考研英语(一)模拟试卷76(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（一）模拟试卷76(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.UseofEnglish2.ReadingComprehension3.WritingSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD.(10points)Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffects,therewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailable,particularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.【B1】______thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuture,menandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill【B2】______workonlytwentyhourseach【B3】______thefortytheyarecurrently【B4】______to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut【B5】______workersdoingboring,【B6】______jobs,especiallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa【B7】______effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofit,wewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto【B8】______thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime.Manyhavealready【B9】______pillsandtabletsto【B10】______sleeplessnessandanxiety,twoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmerica,we【B11】______$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We【B12】______anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.【B13】______these“drugofthemind”canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisis,themajorityofpatientswouldbe【B14】______withoutthem.Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly【B15】______ofstress;poorhousing,familyproblems,overcrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.【B16】______,doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperly,tookmoreexercise,usedtheirleisuretimemore【B17】______andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof【B18】______itup,theywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs,【B19】______treatonlythe【B20】______andnotthecauseofthestress.1．【B1】A．ThoughB．WhenC．SinceD．If正确答案：D解析：本题考查状语从句的用法。从句是主句的条件，是对未来的假设，与段首句构成并列句式。其他选项均不符合文意。2．【B2】A．otherwiseB．subsequentlyC．thereforeD．simultaneously正确答案：C解析：本题考查逻辑关系。该句进一步解释说明上句，是在上句这一条件成立的基础上产生的结果，表示因果关系的选项只有[C]，故排除表示转折关系的[A]otherwise“否则”，表示时间先后的[B]subsequently“随后”和表示并列关系的[D]simultaneously“同时”。3．【B3】A．insteadofB．otherthanC．nomorethanD．aswellas正确答案：A解析：本题考查介词短语的用法。insteadof“而不是”，该句文意为：两个人每人将工作20个小时，而不是他们现在习惯的40个小时。其他选项均不符合文意，[B]otherthan“与……不同；除了”，如：Thereisnobodyhereotherthanme．“这里除了我没别人。”[C]nomorethan“不过、仅仅”，如：Hewasakidreally，nomorethan18or19．“他确实是个孩子，不过十八九岁。”[D]aswellas“既……又……”。4．【B4】A．amountedB．putC．accustomedD．familiarized正确答案：C解析：本题考查固定搭配。beaccustomedto(doing)sth．“习惯(做)某事”，是固定搭配。此处指现在习惯的40个小时，故选[C]。amountedto“总计”不符合文意；[B]put和[D]familiarized不能与to搭配，故应排除。5．【B5】A．efficientB．deficientC．skillfulD．unskilled正确答案：D解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析。根据句中的high—poweredexecutives“干劲十足的行政人员”，以及workers之后的修饰语如boring等的提示，可排除[A]efficient“能干的”和[C]skillful“有技能的”；而[B]deficient“有缺陷的”也不符合文意，因此选[D]unskilled“无需技能的”。6．【B6】A．repetitiveB．challengingC．demandingD．exhausted正确答案：A解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析。选项语意应与boring“乏味的”并列，首先排除[B]challenging“有挑战性的”和[C]demanding“苛求的”；[D]exhausted“筋疲力尽的”，常用于修饰人，而不是物，因此确定答案为[A]repetitive“重复性的”。7．【B7】A．similarB．sameC．diverseD．different正确答案：A解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析。[A]similar“类似的”，文章的主题是失业带给人们压力并使人们抑郁，这点与做重复性劳动给人们带来的影响是类似的或者一致的，故选[A]。[B]same“相同的”，常与定冠词the连用，故应排除；[C]diverse“多种多样的”和[D]different“不同的”与下文文意不符。