中说“乱七八糟”，在英文中的翻译为“likeakettleoffish”，字面意思为“像一桶鱼”。中文中说“如履薄冰”，英文中说“walkonegg”字面意思是“踩在鸡蛋上”。说话习惯我国与外国在说话习惯方面具有较大的差距，我国由于受到“泱泱大国”的民族自豪感的影响，这种民族心理将会促使中文中的描述变得较为拔高，这在国内的受众来看十分正常，但在英语的说话习惯方面则更加侧重于质朴自然，单纯的依靠真实情感进行信息的传递。例如，中国全聚德的企业介绍中是以“世界一流美食”“国际知名品牌”等词进行描述，属于较为拔高的说法，但是在西方的KFC企业中的描述则更加注重于对现实的描述，虽然能够将自己的优势进行充分展现，但却不存在自我拔高的意思。商务英语翻译策略应对思维方式策略针对中国人的本体型思维与西方的客体型思维的不同，商务英语翻译人员在进行英译汉时，主要可以采用两种策略，即增词和拆译。其中，增词是指翻译人员在进行英译汉的翻译时，根据句子表达方面的需求可以适当的增加词语，将依据句子的逻辑语义将主语进行改换或者添加，使语义变得更加清晰，能够与我国语言表达的逻辑思维相符合。另一种表达方式是拆译，根据具体的翻译需要，翻译员在进行英语长句的翻译时，可以将其拆分为几个较短的句子，将所听到的英语信息进行分解之后再以多个汉语的形式口译出来。应对表达方式策略在进行商务英语的口译中，有时即使翻译员使用了恰当的语句，但是由于说话方式不够妥当，没有考虑到语言文化在特定语境中的特殊意思，而是按照自己的表达方式进行翻译，那么仍会影响最终的翻译效果。对此，商务英语翻译人员可以采用归化和释译两种措施进行解决。其中，归化是指对于在中英文中存在着眼点、搭配以及说法等方面的不同，尽量使用相对固定的方式进行表达，这样将能够使翻译过后的语言更加贴近听众的语言环境。此外，释译主要是针对词汇空缺方面的文化差异，在进行商务英语的翻译中，口译人员可以采用释译的形式进行翻译，例如，大部分外来商贸人员对中国的风土人情等不完全熟悉，这时在进行口译时，可以采用释译的形式进行补充和解释，帮助其更换的了解[3]。应对说话习惯策略在说话习惯方面存在的差异可以通过意译和简译的方式进行，如果商务英语的翻译人员在翻译的过程中遇到对账整齐、工整的话语时，为了能够使对方充分了解到语句的真实含义，可以冲破原有的语言束缚，摆脱句子的原有结构，只要是将原本的语句能够清晰直接的翻译过来即可。例如，在习近平总书记的演讲中提到的“不能这边搭台、那边拆台，而是应该相互补台、好戏连台”。这句话中的“搭台”、“连台”、以及“拆台”等词都属于整齐对仗的形式，但是在翻译的过程中如果采用直译的话将会使翻译的语言变得较为难懂，这时则可以采用意译的形式，将“搭台”翻译为“维护和平”，将“拆台”翻译为“破坏和平”，将“补台”“连台”等翻译为为了维护和平而共同努力。还有一种较为简单有效的翻译方式为简译，这种方式主要应用在商务英语中经常出现的套路性用语当中，例如，“建设利用外资的新平台”这里的“建设...平台”则属于套路性的用语。在具体的口译过程中，翻译人员可以根据现实需要将一些赘词进行省略，只是将句子的原意复述出来即可。此外，对于中文的语句表达中经常会存在的某些拔高型的表述，在对其进行翻译时，应考虑到外国人的说话习惯，他们通常会对吹嘘的词汇较为敏感，因此应将拔高的说法在翻译过程中省略，这样既能够将原本语句中的意思充分的表达出来，同时又能够为外国听众所接受。其他策略重视文化背景和语言环境在进行商务英语的翻译过程中，翻译人员应重视中西方之间在文化背景以及语言环境方面的差异，又针对性的采取有效策略，尽最大力量将产生的文化差异进行化解，从而避免产生诸多的误解和分歧。这样做还能够避免由于语言翻译中出现的问题，导致我国与外国在贸易商发生纠纷，进而使国家间出现情感或经济问题，造成较大的财产损失。各个国家在文化背景和历史发展方面都具有较大的多样性以及独特性，部分文化还存在较强的隐蔽性，其他国家的人们还难发现这一点，这将要求商务英语翻译人员能够重视国家间的文化差异，采取正确的措施对其进行有效的化解，在日常工作或者生活中应积极进行多个国家的文化积累，这样才能在面对文化冲突问题时采取直接有效的方式化解[4]。深刻理解词汇含义商务英语翻译的主要工作是将一种文化下的语言，翻译为不同文化下的另一种语言，在翻译的过程中很可能会由于文化间的差异产生一定的冲突，为了能够将矛盾和冲突进行有效的化解，翻译人员应深刻理解词汇含义，不仅要对词汇的字面意思进行掌握，同时还应理解深层含义，这样才能够在具体的翻译过程中做到游刃有余，灵活运用。此外，在进行中外文化的翻译中，应找准两种文化之间的切合点，做到既能够使文化和语义在传递过程中保障原本意思不发生改变，又应该在翻译中体现文化的内涵，防止文化丢失。掌握多种翻译技巧商务英语翻译除了需要掌握词汇的深层含义之外，还应该掌握多种翻译技巧，从而使翻译工作的质量和效率都得到显著的增强。在具体的翻译过程中，部分词汇很难被直接翻译出来，因此翻译人员应采用直译、意译以及音译等多种方式进行翻译。同时，还应结合当代的信息时代背景以及国家的认知习惯，例如，“开门红”将被翻译为“getofftoagoodstart”，这样做将能够让西方人们更加准确的理解到所有表述的意思[5]。参考文献：[1]徐艳霞.基于文化图式理论下的商务英语翻译教学研究[D].东北林业大学,2012.[2]赵志慧.东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响研究[J].新校园(上旬),2015,05:12+69.[3]张秋英.“一带一路”战略背景下跨文化国际商务英语翻译的策略研究[N].烟台职业学院学报,2017,2302:19-21.[4]张文婷.关于商务英语翻译中跨文化交际及文化信息等值的研究与探讨[J].民营科技,2014,12:277.[5]夏洋.基于文化信息等值理论的商务英语翻译教学研究[J].