现代大学英语精读5第12课LessonTwelv

Lesson12

HowNewsBecomesOpinionandOpinionOff-limits

整理课件BackgroundAbouttheauthor

SalmanRushdie(1947-)

:Britishwriter,borninBombay,educatedinEngland.NobookinmoderntimeshasmatchedtheuproarsparkedbyhisTheSatanicVerses(撒旦诗篇）inSept.,1988,.AlthoughthebookwasgenerallypraisedinEuropeandAmerica,itwaswidelycondemnedintheMuslimworld.In1989protestsburstintofullpublicconsciousness.ThebookwasburnedinEnglandandIran.Rushdiewentintohiding.整理课件Laterin1989leaderoftheIranianrevolution,alsothetargetofafreelysatiricalportraitinthenovel,respondedbyissuingadenunciation(谴责,告发)ofRushdiecalledafatwa.(伊斯兰教)法学家的裁决inwhichhedeclared:“IinformallzealousMuslimsoftheworldthattheauthorofthebookentitledTheSatanicVerses—whichhasbeencompiled,printedandpublishedinoppositiontoIslam,theprophet,andtheQur’anand

thoseinvolvedinitspublicationwhowereawareofitscontent,aresentencedtodeath.IcallonallzealousMuslimstoexecutethemquickly,wherevertheymaybefound,sothatnooneelsewilldaretoinsulttheMuslimsanctities.GodWilling,whoeveriskilledonthispathisamartyr.”ShortlyafterwardRushdiewentintohiding,guardedbyBritishpolicemenwhowerehisconstantcompanionsuntilIranliftedthefatwain1998.整理课件StructureoftheTextPartI(Paras.1—4)avividintroductionleadingtothepointofthecommongroundoccupiedbybothnovelistsandjournalists.PartII(Paras.5—6)Thethemeofthisessayisbroughtoutinthissection:"Fortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,howeverparadoxicalthatmaysound."整理课件PartIII(Paras.7—9)Thecommongroundofjournalismandnovelwritingbeforetheadventoftelevision.PartIV(Paras.10—12)Thecommongroundhasceasedtoexistsincetheappearanceoftelevisions.Newshasbecomeamatterofopinions.PartV(Paras.13—17)Thissectiondealswiththepowerof"character"creation.Asaresultofprofiling,oneismutatedintosomeonehedoesnotrecognize.Thewriterconsidersthisprocessimproper.整理课件PartVI(Paras.18—19)Thewriter'sattitudetowardsprotection-of-privacylawandfreespeech.PartVII(Paras.20—23)Thewriterbringsoutinthissectiontheideaofcensorshipintheformoftheconceptof"respect".整理课件TheMainIdeaTheauthorurgespeopletotreasureandcontinuetopracticethedisrespectforpower,fororthodoxies...andtokeepupthefreeexpressionofopinions.整理课件DetailedstudyPara.11.Payattentiontothestructureof"Iwaswonderingwhen”.Implication:

TheimplicationisitsohappenedthatwhenIwasthinkingabouttheissueIcameacrossacorrectioninanewspaper.2.This"what,ifany"patternisworthnoticing.，"ifany"意思是"果真有……"，"即使有……"，表示加强语气。Inusingthispattern,thewriterisexpressingtheviewthathedoesnotthinkthereisany.E.g.Ididnotconsiderwhat,ifany,objectiontherewastothisplan.Thereislittle,ifany,hope.整理课件3.

commonground:

basisforagreementsharedbyall4.Paraphrasethefollowingpart:"Iwaswondering..,journalists".

Iwascuriousaboutthefactwhethernovelistsandjournalistshadanybasisforagreementandiftherewasany,thenwhatwasthatcommonground.整理课件Para21.

ItisashortannouncementonthepartoftheBritishdailynewspaperIndependent,retractingareportadayearlieraboutSirAndrewLloydWebber.Thisshortannouncementraisesanumberofquestionsinthereaders'mind:

1)WhoisthisSirAndrewL.Webber?整理课件2).Farmingostrichesisnotharmful,Whydidthenewspaperhavetomakeacorrection?3)Whatistheimplicationofthisretraction?Whatlightdoesthisincidentthrowonthenewspaper?整理课件Para31.Onecanonlyguess..,thehumandistress,theprotests.1)"humandistress"

referstothefeelingofSirWebberwhomusthavefeltwrongedandhurt.Hemusthavefeltthathisreputationhadbeendamaged.2)"theprotests"

refertothecomplaintsfromSirWebberandothersonhisbehalfandtheinterventionofpeopletodemandtheretraction.3)Whydoesthewriterwrite"onecanonlyguess"?

