高级英语修辞格1

PAGEPAGE30RhetoricWhatisrhetoric?Rhetoricistheartofusinglanguageeffectively.Itisconcernedwithpunctuation,diction,figuresofspeech,theprinciplesofgoodwritingandusage.Inourdiscussionofrhetoric,emphasisislaidonfiguresofspeech,sincetheyplaysuchanimportantandinterestingrolebothinliteratureandinourdailylife.Whatarefiguresofspeech?Figuresofspeecharerhetoricaldevicesofdeviationsfromtheordinaryorliteralwayofexpressions,withaviewtoproducinggreaterimpressivenessandeffect.ComparethefollowingpairsofsentencesinAandB:A.Figurative（转义）Justaspaintersdrawpicturesincolors,sowriterspaintpicturesinwords.Theyusefigurativelanguage—languagethatcompares—toproduceimagesintheirdescriptionornarrations.1.Sometimesnon-humanthingsaregivenhumanfeatures(personification拟人):—Thefrontgardenwasagravelsquare;fourevergreenshrubsstoodateachcorner,wheretheystruggledtosurvivethedustandfumesfromabusymainroad.—…“Help,letmein,pleaseletmein!”Butthehouseswerecold,closed,unfriendly…2.Sometimescomparisonsaremadeusingthewordslikeoras(simile明喻):—Thechequeflutteredtothefloorlikeabirdwithabrokenwing.—Helookedatmewithanairofsurpriseddisapproval,asacolonelmightlookataprivatewhosebootlaceswereundone.—Heisasstupidasanass.—IwanderedlonelyasacloudThatfloatsonhigho’ervalesandhills.3.Moreoftencomparisonsarenotstatedbutsuggested(metaphor暗喻):—Thiscentury…manhasstartedtolookintotheworkingsofthatotheruniversewhichisinsidehimself—thehumanbrain.—Hisfamouswill…isamemorialtohisinterestsandideas.—IamaministeringangelinaMiniwithaheavycoatandabagofmedicine.—TherewerenomorebutterfliesinmystomachwhenIopenedupanabdomenorachest.—TheBathtubNavy—Lifeisawalkingshadow.(or:Lifeisabriefcandle.)B.Literal（本义）1.Theeveningsunshoneonthetopsofhighmountainsandrocks.2.Lifeisshortandmeaningless.Figurativelanguageisanimportantstylisticdevicethatwritersuse.Itmakestheirdescriptionornarrationmorevividandinteresting.Understandingfigurativelanguageisanimportantreadingskillwhichhelpsreaderstorecognizethe“secretpower”ofwordsandappreciatethesensoryimpressionsandreactionscreatedbyThemainfunctionsofFiguresofspeech:1.Figuresofspeechexcitetheimaginationandaffordusimaginativepleasure.2.Figuresofspeechareawayofbringingadditionalimagery(意像)intospeechtoconcretizetheabstract,ofmakingpoetrymoresensuous.（给人以美感）3.Figuresofspeechareawayofaddingemotionalintensitytootherwisemerelyinformativestatementsandtheyareawayofconveyingattitudesalongwithinformation.4.Figuresofspeechareameansofconcentration,ofspeakingvolumesinafewwords.5.Figuresofspeechareaveryimportantpartofrhetoricalanalysis.Inthetreatmentoffiguresofspeech,emphasisislaidonusage,especiallytheusageofcommonlyusedverbs,prepositions,adverbsandconjunctionsthatappearinthefiguresofspeechorinrelatedusage.Figuresofspeechcanfallintodifferenttypesaccordingtolexicon,syntaxandphonetics.