英语教师,2017,1707:61-63.ScriptsUnit1PartIIListeningandSpeakingTask1FAQsinjobinterviewCommentsonthethreequestions:PointforQ1:Tellmesomethingaboutyourself.Sampleanswers:Q1.IamgraduatinginJune,2015fromGuangdongUniversityofFinanceandmymajorisfinancialsecretary.Iamanoutgoing,energeticperson.Ienjoyteamworkverymuch.Aspartofmydegreeprogram,Ineededtocommunicatewithdifferentpeopel.Ipossessexcellentinterpersonalskillsandaverypositiveattitude.Mycareeraspirationistobecomeasuccessfulsecretary.Duringmyinternshipatonecompany,Iworkedasasecretary.Mydutiesincludedofferingfriendlyandefficientscheduletomyboss,answeringphonecalls,takingandpassingonmessagestomyboss.Q2.IreceivedhonorsinseveralFinancialmanagementandcomputercontests.Iamgoodatcommunicating,organizingandcoordinating.Iliketogetalongwellwithpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds.Ifsomethingblocksmypath,Iwilllookforasolution.Inevergiveupeasily.SometimesIreceivecommentsthatIneedtoimproveintheareaoffiling.Iamnowtryingtoimprovebylearningfromothers.Q3.Interestandcareerdevelopmentaretwoofmycriteriainchoosingajob.Interestisthebestmotivation.Ilovetobeasecretary,soIwilldefinitelydevotemyselftoit.Moreover,highjobsatisfactioncanbeattainedwhenthejobiswhatIaminterestedin.Careerdevelopmentisveryimportantformewhenchoosingajob.FromwhatIknow,Shangri-Laprovidesequalcareeradvancementforallstaff.Thejobrotationplanandindividuallytailoredtrainingprogramarereallyexcitingandhelpfulforyoungpeoplelikeme.Task2InappropriatequestionsinjobinterviewScript:M:Comein,please.W:Goodmorning,sir.I’mKarenYang.M:Goodmorning,MissYang.I’mKevinCarter,theAdministrationManager.Takeaseat,please.W:Oh,isthatyourwife,Mr.Carter?Sheissobeautiful.M:Thankyou.Ah…MissYang,I’vegonethroughyourresume.I’dliketoaskyousomequestionsnow,ifyoudon’tmind.W:Ofcoursenot.pleasegoahead.M:Well,canyoutellmewhyyouwouldliketoworkasamedicalrepresentativewithus?W:Ireallylikethiskindofwork,andhavingbeenadoctorforthreeyears,Iwanttoapplyforthispositionforachange.M:Don’tyouthinkit’sapityforyoutoleaveyourpresentjob?W:Tosomeextent,itis.Ihavelearnedalotinthehospital.ButIwouldliketotryadifferentkindoflife.Bytheway,couldyoutellmehowmuchthenewjobpays?M:Sure.Thereisafive-monthprobationary试用的periodandyoucanonlygetRMB2,000foreachmonth.Afterthat,we’lldetermineyoursalaryaccordingtoyourperformance.W:Oh,Isee.Then,whataboutthepaidholidays,insurance,andthingslikethat?M:Everyemployeeinourcompanyenjoyslifeinsurance人寿保险andunemploymentinsurance.Inaddition,theyenjoytwo-weekpaidholidays.W:Thatsoundsfine.Howmuchtimewillittakeformetobepromotedhere?M:I’mnotsure.Itdependsonyourabilityandperformance.Maybewe’llsendyoutooneofourbranches,ifyoulike.W:Noproblem.Ihatestayingatoneplaceallthetime.Butinwhichcitiesdoyouhaveyourbranches?And,whereisyourcompanybased(把总部设在…)?M:OurcompanyisbasedinNewYork,withbranchesinmanycities,suchasPhiladelphia,BeijingandLondon.