动词的时态和语态

PAGE -PAGE3-教师辅导讲义年级：辅导科目：英语课时数：1课题高考英语专题复习五动词的时态和语态教学目的辨析动词的各种时态及两种语态，并能学会在具体语境中熟练运用。教学内容教学建议:动词的时态和语态题在高考中经常考到，要让学生真正弄清楚各时态的含义，并在练习中得到巩固。特别是现在完成时与一般过去时的区别，特别易混淆，要从其核心含义去理解，而不能仅从一些标志词，如有for加一段时间出现来区别时态就可能出错。知识清单动词的时态和语态基础知识概述英语常用的时态有八种，分别是：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。1.动词的基本形式一览表形式变化规则构成例词原形

see,finish,teach现在时第三人称单数形式一般情况加’slook→looks,write→writes以ch,sh,s,x结尾加’esteach→teaches,finish→finishes,guess→guesses,mix→mixes以o结尾加’esdo→does,go→goes以“辅音字母＋y”结尾变y为i，加’estry→tries,cry→cries过去式过去分词形式一般情况加’edstay→stayed,look→looked以不发音e结尾直接加-ddecide→decided,hope→hoped以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这个辅音字母再加-edstop→stopped,admit→admitted以“辅音字母＋y”结尾变y为i，加-edcarry→carried,try→tried现在分词形式一般情况加-inggo→going,read→reading以不发音e结尾去e，再加-inghave→having,write→writing以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这个辅音字母再加-ingcut→cutting,run→running2.常用10种动词时态的构成及其常用时间状语一览表时态动词形式常用时间状语一般现在时动词原形（第三人称单数）always,usually,often,sometimes,every...,etc.一般过去时动词过去式.yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday,last...,...ago,etc一般将来时will(shall)+动词原形begoingto+动词原形tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,next...,intwodays,etc.过去将来时would+动词原形多用于间接引语的宾语从句中将来进行时will(shall)+be+现在分词ateight（thistime）tomorrow,etc.现在进行时am(is,are)+现在分词now,duringthesedays,etc.过去进行时was(were)+现在分词ateight（thistime）yesterday,etc.现在完成时have(has)+过去分词already,just,yet,since,for...,etc.过去完成时had+过去分词by...,before,etc.现在完成进行时have(has)+been+现在分词for...,since...,etc.动词的被动语态构成一览表（以do为例）常用被动语态动词形式常用被动语态动词形式一般现在时am/is/aredone过去进行时was/werebeingdone一般过去时was/weredone现在完成时has/havebeendone一般将来时will/shallbedone过去完成时hadbeendone过去将来时should/wouldbedone将来完成时willhavebeendone现在进行时am/is/arebeingdone含有情态动词的can/must/may...bedone4、被动语态和系表结构的区别(1)被动语态表示动作，而系表结构表状态；Thecupwasbrokenbyaboy.(被动语态)Thecupisbroken.(系表结构)(2)被动语态可有多种时态，而系表结构只有一般现在时和过去时；Mybikeisbeing/willbe/wasrepaired.Heis/wasinterestedinhiswork.(3)被动语态可跟by短语，表动作的执行者。Thedresswasmadebymymother.考点聚焦【考点一】考查一般现在时(1)表示客观事实或普遍真理（不受时态限制）。Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(2)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但shall或will可用在if引导的条件状语从句中表“意愿”，不表时态。Whatareyougoingtobewhenyougrowup?Ifyouwillacceptmyinvitationandcometoourparty,myfamilywillbepleased.(3)少数用于表示起止的动词，如come,go,leave,arrive,fly,start,begin,close,stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排将要发生的动作；当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态时，只用一般现在时。Theshopclosesat11:00p.m.everyday.TomorrowisWednesday.(4)以here,there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.即学即练1.Heisverybusy.Idon’tknowifhe_____ornottomorrow.A.comeB.comesC.willcomeD.iscoming（2011全国I，23）Planningsofarahead_______nosense—somanythingwillhavechangedbynextyear.madeB.ismakingC.makesD.hasmake(2011江苏，21)——Ihearyou_______inapub.What'sitlike?——Well,it'sveryhardworkandI'malwaystired,butIdon'tmind.areworkingB.willworkC.wereworkingD.wellbeworking【考点二】考查一般过去时(1)基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。Imetherinthestreetyesterday.Theyneverdrankwine.Ithoughtthefilmwouldbeinteresting,butitisn’t.(2)表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由but,and,when,assoonas,immediately,themoment,theminute等词语连接，用一般过去时。Themomentshecamein,shetoldmewhathadhappenedtoher.Heboughtawatchbutlostit.特别注意，与现在完成时区分，句中有for+一段时间即学即练1.“I_____histelephonenumber.”“Ihavehisnumber,butI____tobringmyphonebook.”A.forget,forgeB.forgot,forgotC.forget,forgotD.forgot,forget2.Ihadhopedtoseeheroffatthestation,butI_____toobusy.A.wasB.hadbeenC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen(2011浙江，15)Themanagerwasworriedaboutthepressconferencehisassistant________inhisplacebut,luckily,everythingwasgoingonsmoothly.gaveB.givesC.wasgivingD.Hadgiven(2011全国I，24)Iwasn'tsureifhewasreallyinterestedorifhe______polite.wasjustbeingB.willjustbeC.hadjustbeenD.Wouldjustbe【考点三】考查一般将来时（1）“will/shall+动词”表示未来的动作或状态（常与表示未来的时间状语连用）。