Thestatementisshortandterseanddoesnotrevealanyinsidestoryfortheretraction.Butonethingisclear:thenewspaperwillnotretracttheallegationvoluntarily.Sothisisasafeguess.整理课件4)Doesthewriterreallythinkthesentencesare"admirably"laconic?Whydoesheusetheword"admirably"then?laconicsentences:Newspaperisforced/compelledtomakecorrection,notwillingly,sotheyuseshortsentencestocorrect.Behindcorrection,peoplefeelhurtbyfarmingostriches.

Thewriterisusingthewordinanironicalway,implyingthatthenewspaperwascompelledtotakebacktheallegationagainstitswill.sotheproductionofashort,colorless,matter-of-factstatement.整理课件4.Britainhasbeengoingthroughaperiodofwhatonemightcallheightenedlivestockinsecurity"

ItmeansBritainhasbeenplaguedbythespreadofthediseasesof"madcow"and"hoofandmouth"andthefearofthespreadhasbeenintense.heightenedlivestockinsecurity:

1990splaguesinvolvingthe“madcow”diseaseandthe“hoofandmouth”disease,bothofwhichledtotheslaughteroflargenumbersofanimalswhowereormighthavebeeninfected.整理课件Ostrichfarmingbubble:

Inthepast,ostrichisraisedforskin,feather(usedonlady’scap),meat,egg.Later,becauseofmad-cowdisease,theybelieveostrichmeatisbetterthanbeef,sotheyraisedostrichforitsmeat.NowinBritain,theyraiseostrichforeggsorforyoungostrich.Itwasoncebeneficial,somanypeopleraiseit,asaresult,supplyexceedsdemand,andthereisnomarketforitnow.sowesayitisabubble.Earlyonesmakegreatprofitandlateronessufferloss.整理课件Aswellas…ostrichfarmingbubble,orswindle.Whydoesthewriterusethisterm“alarming”,“great”todescribethecaseofostrich-farmingbubble?Ostrich-farmingbubble,comparedwithotherfraudulentactivities,isactuallyinsignificantbutthewriterusesthesewordstoexaggeratetheseriousnessofthebubble,orswindle.Suchexaggerationachievesahumorousandironicaleffect,whichleadstothefollowingremark.整理课件Intheseoverheatedtimes..,thisreputationhasbeenslighted.Whatdoes"overheatedtimes"referto?Whydoesthewriterconsiderthecurrentperiod"overheated"?"Overheatedtimes"referstothepublicanxietyinBritainwherepeoplewerescaredbythereports,ofthespreadofmad-cowdiseaseandhoof-and-monthdisease.Peoplebecameover-sensitiveandwouldeasilyoverreacttotheslightestallegation.Inusingthephrase"overheatedtimes",thewriterexpresseshisdisapprovalofsuchhysteria.ThewritermeansthatsincetheBritishpeoplewereinsuchpricklymood,itwasunderstandablethatSirAndrewWebberwouldfeelstronglyaboutsuchanallegation.Allegation:

anassertionmadewithoutproof整理课件Para4

1.Plainly,itwasquitewrong..,wasbreedingostriches.

Thisstatementservesasatransition,linkingthisparagraphupwiththepreviousone.Thestatementrepeatstheideaembodiedinthelastsentenceofthepreviousparagraph.2.Heis,ofcourse,acelebratedexporterofmusicalturkeys:

UndoubtedlySirWebberisfamousforhiscompositionofmusicforanumberoflightweight,money-makingmusicalswhichhavebeenexportedtoothercountries.ofcourse:certainly;withoutdoubt

Thephraseisusedheretodenoteirony,meaningthatheisundoubtedlyfamous,notinostrichfarming,butinmusicalturkeyexporting.Iftheformer(ostrich-farming)isnolongercomplimentarynowadays,thelatterisnobetter.整理课件3.Butifweagreeforamomenttopermitaccountfortheiractivities?thebasicideaofthissentenceis:

Sincethosewhocommitfraudulenceshouldbepunished,thosewhoreapedprofitsbyfraudinostrich-farmingshouldalsobebroughttolightandpunished.