8．【B8】A．idleawayB．copewithC．cutintoD．setaside正确答案：B解析：本题考查动词短语的用法。科技的发展导致人们有了很多业余时间，过多的闲暇时间也会使人们精神抑郁。因此需要教育人们如何有效地应对增多的业余时间。[B]copewith“(正确地)应对”，其他选项均不符合文意。[A]idleaway“消磨时光”；[C]cutinto“缩减”；[D]setaside“留出”。9．【B9】A．fellonB．switchedtoC．heldonD．turnedto正确答案：D解析：本题考查动词短语的用法。[A]fellon“(急切地)扑向，抓住”，不符合文意；[B]switchedto“从一个地方转换到另外一个地方”，而上下文并没有给出其他选择，故排除；[C]heldon“坚持”也不符合文意。因此选[D]turnedto“求助于”，即开始做某事。10．【B10】A．combatB．campaignC．contestD．struggle正确答案：A解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。人们服用药品是为了与失眠、焦虑等症状做斗争，首先排除[B]campaign“战役，运动”和[C]contest“竞争”；[D]struggle要与against连用才能带宾语，在此不符合语法；因此答案为[A]combat“与……搏斗”。11．【B11】A．costB．repayC．takeD．spend正确答案：D解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。[D]spend的常用句型结构为：sb．spendtime／moneyonsth．“某人花时间／钱做某事”，符合文意和用法，故选[D]。[A]cost“花费”，常用物作主语；[B]repay“报答，偿还”，不符合文意；[C]take“拿、取”常用物作主语。12．【B12】A．digestB．swallowC．purchaseD．manufacture正确答案：B解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。上文提到人们turnto“开始服用”安眠药，与此语意相并列的是[B]swallow“吞，咽”，其他选项均不符合文意。[A]digest“消化”、[C]purchase“购买”和[D]manufacture“制造”与句中的everynight连用逻辑不通，故排除。13．【B13】A．AlthoughB．SinceC．WhereasD．If正确答案：A解析：本题考查逻辑关系。主从句之间有转折关系，故选[A]。所在句子的意思是：尽管在遇到危机时这些“治疗思想的药片”极其有用，但是，如果不用药物，绝大多数病人的境况会更好。14．【B14】A．deterioratingB．betteroffC．worseningD．suffering正确答案：B解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。因为主从句有转折关系，并且作者对服药持反对态度，可以推断如果不吃药，人们也不会恶化、变得不好或者受折磨，因此排除[A]deteriorating“恶化”；[C]worsening“变坏”和[D]suffering“受折磨”。[B]betteroff“境况不错”，符合文意，故为正确答案。15．【B15】A．reasonsB．outcomesC．consequencesD．causes正确答案：D解析：本题考查名词词义辨析。作者试图总结引起人们紧张和压抑症状的原因。[A]reasons“理由”，常与for搭配使用，不是起因，故排除；[B]outcomes“结局，最终的结果”和[C]consequences“结果”也不符合逻辑；再根据短文末句的thecauseofthestress，可以确定答案为[D]causes“起因”。16．【B16】A．FurthermoreB．NeverthelessC．MoreoverD．Additionally正确答案：B解析：本题考查副词词义辨析。该处需要填入表示转折关系的副词，而[A]Furthermore“进一步说”表示并列递进关系；[C]Moreover“再者”和[D]Additionally“另外”都是表示并列递进关系的副词，故排除。[B]Nevertheless表示转折关系，意为“不过，仍然”，符合文意，故为正确答案。17．【B17】A．thoroughlyB．enthusiasticallyC．activelyD．skillfully正确答案：C解析：本题考查副词词义辨析。上文提到要学会处理好增多的业余时间，医生又提了一些积极的建议，因此[C]actively“积极地”最符合文意。[A]thoroughly“彻底地”、[B]enthusiastically“满怀热情地”和[D]skillfully“有技巧地”，此三项均不符合文意，故排除。18．【B18】A．makingB．puttingC．bringingD．bottling正确答案：D解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。根据上文，人应该expressedtheiranger而不应强忍怒火，故此处应选[D]bottling，与up搭配意为“抑制(怒气或怨气)”。其他选项与up搭配时的意思为：makingup“构成，编造，和解”；puttingup“提出，支起”；bringingup“抚养大”，此三项均不符合文意，故排除。19．【B19】A．whatB．whicheverC．thatD．which正确答案：D解析：本题考查定语从句的用法。[D]which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰drugs，其他选项均不符合文意。20．【B20】A．symptomsB．indicationsC．signaturesD．appearances正确答案：A解析：本题考查名词词义辨析。与压力相关的选项为[A]symptoms“病症”。其他选项均不符合文意。[B]indications“迹象”、[C]signatures“签名”和[D]appearances“外表”都不如symptoms与stress这种病密切相关，故排除。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)AsthegovernmentlaunchestheNationalYearofMusic,anewreportconfirmsthatlearninganinstrumenthasmanybenefitsforchildren.Learningamusicalinstrumentatschoolimproveschildren’sbehavior,memoryandintelligence,agovernment-commissionedstudyhasfound,asministerslaunchthefirstNationalYearofMusic.ProfessorSusanHallamoftheInstituteofEducation,UniversityofLondon,analyzedscoresofresearchers’studiesonthebenefitsofmusictochildren.Shefoundresearchershaddiscoveredthatlearningtoplayaninstrumentenlargestheleftsideofthebrain.Thisleadsmusically-trainedpupilstorememberalmostafifthmoreinformation.Hallarn