GRE阅读高频机经原文及答案：Design-Engineering

Word版本，下载可自由编辑GRE阅读高频机经原文及答案：Design-EngineeringDesignEngineering：D9504

Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearance,weredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers—usingnon-scientificmodesofManyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisual,nonverbalInthedevelopmentofWesterntechnology,ithasbeennon-verbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetailsofourmaterialPyramids,cathedrals,androcketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryorthermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsofthosewhobuilt

Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist’smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatForexample,indesigningadieselengine,atechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandWhatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber?Whereshouldthevalvesbeplaced?Shouldithavealongorshortpiston?Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysicalrequirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andnotleastbyasenseofSomedecisions,suchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientificcomponentofdesignremains

Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringNonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestock-in-tradeoftheartist,nottheBecauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoentail“hardthinking,”nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessesandinferiortoverbalormathematicalButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitectural

Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticalproblem-solving,arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostlyerrorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringForexample,earlymodelsofhigh-speedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectricalAbsurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsarenotmerelytrivialaberrations;theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaproblemin

Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)identifyingthekindsofthinkingthatareusedbytechnologists

(B)stressingtheimportanceofnonverbalthinkinginengineeringdesign

(C)proposinganewrolefornonscientificthinkinginthedevelopmentoftechnology

(D)contrastingthegoalsofengineerswiththoseoftechnologists

(E)criticizingengineeringschoolsforemphasizingscienceinengineeringcurricula

Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorthinksengineeringcurriculaare

(A)strengthenedwhentheyincludecoursesindesign

(B)weakenedbythesubstitutionofphysicalsciencecoursesforcoursesdesignedtodevelopmathematicalskills

(C)strongbecausenonverbalthinkingisstillemphasizedbymostofthecourses

(D)strongdespitetheerrorsthatgraduatesofsuchcurriculahavemadeinthedevelopmentofautomaticcontrolsystems

(E)strongdespitetheabsenceofnonscientificmodesofthinking

ofthefollowingstatementsbestillustratesthemainpointoflines1-28ofthepassage?

(A)Whenamachinelikearotaryenginemalfunctions,itisthetechnologistwhoisbestequippedtorepair

(B)Eachcomponentofanautomobile—forexample,theengineorthefueltank—hasashapethathasbeenscientificallydeterminedtobebestsuitedtothatcomponent’s

(C)Atelephoneisacomplexinstrumentdesignedbytechnologistsusingonlynonverbal

(D)Thedesignerofanewrefrigeratorshouldconsiderthedesignsofotherrefrigeratorsbeforedecidingonitsfinal

(E)Thedistinctivefeaturesofasuspensionbridgereflectitsdesigner’sconceptualizationaswellasthephysicalrequirementsofits

ofthefollowingstatementswouldbestserveasanintroductiontothepassage?

(A)Theassumptionthattheknowledgeincorporatedintechnologicaldevelopmentsmustbederivedfromscienceignoresthemanynon-scientificdecisionsmadeby

(B)Analyticalthoughtisnolongeravitalcomponentinthesuccessoftechnological

(C)Asknowledgeoftechnologyhasincreased,thetendencyhasbeentolosesightoftheimportantroleplayedbyscientificthoughtinmakingdecisionsaboutform,arrangement,and

(D)Amovementinengineeringcollegestowardatechnician’sdegreereflectsademandforgraduateswhohavethenonverbalreasoningabilitythatwasoncecommonamong

(E)Atechnologistthinkingaboutamachine,reasoningthroughthesuccessivestepsinadynamicprocess,canactuallyturnthemachineover

TheauthorcallsthepredicamentfacedbytheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecord“paradoxical”(lines36-37)mostprobablybecause

(A)thepublicationneededdrawingsthatitsownstaffcouldnotmake

(B)architecturalschoolsofferedbutdidnotrequireengineeringdesigncoursesfortheirstudents

(C)collegestudentswerequalifiedtomakethedrawingswhilepracticingengineerswerenot

(D)thedrawingsneededweresocomplicatedthatevenstudentsinarchitecturalschoolshaddifficultymakingthem

(E)engineeringstudentswerenottrainedtomakethetypeofdrawingsneededtorecordthedevelopmentoftheirowndiscipline

Accordingtothepassage,randomfailuresinautomaticcontrolsystemsare“notmerelytrivialaberrations”(lines53)because

(A)automaticcontrolsystemsaredesignedbyengineerswhohavelittlepracticalexperienceinthefield

(B)thefailuresarecharacteristicofsystemsdesignedbyengineersrelyingtooheavilyonconceptsinmathematics

(C)thefailuresoccurtoooftentobetakenlightly

(D)designersofautomaticcontrolsystemshavetoolittletrainingintheanalysisofmechanicaldifficulties

(E)designersofautomaticcontrolsystemsneedmorehelpfromscientistswhohaveabetterunderstandingoftheanalyticalproblemstobesolvedbeforesuchsystemsc