Ⅰ.LexicalStylisticDevices（词义修辞格）SimileMetaphorMetonymySynecdocheAntonomasiaPersonificationTransferredepithetIronyInnuendoSarcasmRidiculeOxymoronParadoxEpigramParonomasia/punHyperboleUnderstatement（低调陈述）EuphemismPeriphrasis（迂回说法）Allusion（引喻）Parody（仿拟）Syllepsis（一语双叙）ZeugmaⅡ.SyntacticalStylisticDevices（结构修辞格）parallelismantithesisclimax（层进）anti-climax（渐降）RhetoricalquestionChiasmus（交错配列）Palindrome（四文）Repetition（反复）Enallage（文法交换）Anastrophe（倒装）Hendiadys（重言法）Ⅲ.Miscellaneous（其他修辞格）ApostropheBiblicalRhetoric（仿圣经语）FiguresofSpeechofLessonOne1.SimileSimileisafigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedto（比作）another,insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as…so,likeandsomeotherwordsindicatingcomparisonorlikenesssuchasmorethan,asif,resemble,resemblanceareusedtoindicatesimilesandtransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Therearesetexpressionsintheformofsimiles.Alistofmanysuchidiomsisgivenbelow:A.Usedwithadjectives:1)aswhiteasasheet/snow苍白如纸/洁白如雪2)asbrownasaberry（果酱）3)asdarkasnight4)asgreenasgrass5)asbold/braveasalion6)ascheepasdirt7)ascoolascucumber（泰然自若）8)ascoldascharity（慈善）像慈善机关对穷人那样冷冰冰的9)ascleanasawhistle像哨子一样光洁10)ascleverasabarrelofmonkeys11)asclearasabell/theday/thesun12)ascrossastwosticks/abearwithasorehead非常生气13)asdeadasadoornail确已将死的14)aseasyasABC15)asdullasditch-water非常单调乏味16)asdeafasapost全聋17)asdrunkasalord大醉18)asdryasabone/dust干透了19)asdifferentaschalkfromcheese完全不同20)aseasyasfallingoffalog21)asfreshasadaisy菊22)asfitasafiddle非常健康23)asfreeasabird/air24)asgoodasaplay非常有趣25)ashotashell26)asheavyaslead27)ashonestastheday非常诚实28)ashungryasahunter/ahawk/abear/awolf29)ashardasabrick/iron/nails30)ashappyasaprince/thedayislong非常幸福，非常快乐31)asinnocentasa(new-born)baby32)aslikeastwopeas一模一样33)aslightasafeather轻如鸿毛34)asmadasaMarchhare/ahatter极为疯狂35)asmeekasamouse36)asoldasthehills极老37)aspure/spotlessasthedrivensnow（飘雪）洁如白雪38)asprettyasapicture39)aspoorasachurchmouse40)asquietasamouse/mice41)asquickaslightning/aflash42)asrichasCroesus非常富有43)asstubborn/obstinateasamule44)assilentasagrave45)assillyasaduck46)asslipperyasaneel47)assureasfate千真万确48)assteadyasarock49)asslowasasnail50)assharpasarazor/aneedle51)assnugasabuginarug像小地毯里的臭虫一样舒服52)asthinasarail53)astimidasamouse54)astoughasleather55)astrueassteel绝对真实可靠56)asuglyassin极丑，极恶劣57)asweakaswater身体虚弱；意志薄弱58)aswiseasSolomon（所罗门，古以色列王子，以智慧著称）Notes:1.Intheaboveexamples,thefirst‘as’issometimesomitted.2.Thereisoftenalliterationorrhymeinsimiles,E.g.ashungryasahunter3.Anappropriateuseofthemdoesaddcolorandflavortothelanguageandtheabovelistitselfinvitesattention,sinceittellsussomethingaboutthewitandhumoroftheEnglishpeopleandtheirhabitofthinking.B.Usedwithverbsandverbalphrases:1)behavelikeabullinachinashop2)blushlikeaschoolgirl3)crawllikeasnail4)collapselikeahousebuiltonsand5)comedown/falllikeatonofbricks6)drinklikeafish7)grinlikeaCheshirecat总是无缘无故的笑（源出LewisCarroll所著的“AliceinWonderland”，该书谈及Cheshire郡的猫总是露齿而笑，笑得身子消失了，只见笑容。