（2）“will/shall+动词”表示事物固有的属性或习惯动作。We’lldiewithoutairorwater.（3）表示趋向行为的动词。如come，go，start，begin，leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。(4）begoingto与will/shall,betodo,beabouttodo的用法及区别：①begoingto表示打算、计划、准备要做某事。不能用在条件状语从句的主句中。I’mgoingtolearnJapanesenextyear.②shall/willdo表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。Ifitisfine,we’llgofishing.③betodosth.表示拟定或计划中将发生的行为或按职责、义务必须去做的事情。还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。Themeetingistobeheldat9:00am.④beabouttodosth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Iwasabouttogotobedwhenthetelephonerang.即学即练1.“Whenhe_____isnotknownyet.”“Butwhenhe____,hewillbewarmlywelcomed.”A.comes,comesB.willcome,willcomeC.comes,willcomeD.willcome,comes(2011安徽，26)——Whatdoyouthinkofstoreshoppinginthefuture?——Personally,Ithinkitwillexistalongwithhomeshoppingbut_________.A.willneverreplaceB.wouldneverreplaceC.willneverbereplacedD.wouldneverbereplaced【考点四】考查现在进行时（1）表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作。（2）表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时。Teenagersdamagingtheirhealthbecausetheyplaycomputergamestoomuch.（3）表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。SheisleavingforBeijing.（4）go，come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。（5）与always，often等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩。Heisalwaysmakingthesamemistake.即学即练(2011辽宁，28)I'llgotothelibraryassoonasIfinishwhatI_______.wasdoingB.amdoingC.havedoneD.hadbeendoing(2011重庆，21)Thatpieceofmusicsoundsquitefamiliar.Who_______thepianoupstairs?hasplayedB.playedC.paysD.isplaying【考点五】考查过去完成时常用过去完成时的几种情况：①在by,bytheend,bythetime,until,before,since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，表示以前发生的动作。Bytheendoflastyear，wehadbuiltfivenewhouses.②intend,mean,hope,want,plan,suppose,expect,think等动词的过去完成时可用来表示一个本来打算做而实际上没有做的事。这种用法也可表示过去未曾实现的设想或希望，含有某种惋惜之意。Ihadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.③表示“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly/Scarcelyhad+主语+过去分词+when+一般过去时；Nosoonerhad+主语+过去分词+than+一般过去时。Wehadnosoonerbeenseatedthanthebusstarted.=Nosoonerhadwebeenseatedthanthebusstarted.即学即练1.(2011江西，30)Wearrivedatworkinthemorningandfoundthatsomebody_______intotheofficeduringthenight.A.brokeB.hadbrokenC.hasbrokenD.Wasbreaking(2011全国I,29)WhenAlicecameto,shedidnotknowhowlongshe_____there.hadbeenlyingB.hasbeenlyingC.waslyingD.haslain【考点六】考查过去将来时（1）woulddo,was/weregoingtodosth.表示过去将来时；（2）come,go,leave等过去进行时表示过去将来时；（3）was/weretodosth.和was/wereabouttodosth.表示过去将来时。即学即练1.Ontelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleader______onSaturday.A.isarrivingB.willarriveC.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenwe________ready.A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wereD.are3.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmore________thenextyear.A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuiltC.arebuiltD.werebuilt4．--Comein,Peter,Iwanttoshowyousomething.--Oh,howniceofyou!I___you___tobringmeagift.A.neverthink;aregoingB.neverthought;weregoingC.didn'tthink;weregoingD.hadn'tthought;weregoing5.ThismorningAlice___out___thedooropenedandincamesomestrangers.A.wasjustabouttogo;whileB.went;whenC.wasgoing;whileD.wasjustabouttogo;when【考点七】考查过去进行时（1）过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。（2）某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。HewaswatchingTVat9o’clocklastnight.Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.即学即练1.Mybrother___whilehe___hisbicycleandhurthimself.

A.fell,wasridingB.fell,wereridingC.hadfallen,rodeD.hadfallen,wasriding2.Tom___intothehousewhennoone___.

A.slipped,waslookingB.hadslipped,lookedC.slipped,hadlookedD.wasslipping,looked

3.ThelasttimeI__Janeshe___cottoninthefields.

A.hadseen,waspickingB.saw,pickedC.hadseen,pickedD.saw,waspicking

4.Idon'tthinkJimsawme;he___intospace.

A.juststaredB.wasjuststaringC.hasjuststaredD.hadjuststared

5.IfirstmetLisathreeyearsago.She___ataradioshopatthetime.

A.hasworkedB.wasworkingC.hadbeenworkingD.hadworked【考点八】考查现在完成时（1）现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/overthelast(past)fewyears(months,weeks)、inrecentyears等。（2）下列句型中常用现在完成时Itis(hasbeen)+一段时间+since从句This(That/It)isthefirst(second...)timethat+完成时（3）在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，现在完成时可以表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。Ifyouhavedonetheexperiment,youwillrealizethetheorybetter.IwillnotbelieveyouunlessIhaveseenitwithmyowneyes.即学即练（2011天津，3）Inthepastfewyearsthousandsoffilms________allovertheworld.haveproducedB.havebeenproducedC.areproducingD.arebeingproduced（2011安徽，32）--Ididn'taskforthenamelist.Why______onmydesk?Iputittherejustnowincaseyouneededit.doesitlandB.hasitlandedC.wllitlandD.haditlanded【考点九】注意以下几种时态的区别（1）一般过去时和现在完成时①一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，即仅谈过去，与现在无关。Iwrotealetterthismorning.(只说明写了一封信的事实)②现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态，但和现在有联系，可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。Ihavewrittenaletterthismorning.(我已经写了一封信，有继续写第二封的可能，现在还是早上。)2）一般过去时和过去进行时①一般过去时侧重于说明发生某动作的事实。Itrainedheavilylastnight.(强调下雨，并不强调持续时间)②过去进行时侧重于强调某动作的持续过程或表示动作正在进行。Itwasrainingcatsanddogslastnight.(强调没停，一直持续)（3）现在完成时和现在完成进行时①现在完成时在含义上着重表示动作的结果。Ihavereadthatbook.(已读完)②现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.(还没读完)【考点十】考查被动语态（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。①主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。Myfriendgavemeaninterestingbookonmybirthday.→Aninterestingbookwasgiventome(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.→Iwasgivenaninterestingbook(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。Thebossmadehimworkalldaylong.→Hewasmadetoworkalldaylong(bytheboss).③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。Thechildrenweretakengoodcareof(byher).Yourpronunciationandspellingshouldbepaidattentionto.（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。②表示状态的谓语动词，如last,hold,benefit,contain,equal,fit,join,mean,last,looklike,consistto等。③表示归属的动词，如have,own,belongto等。④表示“希望、意图”的动词，如wish,want,hope,like,love,hate等。⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。⑥宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell,write,wash,open,lock等。（3）主动形式表被动意义。①当feel,look,smell,taste,sound等后面接形容词时；当cut,read,sell,wear,write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.Thesenovelswon’tsellwell.Mypenwritessmoothly.Thedoorwon’tlock.Thefishsmellsgood.②当breakout,takeplace,shutoff,turnoff,workout等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.Thelampsonthewallturnoff.③want,require,need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。④beworthdoing用主动形式表示被动含义。⑤在“be+形容词+todo”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。Thiskindofwaterisn’tfittodrink.Thegirlisn’teasytogetalongwith.⑥betoblame(受谴责)，betorent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。即学即练（2011四川，9）Allvisitorstothisvillage_______withkindness.treatB.aretreatedC.aretreatingD.hadbeentreated（2004全国II卷）Accordingtotheartdealer,thepainting______togoforatleastamilliondollars.

