英国一些历史事件

Britishhistory:amajorhistoricalevent

UKabout5yearsofhistory.Majorhistoricalevents:"GreatCharter"(MagnaCarta/GreatChart)

In1215byJohnKing(KingJohn)tosign.Themaincontentistoprotecttherightsofnobilityagainsttheking'sviolation.Itsmainspiritistolimittheroyalpower.Positiveisthatitprotectcertainrightsofcityresidents,firstclasstothepublicasapoliticalforcethatmustbeconsidered.Thisincidentreflectsthestruggleagainstthefeudalnobilityandtheking.

英国约有５千年历史。重大历史事件有：

?大宪章?〔Magna

Carta／Great

Chart〕

于1215年由约翰王

〔King

John〕签署。其主要内容是保护贵族权利，免受国王的侵犯。其主要精神是限制王权。积极意义在于，它保障城市市民的假设干权利，初次把市民阶层作为一种必须考虑的政治力量。这一事件表达了封建贵族与国王的斗争。英法百年战争HundredYearsWar(TheHundredYears''War)HundredYearsWar(TheHundredYears''War)

14ofthefourthcentury,theFrenchhavenotyetunified.BritainholdsanumberofterritoriesinFrance.InordertofurtherexpansioninthemainlandUKonthelandgrabwasanimportantwoolprocessingindustrydevelopedthemostimportantcitiesFlandersWilders,excusetheFrenchthrone,setofffrom1337to1453's"HundredYearsWar."War,theheavytaxationandfrequentmilitaryserviceandhighpricesmakethepublicdiscontenttoculmination.FinallytheBritishdefeat,thelossofterritoryontheEuropeancontinent,feudallordsandbusinessmenhavesufferedlosses,severelyweakenedthefeudalruleoftheBritish.〔The

Hundred

Years''

War〕

14四世纪时，法国尚未统一。英国在法国占有一些领地。英国为了进一步扩张在大陆上的土地，抢夺当时重要的羊毛加工业兴旺的重要城市佛兰得尔，

借口继承法国王位，掀起了从１３３７年至１４５３年的“英法百年战争〞。

战争带来的沉重租税，频繁兵役和高涨的物价使民众不满情绪到达极点。最后英军失败，欧洲大陆上领土丧失，封建主和商人也遭受损失，严重地削弱了英国的封建统治。1348,theBlackDeathsweptthroughEurope(aplague),killedalmosthalftheBritishpopulation,leadingtolaborshortages,risingfoodprices,butKingEdwardIIIwasenactedin1394,RoyalDecree,theprovisionsofworkersremainingontheBlackDeathbeforethewageemployment.1351,Parliamenthasdeveloped"LabourAct",providesfordestructionoftheEmploymentActtoimprisonthosewhowearyoga,classrelationshavebecomeincreasinglyacute.

Black

Death黑死病〔Black

Death〕

1348年，横扫欧洲的黑死病〔一种鼠疫〕，几乎夺去了英国人口的一半，导致劳动力缺乏，粮价上涨，但国王爱德华三世却于１３９４年公布敕令，规定工人仍按黑死病前的工资受雇。１３５１年，议会又制订?劳工法案?，规定对破坏雇佣法令者戴枷下狱，阶级关系日益锋利。

The

Reformation宗教改革Reformation(TheReformation)14thcenturyBritishurbanandruralintensificationofconflicts,therehasbeenreformofthechurchmovement.OxfordUniversityDivinitySchoolprofessorJohnWycliffe(JohnWycliffe)andsomeotherpriestsmadethepeoplemeettherequirementsofthelowerchurchoftheadvocateofreform,suchasthetaxesleviedagainsttheChurch,deniedtheclericspecialstatus,suchaseliminationofthefeudalaristocracy,fortheuprisingforTaylorthemental１４世纪英国城乡矛盾激化，出现了改革教会运动。牛津大学神学院教授约翰·威克利夫〔John

Wycliffe〕

及其他一些教士提出了符合下层人民要求的改革教会的主张，如反对教会征收捐税、否认教士特殊地位、消灭封建贵族等，为泰勒起义作了思想准备。Tayloruprising(Tyler''sRevolt)

May1381,asopposedtotaxincreases,theSouthEasttookplaceinmasonwatts.Taylor(WatTyler)asleaderofpeasantuprising.June13,armeduprisingoccupationforceinLondon,KingRichardIIwasforcedtonegotiatewiththefarmers.Althoughtheuprisingeventuallyfailed,butagreatblowtothefeudalsystem.