’sresearchreviewwascommissionedbytheDepartmentforChildren,SchoolsandFamiliesaspartofadrivetopersuademorechildreninEnglandtoplayamusicalinstrument.Thegovernmenthopestodoublethenumberofchildren,aged7to11,whoaregivenachancetolearnaninstrumentforfreeby2011.Thegovernmentsaysthatnowoverhalfofprimary-agedchildrenlearnaninstrument.Astudycontrastingtheimpactofmusiclessonswiththatofdramaclassesfoundmusiclessons,overtime,increasedpupils’IQby7points,comparedto4.3pointsfordramalessons.SeveralU.S.studieshavefoundthatplavinganinstrumentimproveschildren’sbehavior.Thiswasbecauseworkinginsmallmusicalgroupsrequirestrust,respectandcompromise,Hallamsaid.“Inadolescence,musicmakesamajorcontributiontothedevelopmentofself-identityandisseenasasourceofsupportwhenyoungpeoplearefeelingtroubledorlonely.“Hallamsaid.Butsingingorpianolessonsdonotnecessarilyimprovechildren’smathsability.“Therelationshipbetweenmathsandactivemusicalengagementhashadmixedresults.“Hallamsaid.￡330mhasbeeninvestedinmusic“insideandoutsidetheclassroom”inthelastyear.Long-hairedrockguitaristswilltakepartinwhatthegovernmenthascalledthebiggestmusiclessonever.Andsomeofthecountry’sbest-knownartistswillplayintheclassrooms.MusicisattheveryheartofBritishpopularculture—it’swhatkidstalkabout,it’swhattheyaspireto.Youngpeopleneedtoknowthattheycanonlybecomestarsbymasteringthebasicswhenthey’reyoungandbylearningaboutarangeofmusic,fromclassicaltocountry.Thisisexactlywhyweneedworld—classmusiceducationinschools.Weknowthatlearningtoplayaninstrumentcanimprovebothreadingandwriting.Itisrightthatmusicshouldplayanimportantroleinschoollifeandbeyond.21．Whichofthefollowingisamongthebenefitsoflearninganinstrumentforchildren?A．Improvingbehaviorsandrelievingstress.B．Promotinggrowthandimprovingintelligence.C．Boostingconfidenceandimprovingintelligence.D．Improvingintelligenceandstrengtheningmemories.正确答案：D解析：细节题。由题干关键词benefits和learninganinstrument定位至第一段。该段首先提到了儿童学习乐器有很多好处。随后作者列举了研究所发现的儿童在校学习乐器的三大好处：能够改善儿童的行为、提高儿童记忆力、增强儿童智力，故[D]为正确答案。第一段首句就提到了儿童学习乐器有很多益处。根据英文的写作模式，介绍完主题，接下来就要进行解释说明。由此，在后面的内容中我们不难找到儿童学习乐器的具体好处：改善行为、提高记忆力、增强智力。[A]中的“缓解压力”文中并没有提及，故排除；[B]中的“促进生长22．AccordingtoSusanHallam,musically-trainedpupils______.A．candowellinmathsB．haveabettermemoryC．willmakemorefriendsD．overcomedifficultiesmoreeasily正确答案：B解析：细节题。由题干关键词SusanHallam和musically—trainedpupils定位至第二段。该段首先介绍了SusanHallam的研究发现：学习乐器有助于人类大脑左半球的发育，因此，受过音乐教育的孩子能多记住五分之一的信息，即受过音乐教育的孩子比没有受过音乐教育的孩子的记忆力要好，故[B]选项符合文意。musically-trainedpupils所在的上下文并没有提到受过音乐教育的孩子是否有数学天赋，故排除[A]；文中也未提及受过音乐教育的孩子是否“会交到更多朋友”、“更容易克服困难23．OneofthefindingsoftheU.S.studiesonplayingmusicalinstrumentsisthat______.A．singinglessonscanimprovechildren’smathsabilityB．musichaslittleeffectonchildren’snegativeemotionsC．groupmusicalworkishelpfultoimprovechildren’sbehaviorD．trustandrespectaremostimportantforlearningmusic正确答案：C解析：推理题。根据题干关键词theU．S．studies定位至第四段。该段的中心思想是美国的几项研究发现学习乐器能够改善儿童的行为。其原因是演奏乐器需要人与人之间的密切配合才能完成，在演奏过程中，相互信任、相互尊重、相互包容显得尤为重要。由此可推断[C]符合该处语境。第四段引用Hallam的话是为了对美国的几项研究发现作进一步的说明。Hallam说：音乐课和钢琴课不一定能提高孩子的数学能力，因为二者之间的关系很复杂，故排除[A]；此外，音乐还可以帮助年轻人排解劝烦恼或孤独，故[B]不符合本处语境，也排除；[D24．Musicisveryimportantinschoollifebecauseplayingamusicalinstrumentcanimprove______.A．readingandwritingB．listeningandwritingC．mathsandreadingD．listeningandmaths正确答案：A解析：细节题。根据题干关键词playingamusicalinstrument和improve定位至最后一段。该段主要介绍了音乐在英国文化中的核心地位以及儿童掌握音乐知识和技能的重要性。在接下来的内容里作者介绍了学校开展音乐教育的原因——演奏乐器有助于提高阅读和写作能力，故[A]为正确答案。该段首先强调了学校开设音乐教育是因为音乐既是孩子们谈论的话题，也是他们追求的目标。