8)havenineliveslikeacat猫有九命（指猫的生命力很强）9)haveamemorylikeasieve记忆力极差10)hatelikepoison嫉恨，深恶11)jumpaboutlikeacatonahottinroof12)looklikeadyingduckinthunderstorm惊慌失措13)runlikeahare14)know(aperson)likeabook非常了解（某人）15)roarlikealion16)sighlikeafurnace长声叹气17)speaklikeabook咬文嚼字18)shakelikeanaspen（白杨）leaf飕飕的抖动19)springuplikemushroomsovernight20)sleeplikeatop（陀螺）/log熟睡21)taketo（沉湎于）somethinglike(oras)aducktowater极爱，最喜欢22)worklikeahorse/aTrojan（特洛伊人）辛苦的工作23)Theyspentmoneylikewater.24)Andatoncetheyshutuplikeclams.C.morethan1)Wheninafury,sheismoresavagethanatigress.D.seem,resemble,resemblance1)Seemsheadove?Hisfeathersarebutborrowed.(Shakespeare)2)Herfaceresembledasilvermoon.3)Herfaceboretheresemblanceofamoon.4)Thesechildhoodcompanionsseemedphantoms（幻象）inadreamnow.E.asif1)ThefirsttimeIreadanexcellentbook,itisasifIhadgainedanewfriend.2)Thethoughthurthim,thenlostedge（锋刃）,asifithadcomeincontactwithabreast-plate（胸铠）。F.nomore…thanAhomewithoutloveisnomorethanahomethanabodywithoutasoulinaman.G.mightaswell…asYoumightaswellexpectaleopardtochangeitsspotsasexpecthimtogiveupsmoking.2.Antithesis(对照)Antithesisisafigureofspeechcharacterizedbystrongcontrastingwords,clauses,sentences,orideas.Abalancingofonetermagainstanotherforimpressivenessandemphasis.(AHandbooktoLiteraturebyHughHolman)(对照是把两个意义绝然相反的句子以相同的句式进行对照，对照句要求前后两句结构对称，语义相对立，一般具有声韵和谐，言简意赅之效果。)E.g.Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine.Hopeforthebest,andpreparefortheworst.(抱最好的希望，做最坏的打算。)Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofdarkness.(Dickens)Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.Aworldwhichwilllamentthemadayandforgetthemforever.(MarkTwain)Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem.(FrancisBacon)（学问之事，巧黠者鄙夷之，纯朴着赞叹之。）NotthatI’ov’dCaesarless,butthatI’ov’dRomemore.(Shakespeare)(并非我不爱凯撒，只因我更爱罗马。)Thecowarddoesitwithakiss,thebravemanwithasword.(OscarWilde)Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcannotsavethefewwhoarerich.(Kennedy)(倘若自由的社会不能帮助众多的穷人，也就保全不了少数的富人。)Proverbs:Afallinthepit,againinthewit.(吃一堑，长一智。）Speechissilver,silenceisgolden.(雄辩是银，沉默是金。)Knowledgemakesyouhumble;ignorancemakesyouproud.3.Metonymy（转喻；借代）Metonymyisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother.Thissubstitutednamemaybeanattrbuteofthatotherthingorbecloselyassociatedwithit.Inotherwords,itinvolvesa“changeofname”,thesubstitutednamesuggestingthethingmeant.Therelationbetweenthesetwothingsissuchthatthementionofonesuggeststheother.Metonymyisnotconvertible（可变成为）intosimileormetaphor.Itappealstotheimaginationfortheassociationofideasitprovokes.Metonymyisaveryusefulandeffectiverhetoricaldevice,foritcompressesmuchintoasinglewordorshortnounphrase.Mostofusareprobablyfamiliarwiththefollowingexamples:Metonymy一词来自于希腊语的metonumia，意为achangeofname（换名）。