A.isexpectedB.expectsC.expectedD.isexpecting

(2005北京春季)Ican’tseeanycoffeeinthiscupboard.________________________?

A.HasitallbeenfinishedB.WasitallfinishedC.HasitallfinishedD.Diditallfinish语法专练1.—HaveyoufinishedreadingJaneEyre?—No,I_______myhomeworkalldayyesterday.(2010·全国Ⅰ)A.wasdoingB.woulddoC.haddoneD.do2.Whenyouarehome,giveacalltoletmeknowyou______safely.(2010·全国Ⅰ)A.arearrivingB.havearrivedC.hadarrivedD.willarrive3.ThediscoveryofgoldinAustralialedthousandstobelievethatafortune______.(2010·全国Ⅰ)A.ismadeB.wouldmakeC.wastobemadeD.hadmade4.Linda,makesurethetables_______beforetheguestsarrive.(2010·全国Ⅱ)A.besetB.setC.aresetD.aresetting5.Excuseme.I_______Iwasblockingyourway.(2010·全国Ⅱ)A.didn’trealizeB.Don’trealizeC.haven’trealizedD.Wasn’trealizing6.Everyfewyears,thecoalworkers_______theirlungsX-rayedtoensuretheirhealth.(2010·上海)A.arehavingB.haveC.havehadD.hadhad7.Thechurchtowerwhich________willbeopentotouristssoon.Theworkisalmostfinished.(2010·上海)A.hasrestoredB.hasbeenrestoredC.isrestoringD.isbeingrestored8.Bobwouldhavehelpedusyesterday,buthe______.(2010·安徽)A.wasbusyB.isbusyC.hadbeenbusyD.willbebusy9.—Wereyousurprisedbytheendingofthefilm?—No.I______thebook,soIalreadyknewthestory.(2010·安徽)A.wasreadingB.hadreadC.amreadingD.haveread10.—We’vespenttoomuchmoneyrecently.—Well,itisn’tsurprising.Ourfriendsandrelativesaroundallthetime.(2010·安徽)A.arecomingB.hadcomeC.werecomingD.havebeencoming11.Everyyearafloodoffarmersarriveinshenzhenforthemoney-makingjobsthey______beforeleavingtheirhometowns.(2010·福建)A.promisedB.werepromisedC.havepromisedD.havebeenpromised12.—Guesswhat,we’vegotourvisasforashort-termvisittotheUKthissummer.—Hownice!you______adifferentculturethen.(2010·福建)A.willbeexperiencingB.haveexperiencedC.havebeenexperiencingD.willhaveexperienced13.Thiscoastalarea_______anationalwildlifereservelastyear.(2010·湖南)A.wasnamedB.namedC.isnamedD.names14.Iwasjustgoingtocutmyrosebushesbutsomeone______it.Wasityou?(2010·湖南)A.hasdoneB.haddoneC.woulddoD.willdo15.Iwalkedslowlythroughthemarket,wherepeople______allkindsoffruitsandvegetables.IstudiedthepricescarefullyandboughtwhatIneeded.(2010·湖南)sellB.weresellingC.hadsoldD.havesold16.I’mtiredout.I______allafternoonandIdon’tseemtohavefinishedanything.(2010·湖南)A.shoppedB.haveshoppedC.hadshoppedD.havebeenshopping17.Motherwantedtobeagoodprovider,aroleshe______sincehermarriagetoFather.(2010·江西)A.shouldersB.shoulderedC.isshoulderingD.hasbeenshouldering18.Joseph______toeveningclassessincelastmonth,buthestillcan’tsay“What’syourname?”inRussian.(2010·辽宁)A.hasbeengoingB.wentC.goesD.hasgone19.I_______allthecookingformyfamily,butrecentlyI’vebeentoobusytodoit.(2010·辽宁)A.willdoB.doC.amdoingD.haddone20.InthespokenEnglishofsomeareasintheUS,the“r”soundsattheendofthewords_______.