还提到“大家都知道，学习演奏乐器可以提高阅读和写作能力。”因此，[B]、[C]和[D]均与原文内容不符，故应排除。25．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthispassage?A．TheImpactofMusicLessonsB．TheFirstNationalYearofMusicC．TheBenefitsofMusicEducationforChildrenD．TheHeartofBritishPopularCulture正确答案：C解析：主题题。本文运用典型的英文开篇模式，在第一段就点明主题，即：儿童在上学期间学习演奏乐器对改善行为、提高记忆力、增强智力有益。在后面的内容中，作者对这几种益处分别进行了阐述。在最后一段，作者首尾呼应，对音乐教育的好处及重要性进行了总结。因此可以推断[C]最能体现本文的主旨，故为正确答案。本题要从全文中寻找线索，最佳标题应该最能体现文章主题。根据英语文章的写作手法，文章的主题一般出现在第一段或最后一段。因此，结合这两段信息，我们不难找到本文的关键信息。[A]范围太广，未切中本文主题，故排除；[B]属于以偏概全Forhealthinsurance,theUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemost,relyheavilyontheprivatesector,andobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.Whilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfaction,ifnotpride,intheseremarkablequalities,otherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.Inherexceptionalbook,PartingattheCrossroads,AntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-1960.TheUnitedStateandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborder,arewealthy,andhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerful,andtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Nevertheless,theirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplans,targetedtotheelderlyandindigent,andemployment-basedplans,whichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidents,withtheprivatesectorprovidingsupplementaryservicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractors,particularlyorganizedmedicine,wieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanprovince,whichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibility,spurringthedominantliberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.Incontrast,theU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformation,forcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggeststhateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systems,buttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealth,Maionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.Conversely,MaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancy,dissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.Althoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountry,theU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandmedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.High,chronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandmedicare,swellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.Inanycase,whethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesector,escalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetsofgovernment,corporations,andfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingtodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.26．FromthefirstsentencewelearnthattheUnitedStates______.A．hasgoneastrayaboutwhatitdoeswithhealthinsuranceB．hascomplicateditshealthinsurancepolicyandconfuseditspeopleC．hasreformeditshealthcaretotheiraveragepeople’ssatisfactionD．carriesoutadifferenthealthinsurancepolicyfromotherWesterncountries正确答案：D解析：推理题。第一句话原意是：在医疗保险方面，美国走的是很少有人走的道路。言外之意是：美国采取了与众不同的做法。这句话开门见山地表明了本文所要说明的问题。本文主要对比了美国和加拿大的医疗保险制度，指出了加拿大医疗保险制度的利和美国医疗保险制度的弊。27．Canadianhealth-caresystemsaredifferentfromthoseoftheU.S.inthat______.A．thefederalgovernmentisdirectlyresponsibleforthemB．privatesectorsinCanadaplayamoreimportantroleC．