转喻（或借代）就是用A事物的名称来代替B事物的名称。A、B两事物在某方面有着密切的联系，当提到A事物时便自然地想起B事物，这就是借代的基础。它的重点是联想，通过联想，达到描述生动、具体、幽默、简练的修辞效果。转喻（或借代）运用甚广，Metonymyisaveryusefulandeffectiverhetoricaldevice,foritcompressesmuchintoasinglewordorshortnounphrase.Mostofusareprobablyfamiliarwiththefollowingexamples:(1)TheconcretefortheabstractHehasasmoothtongue.（用具体的tongue代替抽象的“口才”）Shehasagoodearformusic.（她欣赏音乐的能力极强。）Shehasaneyeforbeauty.(她有审美能力。)Heneverlethisheartrulehishead.（他从不让感情控制理智。）ThereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacterofaFrenchman.法国人的性格集老虎和猿猴的凶残和狡猾于一身。（用tiger、ape两具体事物分别代替抽象的“凶残、狡猾”）Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.（每个人的生活都有甜和苦。）Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinisface.（他的脸上显现出残暴和贪婪交织在一起的表情。）Thegentlemaninmemademestanduptogoaway,butthejournalistinmemademestandstill.（我的君子风度使我站起来告辞，然而我的记者本能却使我站住不动。）Ashurstlooked,andthepoetinhimmoved.（亚西斯特看着那光景，他身上敏感的诗人的天性使他怦然心动。）Thepenismighterthanthesword.(2)TheabstractfortheconcreteAllthewit(thecleverandthewisepeople)andthelearning(thelearnedpeople)wereassembledhere.（所有有才智的人和有学识的人都聚集在这里。）Heistheadmirationofthewholeschool.（他是全校敬佩的人。）Itwasnotonlywriters,youknow,itwasathoroughrepresentativegathering——science,politics,business,art,theworld.（你知道，那不仅仅是作家，而是一次各界人士应有尽有的聚会——科学界，政界，商界，艺术节，以及其他各界人士全都来了。）(3)Thecontainersubstitutingthethingcontainedinit:（用容器代替其内容）Helikedthecupabittoomuch.（他太贪杯。）Thecoatwouldbebeyondhismiserablepocket.（他的钱少得可怜，买不起那件上衣。）Thekettleisboiling.（壶中的水开了。）Thehallapplauded.（大厅里的人鼓起掌来。）Shehasalargewardrobe.（他的衣服多极了。）Hesetsagoodtable.（他的席面是挺讲究的。）(Heprovidesgoodfood.)(4)Thenameofapersonsubstitutinghisorherworks:（用作者姓名代替其作品）IsawQiBaishionthewall.（我看到墙上有一幅齐白石的画。）HewassteepedinRuskin.（他沉迷于罗斯金的作品中。）HewasdrivingaFord.（他在开一辆福特牌的汽车。）DoyoulikeDickens?（你喜欢狄更斯的作品吗？）JohnBull:England,ortheEnglishpeopleUncleTom:TheUnitedStatesofAmericaIvan:theRussianpeopleJohnDoe:ordinaryAmericancitizenBritishLion:EnglandortheEnglishgovernmentThebear:TheformerSovietunionortheSovietgovernment(5)Nounsdenotingcolorcombinedwithcertainnounsareusedalonemayserveassubstitutesfornounsassociatedwiththeminmeaning:Heistheblacksheepinthefamily.（害群之马）Hehasayellowstreak.（怯懦的性格）Shedidn’twanttobelookeduponasabluestocking.（女学者，女才子）Thisprizewastheblueribboninmathematicalresearch.（最高奖）Hemightbethedarkhorseintheswimmingcontest.（出人意料的获胜者）Iamafraidthisfactorywillturnoutawhiteelephant.（耗资甚大而受益少的东西）Hisfatherhadagreenthumb.（园艺能手）(6)Anoundenotingmaterialmayindicatethethingmadeofit:Heisinirons.（他被囚禁。）Oldchinaishisdelight.（瓷器是他的爱好。）