但是，如果我们姑且同意允许把据传闻既隐秘又具有欺诈性的鸵鸟养殖作为世界上所有欺诈性活动的代表的话，那我们不也得同意找出那些鸵鸟养殖农场主、点出他们的名字，并让他们解释自己的行为是很重要的吗？整理课件4.Isthisnottheveryheartoftheprojectofafreepress?

1）Thisisthechiefpurpose/realmeaningoftheinstitutionofanewspaperwhichisindependent,notcontrolledbyagovernmentoraninterestgroup.

2)heart:realmeaning;essence;vitalpart3）whyistheideaexpressedinaquestionfrom?Doesthewriterwantananswer?4)这难道不是享有新闻自由的报纸的宗旨所在吗？整理课件5.Andmighttherenotbeoccasions

...inthenationalinterest?

Theremightbeoccasionsforeditorstoacceptthiskindofreportonthegroundofnationalinterestinspiteofthefactthattheevidencewasnotstrongenoughandthesourceofthereportwasprovidedbyaninformerandthereforemaybequestionable.这难道不是所有的编辑们很可能会遇到的情况吗尽管证据还不够扎实充分,而其来源也许来自告密者，但是从国家的利益考虑,他们准备接受这种内容的消息。整理课件PartII

(Paras.5--6)

Thethemeofthisessayisbroughtoutinthissection:"Fortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,howeverparadoxicalthatmaysound."整理课件Para51.Iamarrivingbydegree…thetruth.1)bydegree:graduallyarrive:reachThefunctionofthe“that”整理课件2.Fortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,however..,thatmaysound:

Thefinalpurposeofnewsreportingandnovelwritingisthetellingof

thetruth,althoughthismaysoundcontradictory.

3.Andtruthisslippery,hardtoestablish:

Truthisnoteasytograspandverydifficulttoprove.整理课件4.Andiftruthcansetyoufree,itcanalsolandyouinhotwater:

Iftruthcansetyoufree:thebiblicaloriginal"Thetruthshallmake(set)youfree"(John8:32)ismorepositive.Theoriginalmeaningisyoushallknowthetruthandyoushallbemadefreebythesavior.

itcanalsolandyouinhotwater:itcanalsogetyouintogreattrouble

整理课件5.Fineasthewordsounds,truthisalltoooftenunpalatable,awkward,unorthodox.:Thoughtruthmaygivepeopletheimpressionthatitisgoodandwonderful,itisunacceptabletothemind,embarrassingandhostiletoconventionalexpectations.整理课件6.Thearmiesofreceivedideasaremarshaledagainstit:

Itwillencountertheresistanceandoppositionofstrongforceoftraditionalideas.7.Thelegionsofallthosewhostandtoprofitbyusefuluntruthswillmarchagainstit:

Thelargenumberofpeople,whobenefitfromfalseideas(facts),fromlies,willganguptofightagainst/tosuppressthetruth.8.“Marshal”and“march”arealsousedasalliteration.Andthetwosentencesareparallelsentences.整理课件然而真话难以掌握，难以确定。也可能会犯错误，就像劳埃德·韦柏事件那样。如果讲真话能使你获得解放，它也能使你陷入困境。真话这个词听起来好听，但往往令人不快、发窘、有悖于传统观念。传统意识会组成大军反对它。人数众多的谎言得益者会向其发起攻击。但是只要有一点可能，真话必须讲。整理课件Para6:atransition,leadingtotheconnectionofthetwoconcepts整理课件Para101.Thisisnolongerthecase,eitherforliteratureorforjournalism.Thissentenceservesasatransition,linkingthepreviousparagraphwhichdealswiththeroleofliteratureandprintjournalismwiththisparagraph.整理课件novelscanjustoccasionallystillliftthelidonahiddenworldmoreeffectivelythanthefinestreporting:novelscanstill,fromtimetotime,bringoutsecrets(oractivitieshiddenfromtheordinarypeople)inawaythatismoreforcefulanddevastatingthanthebestnewspaperreport.Toliftthelidonahiddenworld:thewriteriscomparingtheexposureofbehind-the-sceneactivitiestotheliftingofthelidofabottle.整理课件Thephrase"thenewsaboutthenews"means