…Key:Isthatyourwife,Mr.Carter?Sheissobeautiful.Avoidaskinginterviewerpersonalquestionsormakingpersonalcomments.Couldyoutellmehowmuchthenewjobpays?Theinterviewermightinferfromthesequestionsthatyouareonlyinterestedinyourownneedsandnotthoseoftheircompany.Waituntiltheemployerraisesthesesubjectstodiscussthem.Whataboutthepaidholidays,insurance,andthingslikethat?Howmuchtimewillittakeformetobepromotedhere?Butinwhichcitiesdoyouhaveyourbranches?Andwhereisyourcompanybased?Itisalsounwisetoaskaboutthingsyoushouldhavealreadyknown.Youareonlytellingtheinterviewerthatyouhaven'tdoneyourhomework.PartIIILanguageFocusKey:oName:CaiNingoPersonality:serious-minded认真的;calm;humorous;easy-goingoStrengths:theabilitytoworkwithalltypesofpeopleoWeakness:perfectionist;impatientoWorkexperience:sixyears’financialindustryexperiencewithseveralcompanies;twoyears’experienceinaninvestmentbankoQualification:graduatedfromPekingUniversityin2001majoringinaccounting;fluentEnglish;bookkeeping记账andaccountingproficiencyinEnglish.oReasonsforleavinglastjob:wanttofindajobthatischallenging.oQuestionsaboutthejob:WouldIbeabletoworkabroadinoneofyouroverseasbranches?PartIVViewingandSpeakingVideo1ApplyingforthepositionoffinancialconsultantScript:Chen:Goodmorning,MsMandel.Ms.Mandel:Goodmorning,sitdown,please.Chen:Thankyou!Ms.Mandel:YouareChenBo,aren’tyou?I’mCathyMandel,DirectoroftheHRDepartment.Chen:Yes,I’mChenBo.Nicetomeetyou,Ms.Mandel.Ms.Mandel:Nicetomeetyou,too.I’vegonethroughyourresumeandwouldliketoknowmoreaboutyou.Chen:Thankyouforyourinterestinme.Ms.Mandel:Tostartwith,wouldyouliketotellmeabitaboutyourself?Chen:Sure.I’maseniorstudentatGDUF.Iexpecttograduatethissummer.Mymajorisinternationalfinance.Ms.Mandel:Sowhydidyouchooseourcompany?Chen:AsfarasIknow,yourcompanyisoneofseveralleadinginternationalconsultantcorporationswhichcametoChinaafterChinaenteredWTO.IthinkworkingherewouldgivemethebestchancetousewhatI’velearnedatuniversity.Ms.Mandel:Asamajorininternationalfinance,whatdoyouthinkyoucandoinconsultancy?Chen:Well,Iknowhowtotackleproblems.Forexample,IknowImustfirstanalyzetheproblemandworkoutthemajorcause.ThenIwillbeabletosearchforwaystosolveitfromavailabledata.Ms.Mandel:Sometimesdataisnotenough.Haveyougotanyrelevantexperienceinthisfield?Chen:Lastyear,duringtheprobationaryperiod,IwasinvolvedintherestorationofafactoryinNanjing,Ireallylearnedalotfromtheexperience,especiallyhowtoaccess评估people’sstrengthsandabilities.Ms.Mandel:Canyoucopewithhardworkunderpressureandinatoughenvironment?Chen:Noproblem,Idon’tcareaboutpressureortheenvironmentaslongasIenjoythework.Ms.Mandel:Good.Now,doyouhaveanyquestionstoask?Chen:Yes,I’vegotone.ArethereanyopportunitiesforChineseemployeestobetransferredtotheheadofficeinNewYorkorotherbranchofficesaroundtheworld?Ms.Mandel:Um,probably.Ithinkyouarelikelytobesenttoworkinanoverseasbranchtogetexperiencelaterononceyou’veprovedyourworth.Chen:Oh,great.IfI’maccepted,Iwilldomybestforthecompany.Ms.Mandel:Iwishyouluck!We’llnotifyyouofourfinaldecisionbyFriday.Chen:Thankyou!Ms.Mandel.Good-bye.Ms.Mandel:Goodbye.Key:ReasonsforjoiningthecompanyItisoneoftheleadinginternationalconsultantcorporationswhichcametoChinaafterChinaenteredWTO.Workinginthiscompanywouldgivehimthebestchancetousewhathehaslearnedatuniversity.RelevantworkexperienceHewasinvolvedinafactoryrestorationinNanjing.QuestionsArethereanyopportunitiesforChineseemployeestobetransferredtotheheadofficeinNewYorkorotherbranchofficesaroundtheworld?ResultoftheinterviewChenBowillbenotifiedofthefinaldecisionbyFriday.Video2ApplyingforthepositionofSalesManagerScript:Wang:MayIcomein?Mr.White:Yes,pleasedo.Wang:Goodmorning,sir.MynameisMerryWang.I’vecomeforaninterview,asrequested.Mr.White:Nicetomeetyou,MissWang.IamHarryWhite,DirectoroftheHRDepartment.Iwasexpectingyou.Please,takeaseat.Wang:Thankyou.Mr.White:Well,MissWang,youareapplyingforthepositionofSalesManager,right?Howdidyouknowaboutourcompany?Wang:IgottoknowyourcompanyfromyourTVcommercials.Theyareelaboratelydesignedandproduced,andleavemedeepimpression.Andinthesummersof1997and1998IworkedasasalesgirlforyourcompanyinGuangzhou.Mr.White:Really?That’sgood.Thenyoumustknowsomethingaboutourcompany?Wang:Yes,alittle.Yourcompanyisveryfamous.Yourcosmeticsandskincareproductsareverypopularwithwomenallovertheworld.Mr.White:Huh,that’sright.MissWang,canyoutellmewhichuniversityyouattended?Wang:SunYat-sen.Mr.White:Andwhatdegreehaveyougot?Wang:Ihaveabachelor’sdegreeinbusinessadministration.Mr.White:HowisyourEnglish?Youknow,somestaffmembersinourcompanyareAmericans,soconversationalEnglishisveryimportant.Wang:IpassedTEM8atcollege,andIamgoodatoralEnglish.IthinkIcancommunicatewithAmericansquitewell.Mr.White:Good.IknowyouarenowwithUnitedButter.Whatisyourchiefresponsibilitythere?Wang:I’veworkedthereforfiveyears,sinceIgraduatedfromcollege.Twoyearsago,IwasappointedBrandManager—responsibleforthePandalineofbiscuits.Mr.White:Whydoyouwanttochangeyourjob?Wang:Iwanttochangemyworkenvironment,seeknewchallengesandbroadenmyexperience.That’swhyIwanttomoveintosales.Mr.White:Whatdoyouthinkisthemostimportantqualificationforasalesperson?Wang