泰勒起义〔Tyler''s

Revolt〕

１３８１年５月，为反对增加税收，英国东南部发生了以泥瓦匠瓦特．泰勒(Wat

Tyler)

为领袖的农民起义。６月１３日，起义武装队伍占领伦敦，国王理查德二世被迫与农民谈判。虽起义终告失败，但已给封建制度很大打击。

WarsoftheRoses(theWarsoftheRoses)

Themid-15thcentury,northernEngland,thetwobigfeudalaristocracy,thatofLancaster(HouseofLancaster)andtheYorkfamily(HouseofYork)sincebetween1455to1485for30-yearfightfortherighttorulewar.War,Lancastertosignwitharedroseforthefamily,familytotheWhiteRoseofYorkasthefamilysign,thehistoryofthewaras"WarsoftheRoses."Outcomeofthewar,neithersidegainsfortheemergingbourgeoisiepavedthewayforthestageofhistory.

玫瑰战争玫瑰战争〔the

Wars

of

the

Roses〕

１５世纪中叶，英格兰北部的两个大封建贵族，即兰开斯特家族〔House

of

Lancaster〕和约克家族(House

of

York)

之间进行了自1455年到1485年持续３０年的争夺统治权的战争。战争中，兰开斯特家族以带红玫瑰为族征，约克家族以白玫瑰为族征，史称这次战争为“玫瑰战争〞。战争的结果是两败俱伤，为新兴资产阶级登上历史舞台铺平了道路。Industrialrevolution(IndustrialRevolution)

Handicraftworkshopsthatstagefromcapitalismtransitiontothecapitalistfactorysystemwiththemachine'shistory.Theinventionofmachinery,thefactorysystemofproductionmarkedthebeginningoftheindustrialrevolution,themechanizationofthemachinemanufacturingindustry,markingthecompletionoftheindustrialrevolution.Britain'sIndustrialRevolutionbeganinthe18thcentury,60s,30-40yearscompletedinthe19thcentury,beforeandaftersevenoreightyears.

工业革命〔Industrial

Revolution〕

指从资本主义的工场手工业阶段过渡到采用机器的资本主义工厂制度的历史过程。机器的创造，工厂制度的产生标志着工业革命的开始，机器制造业的机械化，标志着工业革命的完成。英国的工业革命开始于１８世纪６０年代，完成于１９世纪３０、４０年代，前后共七、八十年。〔The

Hundred

Years''

War〕14ofthefourthcentury,theFrenchhavenotyetunified.BritainholdsanumberofterritoriesinFrance.InordertofurtherexpansioninthemainlandUKonthelandgrabwasanimportantwoolprocessingindustrydevelopedthemostimportantcitiesFlandersWilders,excusetheFrenchthrone,setofffrom1337to1453's"HundredYearsWar."War,theheavytaxationandfrequentmilitaryserviceandhighpricesmakethepublicdiscontenttoculmination.FinallytheBritishdefeat,thelossofterritoryontheEuropeancontinent,feudallordsandbusinessmenhavesufferedlosses,severelyweakenedthefeudalruleoftheBritish.HundredYearsWar14四世纪时，法国尚未统一。英国在法国占有一些领地。英国为了进一步扩张在大陆上的土地，抢夺当时重要的羊毛加工业兴旺的重要城市佛兰得尔，