thegovernmentonlyindirectlysupportstheemployment-basedplansD．thetradeunionsinbothcountriesareonlymoderatelypowerfulinsuchmatters正确答案：A解析：细节题。根据第二段最后两句，美国依靠的是一种混合的政府计划：有专门针对老人和穷人的政府保险计划，和以就业为基础但受政府间接支持的保险计划；而加拿大实施的则是公共医疗保险制度，面向所有合格的居民，私营部门只在某些省提供补充服务项目。第四段第二句也提到，虽然人们最近对加拿大政府的预算状况表示担忧，但是Maioni仍然认为广泛的支持会保护全民保险制度。可见，在加拿大，政府直接实施医疗保险；而在美国，主要是公司负责其职员的医疗保险，政府对此仅提供间接支持。28．ThevulnerabilityoftheU.S.insurancesystemsliesin______.A．itsfailuretoextenditscoveragetothepoorandelderlyB．itsexcessivedependenceonthelabormarketC．Americans”willingnesstobuyinsuranceD．thewillingnessofthegovernmenttoinvestinthem正确答案：B解析：细节题。第四段指出，虽然经济形势急转直下可能使两国(加拿大和美国)的医疗保险支出陷人困境，但美国的(医疗保险)体制将显得特别脆弱(vulnerable)，因为以就业为基础的保险和医疗都依赖劳动力市场状况。经常性的高失业率可能缩减享受保险的人数(coverageloss)，使雇主在提供保险和医疗上遇到困难，使得不参加保险的总体人数上升。29．TheSaskatchewanprograminCanadashowsthat______.A．thelaborunionofacountrycanplayapositiveroleinhealth-insurancereformB．universalhealthinsuranceispracticableinafederalgovernmentC．athirdpartyisneededtocoordinatetheeffortsofthegovernmentandthelaborunionD．theelectoralsystemhasadirectimpactontheinsuranceplan正确答案：B解析：例证题。第三段第四句提到，加拿大萨斯喀彻温省的医疗保险计划说明了全民保险计划的可行性(feasibility)，促使执政的自由党提出了全国性的全民保险计划。另外，第二段第三句提到美国和加拿大都是联邦政体。根据文意，虽然[A]提到的内容也是事实，但却不是萨斯喀彻温省医疗保险计划所要说明的道理。30．ThepassageismostlikelytobeA．asummaryofagovernment-sponsoredprograminhealthpolicystudyB．areviewofabookinhealth-caresystemstudyC．asurveyoftheinfluenceofeconomicpoliciesonthehealth-caresystemD．acriticalcommentaryontheU.S.health-caresystem正确答案：B解析：主题题。文章在第二段提到Maioni的书，第二、三、四段其实都在介绍书中的内容和观点，请考生尤其注意第四段中三次提到了Maioni。Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.Untilrecently,childpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturity,childrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharm,butrathersimplyassignpunishmentfortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescaused.AccordingtoPiaget,childrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopment,whichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutism(rulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyed)andimminentjustice(ifrulesarebroken,punishmentwillbemetedout).Untilyoungchildrenmature,theirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofatransgression.However,inrecentresearch,Keaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharm,butalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtier,regardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.Bothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildren,atanearlieragethanPiagetclaimed,advanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopment,moralautonomy,inwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage.Keasey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven;dothevrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactions,anddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences?Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicduty,self-defense,andprovocation.Forexample,NesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionwasjustifiedbypublicduty:five-year-oldsreactedverydifferentlyto“BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse”dependingonwhetherBonniedidit“sosomebodywon’tfalloverit”orbecauseBonniewanted“tomakeAnnfeelbad”.Thus,achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions,thoughintentional,canbejustified;theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgments.Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharm,six-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeable,andthuspreventable,harmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheperpetratorcannotbeblamed.Sevenmonthslater,however,Darleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctions,thusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous.31．Accordingtothepassage,PiagetandKeaseywouldhavedifferentviewsonthepointsthat______.A．thekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheycommitB．thejustificationschildrenrecognizeformitigatingpunishmentforharmfulactsC．theageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharmD．thecircumstancesunderwhichchildrencommitharmfulacts正确答案：C解析：细节题。两位学者的观点在第一段：Piaget认为七岁以下儿童不会对伤害自己或他人的行为做道德判断，而Keasey认为六岁儿童开始对伤害自己或他人的行为做出道德判断。由此可知，两个心理学家在儿童区分有意伤害和无意伤害的年龄问题上观点不一，故选[C]。[A]、[B]和[D]均不符合题意，故应排除。32．Whichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutsix-year-oldchildrenwouldKeasey’sfindingsupport?A．Theyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralautonomy.B．Theyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoraljudgments.C．Theydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicduty.D．Theyacceptmoraljudgmentmadebytheirpeersmoreeasilythanolderchildrendo.正确答案：B解析：细节题。他们有能力进行独立的道德判断。由题干关键词Keasey’sfindings定位至第一段倒数第二句however，inrecentresearch…．theamountofdamageprodlreed。Keasey认为六岁以前的儿童能够区分有意伤害和无意伤害，故[B]符合题意。[A]、[C]和[D]都不是Keasey’sfindings所得出的结论，故应排除。33．AccordingtoPiaget,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A．Themoredevelopmentallyimmatureachild,themoreseverethepunishmentthatthechildwillassign.B．Thepunishmentforactsofunintentionalharmislessseverethanitisforactsinvolvingaccidentalharm.C．Thechildrenassignpunishmentlessarbitrarilythantheydowhentheyreachtheageofmoralautonomy.D．Theseverityoftheassignedpunishmentisdeterminedbytheperceivedmagnitudeofnegativeconsequences.正确答案：D解析：细节题。[D]惩罚的严厉程度取决于消极结果的严重程度。由题干关键词Piaget定位至第一段第二句：Untilrecently，childpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesis…，butrathersimplyassignpunishmenffortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativecons34．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingaboutfive-year-oldchildrendoestheresearchofNesdaleandRulesuggest?A．Theirreactionstointentionalandaccidentalharmdeterminetheseverityofthepunishmentstheyassign.B．They,asperpetratorsofharmfulacts,disregardthefeelingsofthechildrentheyharm.C．Theyviewpublicdutyasajustificationforaccidental,butnotintentionharm.D．Theytakeintoaccountthemotivationsofactionswhenjudgingthebehaviorofotherchildren.正确答案：D解析：推理题。由题干关键词：NesdaleandRule定位至第二段：Forexample，NesdaleandRuleconcludedthat…Thus，achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions，thoughintentional，canbejustified；theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjud35．Darleyfoundthataftersevenmonthsofkindergarten,whichofthefollowingabilitiesdidsix-year-oldchildrenacquire?A．Recognizingthedifferencebetweenmoralabsolutismandmoralautonomy.B．Differentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableharm.C．Justifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromprovocation.D．Evaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrules.正确答案：B解析：细节题。由题干关键词Darley定位至最后一段Darleyobservedthat…thattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous．Darley认为刚进幼儿同的六岁儿童不能辨认出可预见的伤害，然而七个月之后，Darley发现这些儿童能够对这两种伤害做出区分，证明他们在道德上已经变得独立自主了，故选[B]。