:Ithinkit’sself-confidenceandqualityproducts.Mr.White:Iagreewithyou.Whatsalarywouldyouexpecttogethere?Wang:Well,Iwouldleaveittoyoutodecideafteryouconsidermyabilities.MycurrentannualincomeinUnitedButteris150thousand.But,er,…couldyoutellmealittlemoreaboutwhatthejobentails?Mr.White:Youwouldbeinchargeofallthesalesactivities,forallhairproductsinnortheastChina.Thiswouldinvolvemarketanalysis,clientserviceanddevelopment,salespromotion,andregularcustomersatisfactionsurveys.You’dreportdirectlytotheRegionalSalesDirector.Doyouhaveanyotherquestions?Wang:Yes,onlyone.WhencanIgetyourdecision?Mr.White:Ineedtodiscusswithotherboardmembers.We’llnotifyyouofourdecisionassoonaspossible.But…tobehonest,youseemtobeagoodcandidatewiththerightkindofexperienceandpersonality.You’rehighonmylist.Wang:That’sgood!Thankyou,Mr.White.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou.Goodbye.Mr.White:Goodbye.Key:o1.FTFFTo2.1)SalesManager2)Five3)BrandManager4)biscuits5)BusinessAdministration6)oralEnglishScriptsUnit2Script:Sherry:Daniel,it’syou!Ihaven’tseenyouforyears.Howareyoudoing?Daniel:Verywell,thankyou.Andyou,Shelly?Sherry:Nottoobad.Iheardyou’vegotanewjob.So,whatdoyoudonow?Daniel:Iamanengineerinalargeinternationalcarcorporationnow.Sherry:Oh,that’snice!Whichdepartmentareyouin?Daniel:I’mintheResearchandDevelopmentDepartment.Sherry:Thatsoundsgreat!Daniel:Yes,it’sreallyaveryexcitingandrewardingjob.Atthemoment,wearedesigninganewtypeofcar.Sherry:Oh,really?You’vealwaysbeenclever,Daniel.Iknewyou’ddosomethingverychallengingandcreative.Doyouneedtoworkovertime?Daniel:Notreally,Ijustworkregularhoursmostofthetime.ButonFridaynights,Isometimesstayintheofficeafterworktodealwithunfinishedtasks.Sherry:Well,Daniel,youmustcomeandseemesometimeandtellmeallaboutitoveracupoftea.Daniel:Icertainlywill.Whataboutyou,Sherry?Howisyourjob?Sherry:Iamstilltheaccountantofthatcosmeticscompany…Task2DescribingjobsScript:vJack:Hi,I’mJack.I’mthemanageroftheResearch&DevelopmentDepartment.I’vebeeninthispositionforthreeyears.Ihavetomanageallaspectsoftheproductdevelopmentprocess,includingresourceallocation,budgetrequirementsandpersonnelmanagement.Ihavetoworkwithmarketingteamstoanalyzetheneedsofthedevelopingmarketsanddirectourworkaccordingly.I’mresponsibleforcreatingandmanagingtheR&Dteamsandfortheoverallplanning,execution,andsuccessoftheprojects.vJanet:I’mJanet,SalesManagerofR&TCompany.SinceIwaspromotedtothepositionofmanagerfouryearsago,I’vebeenengagedinvariousresponsibilities.Myresponsibilitiesinclude:developingsalesstrategies;achievingsalestargets;recruitingandtrainingsalesstaff;supervisingandmotivatingteamperformance;