借口继承法国王位，掀起了从１３３７年至１４５３年的“英法百年战争〞。

战争带来的沉重租税，频繁兵役和高涨的物价使民众不满情绪到达极点。最后英军失败，欧洲大陆上领土丧失，封建主和商人也遭受损失，严重地削弱了英国的封建统治。(A)StageBetween1337─1360,theAnglo-FrenchcompetitionforFlandersandKeane.1340,theBritishdefeatedtheFrenchattheBattleSilvSiwonthesea,crossingtheFrenchinvasionofcontrol.August1346,theBritishbeforetheBattleofCrécyvictoryonland,andthenlaidsiegetotheFrenchtoSaijiaLaiHai

PhongPort,11monthsafterthesuccessfuloccupation.ThenagainintheBattleofNeville'sCrosslocalbeatScotland'sinvasion,pro-lawcapturedtheScottishKingDavidIIandgreatlyreduceitsthreat.

1348,theBlackDeathsweptacrossEurope,thetwocease-fireyears.1356EnglandattackedagainandwontheKeithandGascogneinsouthwestFrance.ThenattheBattleofPoitiersinthesametacticstowinagain.France,theBritishroyalfamilyissubjectedtoexactingnationaleconomiccollapse,suchasinternalandexternalcivilianuprisingagainsttorture,thesituationisveryunfavorable.1360inBretigny,FrancewasforcedtosignunequalBuledingnipeace,tocedetheLoiretothesouthofthePyreneesalltheterritory

(A)Stage〔一〕第一阶段1337年─1360年之间，英法争夺佛兰德斯和基恩。1340年，英军在斯吕斯海战打败法军，夺得制海权，防制法军渡海入侵。1346年8月，英军先于陆上的克雷西会战大胜，再围攻法国海防要塞加莱港，11个月后成功占领。接着又于外乡的内维尔十字之战打败苏格兰入侵，擒获亲法的苏格兰王大卫二世，大大减少其威胁。

(B)Phase

(B)Phase

Between1360─1400,KingCharlesVlaunchedrevenge,desiretotakebackoccupiedterritory.Hereorganizedthearmytoreplacemostoftheemploymentofinfantrycavalry,theestablishmentoffieldartillery,rebuildthenavy.Hisinternalreforms,consolidationtaxregime,inordertopacifythepeople.Thetimeisripe,heappointedBertrand•Du•Guesclincommandthearmy,andguerrillatacticsofsurpriseattacksbyBritishforcesdefeatedtheBritishinmanybattles.1380,Britishtroopshadretreatedtothecoastalarea.Kingworriedaboutlosingalltheterritories,isthesigningoftheArmisticeAgreementwithFrance,retainingonlyBordeaux,Bayonne,Brest,Cherbourg,Calaisfiveharbor,andbetweenBordeauxandBayonneparts.1348年，黑死病横扫整个欧洲，两国停战十年。1356年，英格兰再度进攻，夺取法国西南部的基思和加斯科涅。随即在普瓦捷战役以相同战术再次获胜。法国王室那么承受英军横征暴敛、国家经济崩溃、平民起义对抗等内外煎熬，情势非常不利。1360年于布雷蒂尼，法国被迫签订极不平等的布勒丁尼和约，割让出卢瓦尔河以南至比利牛斯山脉的全部领土〔二〕第二阶段

1360年─1400年之间，法王查理五世展开报仇，欲夺回被侵占的领土。他重组军队，以雇佣步兵取代大部份的骑兵、建立野战炮兵、重建海军。他改革内政，整顿税制，以安抚民心。时机成熟后，他任命贝特朗·杜·盖克兰统领军队，以突袭和游击战术攻击英军，在多场战役大败英军。1380年，英军已退守沿海区域。英王担忧丧失全部领地，乃与法国签署停战协定，仅保存波尔多、巴约纳、布雷斯特、瑟堡、加莱五个海港，和波尔多与巴约纳间的部份地区。

(C)ThethirdstageBetween1415─1429,FranceBurgundy,Amanyakefactionsquarreled,membersofthepublicuprisingagainstthepeasants,Englandtooktheopportunitytorestartawar.1415,theBritishdefeatedtheFrenchattheBattleofAgincourt,andthenformanalliancewiththeDukeofBurgundy,capturedmostpartsofnorthernFrance.KingCharlesVIunabletoresist,onMay21,1420inTroyesinTroyespeacetreatysignedalmostperished.KingHenryVbecameregentofFrance,therighttoinherittheFrenchthroneafterthedeathofCharlesVI.France,BritainandFrancehavebecomepartoftheUnitedKingdom.