Darley没有提及儿童对moralabsolutismandmoralautonomy的区别认识，故排除[A]；Darley只证明了在进入幼儿园七个月后，儿童Themade-for-TVmovieaboutatornadocarryingman-eatingsharkswasasurprisehitinAmerica.Thepreposterousplotof“Sharknado”maystrikeachordwithmediabosseswhohavewatchedtheinternetravagetheirbusinessoverthepastdecade.Newspapershavelostreadersandadvertisingtotheinternet.Bookandmusicshopshaveclosedforgood.SalesofDVDsandCDshaveplummeted.Thetelevisionindustryhassofarresistedbigdisruptionbutthathasnotstoppeddoomsayerspredictingaflightofadvertisingandviewers.In2008JeffZucker,thenthepresidentofNBCUniversal,abigentertainmentgroup,lamentedthetrendof“tradinganaloguedollarsfordigitalpennies”.Butthosepenniesarestartingtoaddup.AndevenMr.Zucker,nowbossofCNNWorldwide,aTVnewschannel,haschangedhistune.“Oldmediaiswell,wellbeyonddigitalpennies.“hesays.Whathaschangedhismind?Thesurgeinsmartphones,tabletcomputersandbroadbandspeedshasencouragedmorepeopletopayforcontenttheycancarryaroundwiththem.Andall-accessservices,whichgiveunlimitedcontentonmobiledevicesforamonthlyfee,arepromotingpeopletospendmoreondigitalproducts.Afteryearsofwreakinghavoc,theinternetishelpingmediacompaniestogrow.SanfordC.Bernstein,aresearchfirm,reckonsonlinelicensingwasresponsibleforaboutathirdofthegrowthinrevenuesatCBS,anAmericanmediafirm,in2012.Themostobviouschangeinthepastfewyearsisthedeclineof“physical”products,suchasCDs,DVDsandprintnewspapers.In2008nearlynine-tenthsofconsumercashwentonthem;by2017itwillbealittleoverhalf,withdigitalgrabbingtherest.Newspapersaretryingtopeddledigitalsubscriptions;theNewYorkTimeshasnearly700,000onlinesubscribers,butfewothershavedonesowell.Sothereisstillabigquestion.Somewonderwhetherthepricesthatcanbechargedforcomputerizedproducts“cansupporttheunderlyingindustriesiftheyarenotalsophysicalbusinesses”.Somemediafirmsneedtogetbiggerandtrimcosts.Butnewtechnologydoesprovideopportunitiesformediaindustry.Thevalueofarchivesisgrowingintheinternetage:ownerscanprofitfromolderprogramsthatarerarelybroadcast.Theinternetcanalsohelpfirmsbecomecleverer.Concertshavebecomethelifebloodofthemusicindustryandmakeupmorethanhalfofrevenues.Actsusedtogoontourtosellalbums.Nowtheyputoutalbumssotheycanmaketheirlivingontheroad.Publishersarereleasingbookselectronicallytotestsalesbeforeputtingtheminprint,andtoadjustpricestodrivedemand.Experimentsthatwereonceimpossiblyexpensivenowcostpeanuts.36．Thestatement“tradinganaloguedollarsfordigitalpennies”(Line2,Para.2)implies______.A．thelamentationofdisruptionoffortunecausedbyinternetB．NBCUniversalhaschangeditstuneofdigitalpenniesC．digitalmediacannotrivalwiththeoldoneD．digitalsectionofmediacontributesmoretoJeffZucker’sindustry正确答案：D解析：推理题。在“…(第一句)but…(第二句)”这样的结构中，问第一句implies什么，答案应该是对第二句的同意替换。如果问第一句means什么，答案应该是和第二句意思相反的选项。[A]thelamentationofdisruptionoffortunecausedbyinternet这个选项其实是在对but前面的内容进行同意替换；[B]NBCUniversalhaschangeditstuneofdigitalpennies这个选项是一个胡乱拼凑的视觉干扰；[C]digi37．JeffZuckerbelievedthatdigitalmediaisgainingitsimportancemostprobablybecause______.A．theemergenceof“all-access”servicesB．theeasyavailabilityofthemediacontentC．theprofitabilitybroughtbycybertechnologyD．thelowpriceofthemonthlyfee正确答案：C解析：细节题。题干定位至第三段。首先题干告知结果是：JeffZucker认为数字媒体变得日益重要了，原因就是来自于后面的语句。[A]全接口服务的出现。[B]媒体内容容易获得。[C]数字技术带来的盈利可能。[D]低廉的月租费用。[A]、[B]和[D]三个选项都可以是原因，都可以是正确答案；但是如果要选择主要原因的话就要选择一个最佳选项，那就只能是[C]了。profitability意为“盈利的能力”。38．Inparagraph4,thedigitalbusinessofothernewspapersismentionedtoshow______.A．thedec