(7)Locationsofgovernment,ofbusinessorindustrialenterprisesDowningStreet:theBritishgovernmentorcabinetTheWhiteHouse:thePresidentorExecutivebranchoftheU.S.governmentCapitalHill:theLegislativebranchoftheU.S.governmentThePentagon:theU.S.militaryestablishmentKremlin:thegovernmentoftheformerSovietUnionFleetStreet:theBritishpressWallStreet:U.S.financialcirclesMadisonAvenue:AmericanadvertisingindustryHollywood:Americanfilm-makingindustryFoggyBottom:U.S.StateDepartment(8)Professionsthebar:thelegalprofession;E.g.Hehasbeencalledtothebar.thebench:position(office)ofjudgeormagistrate;E.g.Hehasbeenappointedtothebench.theveil:vocationofanun;E.g.Shetooktheveilat20.thepress:newspapers;newspaperreportersE.g.He’smeetingthepressthismorning.Whathasthepresstotothis?ApartfromSimileandMetaphor,Metonymyistodayprobablyoneofthemostwidelyusedfiguresofspeech.Journalistsandnewsreporters(ofanymedium)useitfrequentlyandareconstantlycreatingnewsubstitutions.Thereasonforthisisnothardtosee:ametonymycanexpressbrieflyandeffectivelywhatwouldotherwiserequireawholeclauseorsentence.Brevityisitschiefvirtueandnextistheeasewithwhichitcanbecreatedandpopularized.4.Synecdoche(提喻)Synecdocheisafigureofspeech,whichconsistsintakingapartforthewhole,thewholeforthepart.(1)Apartforthewhole(局部代整体)Youareanobleheart.(Dickens)Hehasafleetoffiftysails.(用sails代替船)Thereisaseaoffacesonthesquare.Hedesertedtosavehisskin.(他当逃兵以苟全性命。)Shehasjustseen80winters.(years)（她刚度入八十春秋。）Grayhairistakencareof.（尊敬老人。）Beijingwillneverseekhegemony.（中国将永远不会称霸。）MoscowandWashingtonwillholdtalksonthisproblem.（俄美两国将就这个问题举行会谈。）BuckinghamPalaceisnotexpectedtoissueastatementonthematter.（不能指望英国王室就此事发表一项声明。）(2)Thewholeforthepart(整体代局部)Theworld(people)willdanceatyourwedding.Hefeltateasewiththeentireworld.(他与世无争。)Treesandflowersarelookingtheirbesttowelcomethesmilingyear.(Spring)China(Chineseteam)wonthechampionshipatthetournament5.Parallelism(排比)Parallelism,asameanstoachievecoherenceofasentenceorparagraphhasthefollowingeffects:toleadtoclarityinwriting;togainemphasis;tocreateapleasantrhythminaprosepassage;andtocutdownthenumberofwordsneededtoexpressanidea.Thegeneralprincipleofparallelismistoexpresssimilarideasinsimilargrammaticalforms.Almostanykindofsentenceelementmaybeplacedinaparallelconstruction.英语中把结构相同或相似、意义相关、语气一致的词、词组或句子并列使用的方法称为平行结构或排比。Examples:SingleWordsGalileostudied,thought,experimented.(Pasttenseverbs)Johnisambitious,brilliantandaltruistic.(Ajectives)约翰有抱负，有才能，而且乐于助人。Theyoungfilmstarwastall,dark,andhandsome.(Ajectives)Hewasamiser,abachelor,andanegotist.(Nouns)他是一个吝啬鬼，一个单身汉，一个利己主义者。Lateforthedance,Ruthdressedhastilyandcarelessly.(Adverbs)Theywaitedfourhoursattheairport,readingandsleeping.(-ingforms)Togetherletusexplorethestars,conquerthedeserts,eradicatedisease,taptheoceandepthsandencouragetheartsandcommerce.(JohnF.Kennedy)(Verbs)让我们共同来探索星球，征服沙漠，消灭疾病，开发海底，促进艺术和贸易。