However,theBritishandFrenchofHenryVandCharlesVIhaspassedawayin1422thesameyear.BoththenewKingHenryVIandCharlesVIIofFrancetofightforthethrone,re-exchangeoffire.ThefourthphaseoftheHundredYearsWar.

〔三〕第三阶段

1415年─1429年之间，法国勃艮地、阿曼雅克两派发生内讧，农民市民也起义对抗，英格兰借机重启战端。1415年，英军于阿金库尔战役大败法军，再与勃艮地公爵结盟，攻占法国北部大多数地区。法王查理六世无力抵抗，于1420年5月21日在特鲁瓦签订几乎亡国的特鲁瓦和约。英王亨利五世成为法国摄政王，有权承继查理六世死后的法国王位。法国已沦为英法联合王国的一局部。然而，英法的亨利五世和查理六世却于1422年同年去逝。两方新王亨利六世和查理七世为争夺法国王位，再度交火。百年战争进入第四阶段。(D)FourthstageBetween1429─1453,theFrenchpeopleunbearableBritishoppression,thepartieshaveresistance,theguerrillasoftencapturethetaxcollectorsinEngland,containingtheBritishforcetohelptheFrenchmuch.October1428,BritishtroopsandsurroundedthecampofBurgundyOrleans,theFrenchseriousdisadvantage.France,eulogizedatthistimelater,asaviorappearedJoanofArc,theFrenchcommandinMay1429beatingEngland,Orleansrescue,wonamajorvictory,reversingthewholewarsituation.

19-year-oldJoanofArcwassooncaughtbytheBritishArmy,1431towitchexecutedthecrime.ThissparkednationaloutrageinFrance,helptomakeabigFrenchcounterattack.In1437,theFrenchcapitalofParisrecovery.1441,Champagneregionrecover.1450,MannandtheliberationofNormandy.1453,backguyenne.October19,1453,theBritishsurrenderofBordeaux,FrancetorecoveralltheterritoriesexceptCalais.1558,theFrenchcapturedCalais,EnglandlostthelastcityincontinentalEurope,theendoftheHundredYearsWar.

〔四〕第四阶段

1429年─1453年之间，法国人民不堪英军压迫，各方纷纷对抗，游击队经常捉拿英格兰的征税者，牵制英军部队，帮助法军很大。1428年10月，英军和勃艮地派包围了奥尔良，法军严重不利。此时法国出现一位传颂后世的救星圣女贞德,才19岁的圣女贞德不久便被英军捉住，1431年以女巫罪处死。这激起法国的民族义愤，助使法军作出大反攻。1437年，法军光复首都巴黎。1441年，收复香槟地区。1450年，解放曼恩和诺曼底。1453年，夺回吉耶讷。1453年10月19日，波尔多的英军投降，法国收复加莱除外的全部领土。1558年，法军攻陷加莱，英格兰失去在欧洲大陆最后一个城市，百年战争结束。"HundredYearsWar"affectHundredYearsWar,boththeBritishorFrenchpeople,adisaster,thenitistheeraoftheBlackDeathepidemicinthedoubleblowofwaranddisease,theBritishandFrenchseveredamagetotheeconomy,hardtimes.HadaWesternhistoriannoted:"HundredYearsWarisacontinuousgamecenturiesofmassacres.Whenthetworoyalandnoblefortheirowninterestsbywinningcelebration,thosewholosttheirhomesandlovedonesofinnocentciviliansarecanonlyweepsilently.thewarfoughtacenturyago,peoplestartedtocryahundredyears."Thisstatementcanbesaidsharply,hitthenailcruelwar.BecausethewarisconductedonthelandinFrance,theFrenchbecamedevastated,andmanypeoplehomeless,butalsobecauseofthewarinFrancefinishedlastinthenation'sreunificationcauseanditsfuturelay