(2010·北京)A.aredroppedB.dropC.arebeingdroppedD.havedropped21.—I’mnotfinishedwithmydinneryet.—Butourfriends______forus.(2010·北京)A.willwaitB.waitC.havewaitedD.arewaiting22.—I’msorry,butIdon’tquitefollowyou.DidyousayyouwantedtoreturnonSeptember20?—Sorry,I______myselfclear.WewanttoreturnonOctober20.(2010·北京)A.hadn’tmadeB.wouldn’tmakeC.don’tmakeD.have’tmade23.Uptonow,theprogram_______thousandsofchildrenwhowouldotherwisehavedied.(2010·山东)A.wouldsaveB.savesC.hadsavedD.hassaved24.IhavetoseethedoctorbecauseI______alotlately.(2010·陕西)A.havebeencoughingB.hadcoughedC.coughedD.cough25.—Whenshallwerestartourbusiness?—Notuntilwe_______ourplan.(2010·四川)A.willfinishB.arefinishingC.aretofinishD.havefinished（2011山东卷,31﹚WhenIgotonthebus,IIhadleftmywalletathome. A.wasrealizing B.realized C.haverealized D.wouldrealize（2011山东卷,35﹚Shewassurprisedtofindthefridgeempty;thechildeverything!A.hadbeeneatingB.hadeatenC.haveeatenD.havebeeneating（2011江苏卷,21﹚——Ihearyouinapub.what’sitlike?——Well,it’sveryhardworkandI’malwaystired,butIdon’tmind.A.areworking B.willwork C.wereworkingD.willbeworking（2011江苏卷,23﹚——Tommyisplanningtobuyacar.——Iknow.Bynextmonth,heenoughforausedone.A.saves B.saved C.willsave D.willhavesaved（2011北京卷,21﹚ExperimentsofthiskindinboththeU.S.andEuropewellbeforetheSecondWorldWar.A.haveconductedB.havebeenconductedC.hadconductedD.hadbeenconducted（2011北京卷,23﹚Tominthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.A.worksB.workedC.hasbeenworkingD.hadbeenworking（2011全国卷,23﹚Planingsofaraheadnosense—somanythingswillhavechangedbynextyear.A.madeB.ismakingC.makesD.hasmade（2011全国卷,24﹚Iwasn’tsureifhewasreallyinterestedorifhepolite.A.wasjustbeingB.willjustbeC.hadjustbeenD.wouldjustbe（2011全国卷,29﹚WhenAlicecameto,shedidnotknowhowlongshethere.A.hadbeenlyingB.hasbeenlyingC.waslyingD.haslain（2011全国卷II,9﹚Ifyoudon'tlikethedrinkyoujustleaveitandtryadifferentone.A.orderedB.areorderingC.willorderD.hadordered（2011天津卷,3﹚Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilmsallovertheworld.haveproducedB.havebeenproducedC.areproducingD.arebeingproduced（2011天津卷,4﹚Onhernextbirthday,Annmarriedfortwentyyears.A.isB.hasbeenC.willbeD.willhavebeen（2011上海春招,29﹚I’msureyouwilldobetterinthetestbecauseyousohardthisyear. A.studied B.hadstudied C.willstudy D.havebeenstudying（2011上海春招,32﹚Alotofpeopleoftenforgetthatoralexamstotestourcommunicativeability. A.design B.aredesignedC.aredesigning D.arebeingdesigned（2011福建卷,32﹚Lastmonth,theJapanesegovernmentexpressedtheirthanksfortheaidtheyfromChina.A.receiveB.arereceivingC.havereceivedD.hadreceived（2011安徽卷,32﹚——Ididn’taskforthenamelist.Why______onmydesk?

——Iputittherejustnowincaseyouneededit.

A.doesitland B.hasitlandedC.willitland D.hadit