PhrasesFritzpassedhistimedoingcrosswordpuzzlesandbuildingmodelairplanes.(V-ingphrases)Wecangainknowledgebyreading,byreflection,byobservationorbypractice.(Prep.phrases)求知门径颇多，或阅读，或思考，或观察，或实践。Buyingacarandbeginningherjobwerethenextstepsinherlife.(V-ingphrases)ClausesTheboydeniedthathehadenteredtheroomandthathehadtakenthemoney.(Objectclauses)那男孩否认他进入房间把钱拿走了。Afatherwhospendstimewithhissonandwhothoughtfullyanswershisson’squestionswillberespectedandloved.(Attributiveclauses)Ifyouwriteorifyoutelephone,waitfortwoweeksuntilIreturnfromSingapore.(Adverbialclauses)6.Onomatopoeia(拟声法)Onomatopoeiaistheuseofwordswhosesoundsuggeststhesensesuchas“hiss”,“buzz”.Onomatopoeiareferstotheformationofawordinimitationofthenaturalsoundassociatedwiththeobjectoractioninvolved.Inpoetry,itinvolvessuitingsoundtosenseandtherebycreatingversesthatcarrytheirmeaningintheirsound.(1)VerbsimitatingthecriesofbirdsandanimalsThebirdtwitters/trills.鸟儿叽叽喳喳的叫。Thedovecoos.鸽子咕咕叫。Thebeebuzzes.蜜蜂嗡嗡叫。Themagpiechatters.喜鹊喳喳叫。Thehencackles.母鸡咯咯叫。Themosquitoeshum.蚊子嗡嗡叫。Theduckquacks.鸭子呱呱叫。Thenightingalejugs.夜鹰歌唱。Thesparrowtwitters(chirps).麻雀喳喳叫。Theturkeygobbles.火鸡咯咯叫。Thecrowcroaks/caws.乌鸦呱呱叫。Theswanchants.天鹅歌唱。Thechickenclucks/cheeps.小鸡吱吱叫。Theeaglescreams.鹰尖叫。Thebullbellows.公牛哞哞叫。Thecatpurrs/mews.猫咪咪叫。Thedogbarks/yaps.狗汪汪叫。Theelephantbellows/trumpets.象叫。Thefoxyelps.狐狸叫。Thesheep/goatbleats.羊/山羊叫。Thehorseneighs/knickers.马叫/嘶/萧萧。Thecowlows.母牛哞哞叫。Themonkeychatters/gibbers.猿啼/啸。Thepiggrunts.猪哼哼叫。Themousesqueaks.老鼠吱吱叫。Thetigergrowls.虎啸。Thewolfhowls.狼嚎。(2)VerbsimitatingthecriesofinsectsTheserpenthisses.蛇声嘶嘶。Thefrogcroaks.青蛙哇哇叫。Thebeetledrones.甲虫嗡嗡叫。Thecricketchirps.蟋蟀唧唧叫。Acicadachirps.知了叫。(3)VerbsimitatingthesoundsproducedbysomeobjectsThebellsarechiming.乐钟在响。Thetickingoftheclockwastheonlysoundthatgreetedhim.迎接他的只有嘀嗒响的钟声。Thebrakescreechedtoahalt.车嘎吱一声停了下来。Thecheerfulwoodfirewascrackingonthehearth.融融的柴火在炉中噼啪作响。Anorthwindiswhistling.北风呼啸。Weheardarustleofleaves.我们听到树叶一阵沙沙声。Asoftbreezewhispers.微风轻吹。Thebrookmurmurs.小溪欢唱。Thewavesswish.海浪飒飒地响。Thethunderrolled.雷声隆隆。Thestormroared.狂风怒号。Branchescracked.树枝啪啪地断裂了。Weedsrustled.草丛发出沙沙的声音。(4)VerbsimitatingthecriesofinsectsThefrogcroaks.青蛙哇哇叫。Theserpenthisses.蛇声嘶嘶。Thebeetledrones.甲虫嗡嗡叫。Thecricketchirps.蟋蟀唧唧叫。Acicadachirps.知了叫。(5)VerbsimitatingthesoundsproducedbysomeobjectsThebellsarechiming.乐钟在响。Thetickingoftheclockwastheonlysoundthatgreetedhim.迎接他的只有嘀嗒响的钟声。Thebrakescreechedtoahalt.车嘎吱一声停了下来。Thecheerfulwoodfirewascrackingonthehearth.融融的柴火在炉中噼啪作响。Anorthwindiswhistling.北风呼啸。Weheardarustleofleaves.我们听到树叶一阵沙沙声。Asoftbreezewhispers.微风轻吹。Thebrookmurmurs.小溪欢唱。Thewavesswish.海浪飒飒地响。Thethunderrolled.雷声隆隆。Thestormroared.狂风怒号。Branchescracked.树枝啪啪地断裂了。Weedsrustled.草丛发出沙沙的声音。