1)storiesabouthownewsisgatheredor2)interpretationofthenews.Wereadforopinion,attitude,spin..,buttogetatakeonthenewsthatwelike.我们看报纸，是要知道报纸的看法、态度、倾向。我们看报纸不是为了没有分析的数据，不是像狄更斯小说《艰难时世》中的主人公格拉德格·林德那样，一天到晚就是“事实，事实、

事实”，我们要的是对我们有兴趣的新闻的解读。整理课件Gradgrind:acharacterinHardTimes(1854)byCharlesDickensinwhichGradgrind,anunfavorablecharactertotallylackinginimagination,focusesobsessivelyonplaindullfacts.Paragraph10raisesthreekeyquestions:1)Whyhaveliteratureandprintjournalismlosttheiroriginalfunctionofprovidingnews?TheyhavelostthisfunctionbecausetheTVandradiocanbringnewstothepeoplemorequickly.2)Whatrolehavetheyundertaken?Theyhaveundertakentheroleofprovidingversionsoftheworld.3)What,accordingtothewriter,dopeoplereadnewspapersfor?

Theyreadnewspapers,notfornews,butforopinions,attitudes,trendsandinterpretations.Theyreadforthenewspaper'sviewoftheworld.整理课件Para.11

1.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheBritishpressandtheAmericanpress?TheBritishpressischieflyanationalpresswhileintheUnitedStates,therearemanylocalpaperscateringtoconcernsforlocalissuesandtakingonlocalcharacteristics.整理课件2.wherethegreatproliferation..,localcharacteristics.

Proliferation:rapidincreaseinnumber

“Additional"isusedheretodenotethatthefollowingserviceisaddedtotheservicesofanationalpaper.3.qualitypapers:Britishnationalnewspapersaredividedinto3groups:quality,popularandmid-marketpapersonthebasisofdifferencesinstyleandcontent.Qualitypapersaredirectedatreaderswhowantfullinformationonawiderangeofpublicmatters.Popularnewspapersappealtopeoplewantingnewsofamoreentertainingcharacterpresentedmoreconcisely.Mid-marketnewspapersfallbetweenthesetwotypes.Qualitypapersarenormallybroadsheet(large-sheet)informatandtheresttabloid(small-sheet).整理课件WhydoesthewriterthinkBritishqualitypapersaresuccessful?WhatreasondoesthewritergiveforthedeclineoftheIndependent?HeconsidersthemsuccessfulbecausethesepapersandtheirrespectivereaderpoolsharesimilarviewsofBritishsocietyandtheworld.Inotherwords,eachofthesepaperscaterstotheconcepts,positionsandvalueofitstargetedreaders.TheIndependenthasrecentlygonedownhillbecauseithaslostsightofandfailedtocatertotheirvisionofBritishsocietyandoftheworld.整理课件PartVparas13—17

Thissectiondealswiththepowerof"character"creation.Asaresultofprofiling,oneismadeintosomeonehedoesnotrecognize.Thewriterconsidersthisprocessimproper.整理课件Para.13Itisforthenovelists..,nourisheshisreaders.小说家的任务是构建、传播并在一段时间内继续—种连贯的个人对世界的看法，使其读者得到享受、引起其兴趣、使其思想得到激活、激励和营养整理课件Para141.Oneofthemore

extraordinarytruths...

inventedforthembytheBritishpress:Thebasicstructureofthesentenceis:oneofthe...

truths...isthatfigureshavehadtheircharacters…整理课件2.Andsuchisthepowerofthefiction,unabletoescapethefictionoftheirimaginarylives.Persona:

Thecharactersinadramaticorliterarywork.(戏剧或文学作品中的)角色,人物;Mainidea:Royalfigureslookandbehavemoreandmorelikethepersonscreatedbypress(真的人物越来越像报纸上所描写的形象).Theycan’t/areunabletoavoidtheimagesinventedbypress.Thisshowsthepowerofcharactercreation.整理课件Thekeyideaofthissentenceis:

insteadofportrayinginthepresstheactualcharacterofthemembersoftheroyalfamily,thepresshasmovedtocreatecharacters.Asaresult,theroyalmembersbegintobehaveliketheirprintcharacters,nottheotherwayround.创作之威力无比巨大。活生生的王族成员越来越像他(她)们在报上的角色，无法逃脱为他(她)们创造的想像的生活整理课件1)Thisisaninvertedsentenceforemphasis2)Howpowerfulissuchinvention,accordingtothewriter?Asaresultofsuchinventions,theactualmembersoftheroyalfamilyhavelookedmoreandmorelikethekindofpeopleportrayedinthepress.3)thewriter’stonereallyfeelsthatthepresshassuchpower?整理课件Para15

Thisparagraphcontinuestodealwiththepowerof"character"creation.Theattitudeofthewritercomesoutinthissentence:"Neverhavepersonalityprofilesandpeoplecolumnsneverhasgossipoccupiedasmuchofnewspaperastheynowdo."整理课件1.Thecreationof“characters”is,infactjournalism’sstockintradestockintrade:1)tools,materials,etc.usedincarryingonatradeorabusiness

2)anyresources,practices,ordevicescharacteristicallyemployedbyagivenpersonorgroup;alltherequisitesofatradeorprofession.看家本领,基本手段Explanation:Actually,theportrayaloffictionalcharactershasquicklybecomeamostimportantdeviceemployedbythepress.整理课件2.NeverhavepersonalityprofilesandpeoplecolumnsastheynowdoPersonality:Apersonastheembodimentofdistinctivetraitsofmindandbehavior.人物(作为思想和行为出色特征化身的人)Peoplecolumn:Afeaturearticleaboutpeoplethatappearsregularlyinapublication,suchasanewspaper.专栏人物人物特写和人物专栏,还有那些流言蜚语,从来没有像今天这样占据了报纸这么大的篇幅.整理课件3.Theword“profile”isapt.

Whatisaprofile?Whydoesthewriterconsidertheword"apt"?Thewordisappropriatebecausethisistheessenceof"character"creation,thepresentationofacharacterverydifferentfromthepersoninfleshandblood.Thetoneofthestatementisironical.整理课件4.Inaprofile,thesubjectisneverconfrontedhead-onbutreceivesasidelongglance:head-onadj.,adv

1)

withtheheadorfrontforemost

ahead-oncollision2)

directly;esp.,indirectopposition

tomeetaproblemhead-on整理课件Inacharacterportrayal,thepersonisneverdepictedinastraight-forward,directwaybutfromapredetermined,maybebiased,angle.整理课件5.Yettheimagescreatedinthesecurioustexts..,

theyarealsoself-perpetuating1)oftenwiththeirsubjectscollusion:oftenwiththetacitagreementofthosebeingthusportrayed

Collusion:Asecretagreementbetweentwoormorepartiesforafraudulent,illegal,ordeceitfulpurpose.勾结，共谋,Nexttoimpossible：almostimpossible整理课件2)andthanksto...theyarealsoself-perpetuating:

andduetothepowerofnewspaperclippingsfile,thatistosay,thecollectionofalltherepetitiousreportsononeparticularsubject,theimageswillcontinuetolastwithoutanyexternalhelpOncethecharacteriscreatedbypress,therealpersonsfindithard/difficulttochangeit.整理课件Para.161.1)

whoentertheexclusivepantheonoftheunforgotten:

whobecomecharactersforeverrememberedbygenerationsofreaders;

whobecomecharactersinthetempleofgreatdeadadmiredandrespectedforever2)Accordingtothewriter,whatatbestcananovelistachieve?

Anovelistcanatbestcreateinhislifetimeoneortwocharacterswhichwillbecomememorableandimmortal.Forexample,characterslikeHamletinShakespeare'sHamlet,UncleTominStowe'sUncleTom'sCabin.整理课件2.Anovelist'scharactershopeforimmortality;aprofilejournalist’s,perhaps,forcelebrity:

aparallelstructure.Translation:小说家笔下的人物希望能流传永久;人物特写记者笔下的人物,也许期望能名声大振.Anovelist’scharacterhopeforimmortalityAProfilejournalistsforcelebrityTheauthorchoosesthetwowords,bothendingwith“ty”toachieveakindofrhythmicbalance.3.Weworship,thesedays,notimagesbutImageitself.近来,我们崇拜的不是形象,而是名声本身/口碑本身.Theauthorplaysonthedifferentmeaningoftheword“image”整理课件4.Andanymanorwomanwhostraysintothepublicgazebecomesapotentialsacrificeinthattemple1)whostraysintothepublicgaze:

whomovesawayfromtherightpathandbecomesacharacterinareport/becomesafamouspersoninthenews.Whyis"stray"usedhere?Thewriterchoosestheverb"tostray”tosuggestthatpeopleoftenbecometheobjectsofpublicattentionunintentionally.2)apotentialsacrificeinthattemple:(expressedinametaphoricalway)那座伟人柌的可能的供品"that"refersto"theexclusivepantheonoftheunforgotten".整理课件strayintothepublicgazebecomesapotentialsacrificeofthattemple:Ifamanorawomanbecomesthefocusofthepublicunintentionally/ifheorshedrawstheattentionofthepublic,thenitispossiblethatheorshewillbecomethesacrificeofthattemple整理课件5.willinglydrinkingthepoisonedchaliceofFame:1)Thewritercarriesonthemetaphorofthetemple.2)Pleasenotethechoiceofwords.Thewriterlinksupthedrinkingofpoisonedwinewithwillingness.Thecontrastissharp.Andthereadershouldcontrastthiswithanearlierchoiceof"tostray"toseethesharpdifferenceimplied.Meaning:Thesepeoplearepleasedandcontentedwhentheyareinthelimelightorinthenewspaperheadlinesalthoughsuchfamemightbeanillone.3)Oxymoron整理课件Awillingsacrifice,willinglydrinkingthepoisonedchaliceofFame:Chalice:thecupforthewineofHolyCommunionHerepoisonedchalicemeansharmfuldeeds/actsAlthoughtheyunintentionallybecomethepublicfigures,theyarewillingtobecomethesacrificeofthetemple,theyarewillingtodrinkthepoisonedchaliceinordertobecomefamous.心甘情愿喝下这种毒酒以便成名。整理课件6.Butformanypeople,includingmyself,theexperienceintosth.subtly—orunsubtly—different.Howdothewriterandmanyotherpeoplefeelabouttheexperienceofbeingprofiled?Thefeelingissimilartothefeelingofseeingoneselfbeingturnedintoanimaginarycharacter,seeingone'srealpersonality,one'sassociationwithothersandwithsocietyandone'sexperiencesinlifebeingturned,bywriting,intosomethingdifferent.Thefeelingisafeelingofseeingoneselfbeingchangedintoapersontotallyunfamiliartohimself/herself.整理课件Para171.Foranovelisttobethuswrittenisacaseofthebiterbit:

IamawareofthefactthatsinceIamanovelistandhaveusedmanydifferenttypesofpeopleasrawmaterialforcharactercreation,Imyselfbeingrewrittenintosomeoneunrecognizabletomyselfisatypicalexampleofapersongoodattricklingothersbeingtricked.

Thuswritten:tobemutatedintosomeoneonedoesnotrecognize整理课件2.Nevertheless,somethingabouttheprocessfeelsfaintlyandIstress,faintlyimproper:1)process:seriesofchangeTofeel:togiveanimpressionofbeing2)paraphrase:However,thereissomethingaboutthewholecourseofchangeswhichgivestheimpressionofbeingslightlywrongandIwanttoemphasizethatitisonlyslightlywrong.整理课件PartVI

(Paras.18--19)

Thewriter'sattitudetowardsprotection-of-privacylawandfreespeech.Para.181.InBritain,intrusionsintohavepromptedcallsfortheprotectionofprivacylaws.1)quarter:aparticularperson,group,place.Etc.2)InBritain,asaresultofexposureofprivatelivesoffamouspeople,certaingroupsofinfluentialpeoplehavedemandedtheadoptionoflawsprotectingprivacy3)Notetheimpersonalstructureofthesentence:intrusion…promotedcalls整理课件2.ItistruethatinFrance,ostrichfarminggoundetected?