thefoundationfortheexpansionoftheEuropeancontinent.BritainaftertheHundredYearsWarnotonlynothing,itlostalmostallterritoriesinFrance,theresulttoabandonitssystemofhegemonyattemptmainland,turnedtotheseadevelopment,andthusembarkedonamaritimeempireoftheroad......theresultofthewar:theUnitedKingdomweredrivenoutofFranceblessingforbothcountries:IftheBritishpeopletostayinFrance,thenFrenchterritoryandinthepreponderanceofwealthwillinevitablyhinderthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnational;theFrenchnationoccupiedbyforeignforcesmanyoftheterritory,thedevelopmentoflong-termdisruption.“百年战争〞影响百年战争，不管对英国或法国人民来说都是一场灾难，当时又是黑死病流行的时代，在战争和疫病的双重打击下，英法两国的经济大受创伤，民不聊生。曾有一位西方历史学家指出：“百年战争是一场持续百年的屠杀游戏。当两国的皇族及贵族为了自己所夺得的利益而庆祝的时候，那些痛失家园及亲人的无辜平民却只能在无声地痛哭。战争打了一百年，人民也哭了一百年。〞这种说法可谓一针见血，一语道破了这场战争的残酷。因为这场战争是在法国的土地上进行的，法国变得满目疮痍，很多人民无家可归，但法国最后亦因为这场战争完成了民族的统一大业，为其日后在欧洲大陆的扩张打下根底。英国在百年战争后不但一无所获，还丧失了几乎所有在法国的领地，结果迫使其放弃大陆制霸的企图，转而向海上开展，从而走上了海上帝国的道路……战争的结果：把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：假设英国人继续留在法国，那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍别离的英国民族的开展；而法国民族被外国势力占领了众多的领土，开展更是长期受阻。库米尔战役纪念碑"HundredYearsWar"status

HundredYearsWar(HundredYears'War)referstotheUnitedKingdomandFrance,andlaterjoinedBurgundy,in1337years-in1453thewarbetweentheworld'slongestwar,onandoffforaslongas116years,hundredyearswardevelopedmanynewtacticsandweapons.Whenthewarbegan,thetwocountriesmainlyinWesternEurope,theoriginalnoblemanpowersystem,thearmyraisedbyLord,haveservedtimeforconsideration.Thiscross-seaexpeditiontoEnglandverynegative,soinsteadofrecruitingmorepeoplefromthelowermercenaries,combinedwithwell-knownlong-Archertactics.Francelostthewarsituationforcedthebeginning,theintegrationmustbeexpandedroyalpowertowardoffforeigninvaders.Sowhenthewarended,thetwosideshaveembarkedonacentralizedway.

“百年战争〞地位

百年战争(HundredYears'War)是指英国和法国，以及后来参加的勃艮第，于1337年-1453年间的战争，是世界最长的战争，断断续续进行了长达116年，百年战争中，开展出不少新战术和武器。战争开始时，两国主要以西欧原来的贵族兵源制，由各领主募集军队，有服役时间考量。这对跨海远征的英格兰很不利，于是转而招募更多来自下层人民的雇佣兵，并配合以有名的长弓兵战术。法国那么迫于初期战局失利，必须扩张王室统合权力以抵挡外敌。因此在战争结束时，双方都已走上中央集权的道路。Whenthewarbegan,thetwocountriesmainlyinWesternEurope,theoriginalnoblemanpowersystem,thearmyraisedbyLord,haveservedtimeforconsideration.Thiscross-seaexpeditiontoEnglandverynegative,soinsteadofrecruitingmorepeoplefromthelowermercenaries,combinedwithwell-knownlong-Archertactics.Francelostthewarsituationforcedthebeginning,theintegrationmustbeexpandedroyalpowertowardoffforeigninvaders.Sowhenthewarended,thetwosideshaveembarkedonacentralizedway.

Englandvictoriousinseveralbattles,aseriouschallengetotheWesternEuropeanaristocraticcavalry'smilitarydominance.Afterthewar,thev