7.PersonificationPersonificationisafigureofspeechthatgiveshumanform,character,orsensibilitytoanimals,plantsobjects,ideasorabstractions.Personificationisproducedbytheuseofadjectives,verbs,nounsorphrases.Functionsofpersonification:1.Toachievepicturesquenessofdescription2.Tobringthecharacteristicsofathingintoboldrelief3.Toexpressfeelingsandemotionsvividlyandappealingly4.Toachievehumor5.Toachieveconcisenessandeffectiveness,especiallyinproverbsExamples:A.NounsWecanseethesmilesofSpringnow.Poweristhearbiter.(JackLondon)Timeandtidewaitfornoman.B.Verbs:Thekettleissingingjoyfully.Thefluisragingveryfiercelythere.那儿流感十分猖獗。Bitternessfedonthemanwhohadmadetheworldlaugh.(NoelGrove)这个引得全世界发出阵阵笑声的人（马克·吐温），自己却饱受了辛酸。Anideaspokewithinhim,racingthroughhismind.Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.Note:Suchverbsassee,find,notice,discover,witnessandtakecanbepersonified.E.g.Duskfoundthelittleboycryinginthestreetbecausehewaslost.天黑时，小孩迷路了，就在马路上大哭起来了。Leukemiatookthecountrygirltotowntoseeadoctor.这位农村姑娘因患白血病进城去求医。Thepastyearswitnessedgreatchangesinmyhometown.我的家乡在过去的几年时间里发生了巨大的变化。The1990ssawthegreateconomicdevelopmentofourcountrywiththeopening-uppolicytotheoutsideworld.二十世纪九十年代，随着对外开放政策的实施，我国经济有了巨大的变化。C.Adjectives:Thecountrywasblindanddeaftoeverythingsave（除了）theglint（闪烁）andringofthedollar.TheblushingrosenoddedatmeasIpassed.Beinglackofrains,thethirtygroundopenedhismouthandwasanxiousforwater.D.Adverbs:Hiswordswerebitinglysarcastic.Overheadthestarswinkedmischievouslyatus.Theletterwascrouchedincrawlinglycivilterms.8.MetaphorAmetaphorisanimpliedcomparison/simile.Itdiffersfromasimileinthatcomparisonisonlyimplied,insteadofbeingformallyexpressed.Manyconsidermetaphorthemostimportantandbasicpoeticfigure.Itisalsothecommonestandmostbeautiful.Ametaphoriscomposedofthetenor(本体，即被比喻的事物)andthevehicle（喻体，即用来做比喻的事物），bothappearinthemetaphor.⑴NounmetaphorsT.+tobe+V.Ageismyalarmclock.Alltheworld’sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.大千世界是一个舞台，男人和女人只不过是舞台上的演员罢了。(Shakespeare)Yourlordship（贵族的权势）istheflower（精华）ofcourtesy.Dr.Greyisawalkingencyclopedia.Allreactionariesarepapertigers.②a(the,etc.)+V.+of+T.Aveilofsmokehungoverthegarden.Aviolentgustofirritationswepthimtoaction.(H.G.Wells)③a(the,etc.)+V.+ofa+T.Itisavastsombercavernofaroom.Hewasatyrantofalandlord.Sheisaangleofawife.她是天使般的妻子。④T.+and+V.Loveandcoughcannotbehidden.恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃人们的耳目。(Proverb)Truthandrosehavethornsaboutthem.真理像玫瑰那样多刺。(Proverb)Awordandstoneletgocannotberecalled.说出的话就抛出去了的石头，使收不回的。(Proverb)Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays.鱼放三天发臭，人住三天生嫌。(Proverb)⑵VerbmetaphorsThetenordoesn’tappearwhiletheverbactsasthevehicle.Hewassnowedunderbywork.他被工作压倒了。（如同厚雪压在他的身上一般。）Shewasconsumedwithcuriosity(or:anger,jealousy,indignation,grief,regret,etc.)她因（好奇、忧愁、嫉妒、愤怒、悲伤、后悔）而变得憔悴。Heembracedouroffer.他欣然接受了我们的建议。