expandingthecustomerbaseandensuringhighlevelsofcustomersatisfaction.vStanley:Hi,I’mStanley.AsthemanageroftheProductionDepartment,I’mresponsibleforselecting,developingandmanagingahighlycompetentandmotivatedstaffofemployees;ensuringthatproductioniscost-effectiveandtheproductsareproducedontimeandofgoodquality.Moreover,Ihavetoworkoutthehumanandmaterialresourcesneeded.I’malsoresponsibleforidentifyingthetrainingneedsofourstaffandcultivatingacultureofcontinuousimprovementinallaspectsofmanufacturing.PartIVViewingandSpeakingVideo1IntroducingtitlesandresponsibilitiesScript:President:Goodafternoon,everyone!ThisisRobinCopperfield,thenewvicepresidentofourcompany.Hewillbeinchargeoftheaccountingwork.Let’sgivehimawarmwelcome!Robin:Thankyou!President:Mr.Copperfieldisanexpertinthefieldofaccounting.So,itisapleasureforustohavehimhere.Now,Mr.Copperfield,I’dliketointroducethevicepresidentsandmanagerstoyou.Robin:It’sOK,thankyou!President:ThisisMayBates,VicePresidentinchargeoftheAdministrationDepartmentandtheNeighborhoodServiceDepartment.Robin:Nicetomeetyou,Ms.Bates.Ms.Bates:Nicetomeetyou,Mr.Copperfield.President:AndthisisDennisHayes.VicePresidentinchargeoftheMarketingDepartmentandtheSalesDepartment.DennisHayes:Howdoyoudo,Mr.Copperfield?Gladtomeetyou.Robin:Gladtomeetyou,Mr.Hayes.President:Andthisis…oh,whereisAndrewJefferson?Robin:Mr.Jefferson?I’vemethimbefore.Iheardheisoneofthesecretsofthiscompany’ssuccess.Everyonewasravingaboutwhatagreatjobhe’sdonein…President:Uh…speakofthedevil…Mr.Jeffersonhasjustarrived.Mr.Jefferson:Hi,Mr.Copperfield,goodtoseeyouagain.Robin:Goodtoseeyou,Mr.Jefferson.Mr.Jefferson:Sorry,I’mlate.Iwastalkingtoaclient.Robin:Oh,that’sOK.Howmanydepartmentsareyouinchargeof,Mr.Jefferson?Mr.Jefferson:Four:Research&Development,Engineering,ContractBudgets,andProjectPreparation.Robin:Nowonderyou’resobusy.President:Mr.Copperfield,therearethreemanagerswhoreportdirectlytoyou,andtheyareallladies.So,ladies,canyouintroduceyourselves?AdaBlack:I’mAdaBlack,responsibleformanagementaccounts.CarolineClinton:I’mCarolineClinton,responsibleforfinancialaccounts.LucyWhite:I’mLucyWhite,responsiblefordataprocessing.Robin:Oh,good.Nicetomeetyouall,ladies.Key:1.CarolineClinton:financialaccountsLucyWhite:dataprocessingAdaBalck:managementaccounts2.Administration;Marketing;Engineering;ProjectPreparation;Accounting3.1）administration：rearserviceofthecompany,coordinatingthestafftoexercise2)neighborhoodservice:workingoutplansforpreserving&improvingthephysicl,social&economichealthofneighbor.3)marketing:establishingmarketingstrategiesto4)research&development:providingadviceonavailableresearch5)engineering:manage&controllingprojectquality,schedule&costs6)contractbudgets:leadthepreparation,development&managementoftheoperationalVideo2Doyoulikeyourjob?Script:Robin:What’syourjobnow,Jerome?DoyoustillworkforthatwhollyfundedAmericancompany?Jerome:No,Ileftitthreeyearsago.Ihavemyownbusinessnow.Frank:Gee,that’sgreat!Howdoyoufeelasaself-employedentrepreneur?Jerome:Ifeelgood.IcanmakealotmoremoneythanbeforeandIhavealotofindependenceindoingthings.But,sometimesIge[t]tired.Asyouknow,it’snotveryeasytorunabusinessonyourown.Whataboutyou,Frank?Whatareyoudoingnow?Frank:I’veworkedforseveralcompanies.Aftergraduation,Iwen[t]toapriva[te]company.Thenayearlater,IchangedtoaSino-Japanese[‘sainəu,dʒæpə’ni:z]joint-ventureenterpriseandworkedasasalesassistant.Twoyearslater,Imovedontoacomputercompanyandworkedinexportsales.Andnow,I’manadvertisingexecutive.Colin:Oh,youarearealjob-hopper.Whyhaveyouchangedjobssooften?Frank:I’malwaysinterestedinnewchallenges.Iknowchangingjobsfrequentlycanbeawasteofacompany’shumanresources,butI’mgainingalotofexperience!Howisyourjob,Colin?Colin:I’vebeenworkingforthePMCTextilePlantsinceIgraduated.Twoyearsago,IwaspromotedtoLineSupervisor.Frank:Doyoulikeyourjob?Colin:ThesalaryandbenefitsareOk,butIdon’tliketheworkenvironment.Youknow,theworkshopsareverynoisysometimes.Also,Idon’toftengetanopportunitytogoanywhere.Ihatestayinginthesameplaceallthetime.Youoftentravelonbusiness,right,Robin?Robin:Yes.Asabuyer,Imus[t]traveltopurchasestock.I’vebeentoalotofplaces.Colin:MaybeIshouldthinkaboutbecomingabuyer…Robin:Mm…,everythinghastwosides.Igetfedupwithtraveling.Nowadays,Iwan[t]tospendmoretimewithmyfamily.Janet:Hi,guys,mayIjoinyou?Everybody:Sure.Haveaseat.Janet:Youenjoygettingtogether,don’tyou?Whatareyoutalkingabout?Robin:Jobs.Whatkindofjobdoyouhave,Janet?Janet:I’mthePublicRelationsManagerinaholdingcompany.Colin:Doyouenjoyit?Janet:Yes.WhatIlikeaboutitisthatIcanmeetalotofnewandinterestingpeople.Robin:Howaboutyourworkinghours?Janet:That’sthetrouble.IusuallyhavetoworkovertimebecauseIoftenhavedinnerpartiesintheevening.Idon’tgetenoughtimewithmyfamilyandbaby.Key:1.self-employedentrepreneur,buyer,LineSupervisor,AdvertisingExecutive,PublicRelationsManager2.NameslikedislikeJeromemakingalotmoremoney;havinglotsofindependenceindoingthingsfeelingtiredsometimesRobinhavingbeentoalotofplacestoomuchtraveling;havingverylittletimetospendwithhisfamilyColingoodsalaryandbenefitsnoisyworkenvironment;seldomhavingtheopportunitytogooutFranknewchallenges;alotofexperienceJanetmeetingalotofnew&interestingpeopleoftenhavingdinnerpartiesintheevening;havinglittletimewithherfamilyandbabyScriptsUnit3PartIIListeningandSpeakingTask1MakingacallScript:OfficeAssistant:Goodmorning.LuckPromotions.MayIhelpyou?Mike:Hello,thisisMikeTwistfromSmoothCommunication.CouldIspeaktoSteveTurner,please?OfficeAssistant:Justamoment,please.Steve:Hi,Mike.It’snicetohearfromyou.How’stheEnglishweather?Mike:It’sprettygoodforthistimeofyear.What’sitlikeinNewYork?Steve:Notgood,I’mafraid.Mike:That’sapity!I’mplanningtocomebynextweek.Steve:Really?Well,you’llcomebyandseeuswhileyou’rehere,Ihope.Mike:That’swhatI’mphoningabout.I’vegotameetingwithacustomerinBostononThursdaynextweek.Iwashopingwecouldarrangetomeetupeitherbeforeorafterthat.Steve:Great.Thatwouldgivemeachancetoshowyouthatconventioncenter.Mike:That’swhatIwasthinking.Steve:YousaidyouhavetobeinBostononThursday?That’sthe7th?Mike:That’sright.IcouldstopoverinNewYorkontheway—thatwouldbeWednesday.Wouldthatbepossible?Steve:Ah,I’mafraidIwon’tbeintheofficeonWednesday.Mike:Er,well,theotherpossibilitywouldbetoarrangeitafterIleaveBoston.Steve:WhendoyouplantoleaveBoston?Mike:EitherThursdayafternoonorFridaymorning,butIwouldliketocatchaflightbacktoLondononFridayevening.Steve:Ok.Well,itwouldbebestforusifyoucouldflyinonFridaymorning.Iwillpickyouupattheairport,andthenIcouldshowyoutheconventioncenter.Ifthere’stime,youcouldcomebacktotheofficeandwe’llrunthroughanyofthedetailsthatstillhaven’tbeenfinalized.Mike:Thatsoundsgood.JustaslongasIcangetbacktotheairportformyeveningflight.Steve:Noproblem.Look,whydon’tyoufaxmeyourinformationonceyou’veconfirmedyourflight?Thenwe’llgetbacktoyouwithanitineraryfortheday—that’sFridaythe8th,right?Mike:That’sright.Good.Well,I’lldothatandIlookforwardtoseeingyounextweek.Key:FFTTFTFFTask2LeavingamessageScript:Operator:Hello,ABCCo.Ltd.HowcanIhelpyou?Paul:ThisisPaulJacksonofGrandCompany.CanIhaveextension3421?Operator:Certainly,holdonaminuteandI’llputyouthrough.Roy:LouisePaulson’soffice.ThisisRoyspeaking.Paul:ThisisPaulJacksoncalling.IsLouisein?Roy:I’msorry.She’soutatthemoment.Paul:Whenwillshebeback?Roy:I’mafraidshewon’tbebacksoon.CanItakeamessage?Paul:Yes,couldyouaskhertocallmeat979-326-8965.IneedtotalktoherabouttheorderweplacedlastFriday.I’mafraidwehavetomakesomechangestotheorder.Tellherit’surgent.Roy:Couldyourepeatthenumberplease?Paul:Yes,it’s979-326-8965andthisisPaulJackson.Roy:Couldyouspellit?Paul:P-A-U-L,Paul,J-A-C-K-S-O-N,Jackson.PaulJackson.Roy:Thankyou,Mr.Jackson.I’llmakesureLouisegetsthisassoonaspossible.Paul:Thanks,bye.Roy:Bye.Key:MessageNoteTo:LouisePaulsonFrom:PaulJacksonPhone:979-326-8965Message:RingbacktohimabouttheordertheyplacedlastFriday.Theyhavetomakesomechangestotheorder.It’surgent.Takenby:RoyPartIVVie