1)illegitimatedaughter:

daughterbornofparentsnotmarriedtoeachother2)butwhere..,goundetected:

butiftheillegalactivitiesofthoseinfluentialpeoplecouldbekeptunknowntothepublicasaresultofprivacyprotectionlaws,itispossiblethatalotofotherillegalactivitiescouldalsobecoveredupbysuchlaws.3)Doyouthinkthewriterisreallyaskingaquestion?

No,thisisarhetoricaldeviceforemphasis.Itisarhetoricalquestionimplyinganaffirmativeanswer.整理课件3.Myownfeelingscontinuetobeagainstlawsthatcurtailtheinvestigativefreedomsofthepress.1)Doesthewritersupportoropposeprotectionofprivacylaws?Why?

Heopposessuchlawsonthegroundthattheselawsdeprivethepressoftherighttoexposehiddenactivitiesofthepowerful.2)Isthisthefirsttimeforthewritertovoicehisopposition?No.

Hisconvictionsareshownintheword“continue”整理课件4.becomingahotnewsstoryof"vanishingintothefrontpage":

myhotnewsstoryappearsonthefrontpageoverandoveragain,sotheimageonthenewspaperhasreplacedtherealperson./Imyselfhasbeendrownedbytheimageonthenewspaper.1)"vanishingintothefrontpage":

(theuncommonexperience)ofbecominganoutstandingfigureinadramaticeventreportedinnewspaperheadlines2)Theword"vanishing"isusedasanoxymoron,thatis,akindofparadoxthatremindsusthatwhatappearsonthefrontpageofanewspaperwillmaketherealpersondisappearbehindthecharacterinventedbyajournalist.整理课件5.thoseprincipleshavebeensorelystrained:

Thoseprinciplesofinvestigativefreedomsofthepresshavebeenpainfullypushedtotheextremelimit.整理课件Para19

1.Inthelongunfoldingoftheso—calledRushdieaffair..,tospeakoutandact:1)Unfolding:developmentTospeakout:togiveone’sopinion;tospeakforcefully

2)WhatroledoAmericannewspapersplayinthedevelopmentoftheRushdiecase?

Accordingtothewriter,Americannewspapershavekeptthecaseinthenews,hencehavesucceededinmakingreadersawareofthebasicprincipleatstake,therebyencouragingtheAmericangovernmenttocomeouttostateforcefullyitspositiononthematter.整理课件Theso-calledRushdieaffair:oncethefatwa(伊斯兰教法学家的裁决）wasliftedbyIranin1998,itbecameclearthatfrequentpressreferencestothedangersthreateningRushdiehelpedbringaboutitsdisavowal(refusetoadmit)andhencehisliberationfromthethreat.整理课件2.Whatotherthingsarethewritergratefulfor?ThewriterisgratefulfortheAmericanjournalistsinwritingfreely,withoutconstraint,abouttheRushdiecase,indefendingtheprincipleoffreedomofspeechsincethisisthebasisofotherfreedoms.整理课件PartVII(Paras.20--23)Inthissection,thewriterbringsouttheideaofcensorshipintheformof

"respect".Para.20

1.censorship:inclinedtofindfault;harshlycritical2.Bythislmeanthatthebroad.isbeingsteadilyeroded:1)toerode:tocausetodeteriorate,decay,orvanish;toeataway2)FirstAmendment:thefirsttenamendments(totheConstitution)werepassedbytheCongress(oftheUnitedStates)onSep.25,1789andwereratifiedonDec.15,1791.整理课件3)WhenIsayweliveinamoreandmorefault-findingage,ImeanthatthebasicprinciplesembodiedintheFirstAmendmentwhichhavebeenwidelyaccepted,evenacceptedallovertheworld,arenowbeingeatenawaystepbystep.整理课件Manyspecial—interestgroups,claimingthemoralhighground,nowdemandtheprotectionofthecensor:

1)specialinterestgroup:aninterestgroupisagroupofpersonsworkingonbehalfoforstronglysupportingaparticularcause,ortopromoteasharedpoliticalinterest(利益集团).Alsocalleda“pressuregroup”压力集团)Aninterestgroupthatendeavorstoinfluencepublicpolicy,especiallygovernmentallegislation,regardingitsparticularconcernsandpriorities.Itsemployedmeansofgeneratingpressureislobbying(游说).整理课件2)claimthemoralhighground:assertingthattheyenjoyapositionofmoralsuperiority3)highground:apositionofsuperiorityi