⑶AdjectivalmetaphorsHespokeinbitterirony.她说话很挖苦。Hegaveheradirtylook.他色迷迷地看了她一眼。Itisathornyproblem.这是一个棘手的问题。⑷AdverbialmetaphorsThecharcoalfireglowedanddimmedrhythmicallytothestrokesofthebellows木炭火随着风箱一次次地拉动有节奏地一明一暗。Heflatlyrefusedme.他断然地拒绝了我。⑸PhrasesThenewssethernervesonedge.=Thenewsmadeherverytense.Hehitonthesolutionataleap.Hislifehunginthebalance.=Heisingreatdanger.他生命垂危。Theyescapedbyahair’sbreath.他们侥幸地逃脱了。Theysmashedtheplotatoneblow.⑹Proverbsservingasvehicles:Stillwatersrundeep.静水流深。Theearlybirdgets(catches)theworm.Nosmokewithoutfire.无风不起浪。Fishstinksatthehead.鱼烂先烂头。（喻：上梁不正下梁歪。）Anewbroomsweepsclean.新官上任三把火。Creakydoorshangthelongest.得小病的人多长寿。Everydoghasitsday.凡人都有得意之日。（喻：风水轮流转。）bedofroses安逸生活crocodiletears假慈悲bananaoil花言巧语smallpotatoes微不足道的人cupoftea钟爱的事物或人9.TransferredEpithet（移位修饰语）Transferredepithetisaqualifying(modifying)adjective（描绘性形容词，包括某些现在分词和过去分词）transferredfromapersontoathing,oftenfromapersonthatisdenotedbythesubjectofathingthatisrelatedtoit.AdictionaryofLiteraryTermsdefinesitas“Afigureofspeechinwhichtheepithetistransferredfromtheappropriatetomodifyanothertowhichitdoesnotreallybelong.”Consideringtherelationshipbetweenthemodifyingwordandthewordmodified,wecandividetransferredepithetsintothreegroups：①ParallelRelationshipShesatwithembarrasseddelight.她既尴尬，又高兴。Shewatchedhimintremblingsilence.Shewasfilledwithagitatedbewilderment.Hehadadryhumor.她面色既严肃，但又滑稽。②Cause-effectRelationshipHeansweredwithdelightedsmile.Thechildgazedinwide-eyed(oropen-mouthedorgoggle-eyed)amazement.Thewarrantofficershookhisheadinnumbastonishment.③ModifyingRelationshipInthisadmirablefabletheantspentalaborioussummer.Heansweredwithahelplesssmile.Theenemyfledinablindhaste.敌人仓惶逃命。Shetossedonhersleeplessbedalllastnight.他昨晚辗转反侧，度过了一个不眠之夜。Hethrewareassuringarmroundmyshoulder.他亲切地搂着我的肩膀安慰我。Sheissheddingcrocodiletears.Theembarrassedfiveminutesweregone.Heatewithawolfishappetite.Aboveushungasullensky.Whatalameexcuseyouhavemade!（站不住的借口）Theangrystormhaspassedoff!Sheclosedherbusylifeattheageofeighty.Afteranunthinkingmoment,Iputmypenintomymouth.我一时不留神，把钢笔含在嘴里了。Otherphrasessleepylanguage梦话thecondemnedcell死囚牢房anxioushours在焦急中度过的时刻tremblingconfession战战兢兢的招供treacherousice貌似坚实而实际易破碎的冰块pitilesscold酷冷imprudentposture一幅狂妄的架势passionatethroat充满激情的歌喉Note:移位修饰语之所以在散文中不乏其例，在诗歌中屡见不鲜，主要是因为它具有简练凝缩、新颖生动、渲染气氛、耐人寻味的修辞特点。10.Hyperbole（夸张）Thefigureofspeech,hyperbole,isthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Theexaggeratedstatementscannotbeunderstoodliterally.Usually,hyperboleisachieved.A.Byusingwordssuchaspole(s),pile(s),mile(s),flood(s),world(s),scale(s),etc.todenoteaveryhighdegree:①I’vegotpilesandpilesofworktodotoday.我今天有大量的工作要做。②Itwilldoyouaworld(worlds)ofgood.③Heisontopoftheworld.④Ihaveaseaofsentimentsandaworldofworldstospeaktohim,butfailtotellthemwithmypoorpen.⑤Thetwoviewsa