全新版大学英语4unit-1

Unit1TextATheIcyDefenderQuestion?Whoplaystheroleastheicydefender?ImpressionofRussiaVladimirPutinKremlin,MoscowSceneryRussianWinterRussianWinterBecauseofthevastsizeoftheterritory,Russiaconsistsofseveralcontinentalzones.Forexample,inthenorthwintersarelongandharsh,insomeplacesthereislotsofsnowfallandtemperaturesfallbelow-40degreesCelsius.Thesewintersarenormal,notonlyinthenorthernregionsofthecountrybutevenintheFarEast.Summersintheseareasdon'tevenseethreewarmmonthsoutoftheyear.ThewinterclimateofRussiaworkedasacontributingfactortomilitaryfailuresofseveralinvasionsofRussiainthehistory.TwofamousinvasionsofRussiaNapoleon’sCampaignHitler’sInvasionNapoleonBonaparteNapoleonBonaparteNapoleonBonaparte(1769−1821):emperoroftheFrench,whoconsolidatedandinstitutionalizedmanyreformsoftheFrenchRevolution.Oneofthegreatestmilitarycommandersofalltime,heconqueredthelargerpartofEurope.During1802—1815NapoleontriedtogaincontrolofthewholeofEurope.HehadgreatsuccessagainstallhisenemiesexceptBritain,whosenavyunderNelsondefeatedtheFrenchnavyattheBattleofTrafalgarin1805,andwhosearmyfoughtthePeninsularWaragainsthimfrom1808to1814,makinghimweakerinhisothercampaigns.In1812NapoleonlosthalfamillionmenwhenheinvadedRussiainwinter,andin1814theBritish,Russians,PrussiansandAustriansenteredParis.TheysentNapoleontoruletheislandofElbaintheMediterranean,buthecollectedanarmyaroundhimandreturnedtoParis.Hewassoondefeatedagain,attheBattleofWaterlooin1815,andwassenttotheislandofStHelenainthesouthAtlantic,wherehediedin1821.AdolfHitlerAdolfHitlerAdolfHitler(1889−1945):Germanpoliticalandmilitaryleaderandoneofthe20thcentury'smostpowerfuldictators.HitlerconvertedGermanyintoafullymilitarizedsocietyandlaunchedWorldWarIIin1939.Hemadeanti-SemitismakeystoneofhispropagandaandpoliciesandbuilttheNaziPartyintoamassmovement.Hehopedtoconquertheentireworld,andforatimedominatedmostofEuropeandmuchofNorthAfrica.HeinstitutedsterilizationandeuthanasiameasurestoenforcehisideaofracialpurityamongtheGermanpeopleandslaughteredmillionsofJews,SintiandRoma(Gypsies),Slavicpeoples,andmanyothers,allofwhomheconsideredinferior.InthecaseofEg.Theriseofinterestratewillbedisastrousinthecaseofsmallfirms.Stand/get/beinthewayEg.Idon’tthinkkidshaveasmuchfunasweusedto.Fiercecompetitionkeepsgettinginthewayoftheirdevelopment.Devastatingadj.Devastatevt.毁灭，毁坏Eg.ThetsunamidevastatedpartsofIndonesiaandothercountriesintheregion.Rawadj.coldandwet;notcooked,refined,processed,organizedoranalyzedEg.TheeventtookplaceonarawFebruarymorning.

Eg.这块砧板是专门用来切生肉的。

＝Thiscuttingboardisonlyusedtocutrawmeat.Eg.Industrialplantsprocessedtherawmaterialintofinishedproductsforexportandfordomesticconsumption.

Launchvt.1)start

Eg.Beginningintheearly1960s,humanslaunchedprobestoexploreotherplanets.

Eg.这家电脑公司今年开始生产一种新产品。

Thiscomputercompanylaunchesanewproductthisyear.2)send(sth.)onitscourse

Eg.OnOctober4,1957,Sovietscientistslaunchedtheworld’sfirstartificialsatellite,calledSputnik.Collocation:launchanattack 发动进攻launchamassivecampaign 发动一场大规模的运动launchacompany 开一家公司launchthreatsatsb.

向某人发出威胁launchinto （积极有力地）开始Eg.Helaunchedintoalongspeechaboutthedangeroftakingdrugs.Campaign

n.aseriesofmilitaryoperationsorplannedactivitieswithaparticularaimEg.Thegovernmentislaunchingamassivecampaignagainstcorruption.Eg.在我们城市开展的灭鼠运动开端良好。

Thecampaignagainstratsinourcitygotofftoagoodstart.对比campaign,battle&warcampaign通常指在一场大的战争中，某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动，也可作引申用。battle强调指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。war是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。Efficientadj.workingwell,quicklyandwithoutwasteEg.Tocutbackonfossilfuels,weshouldbuildmoreefficientcars.

Eg.雇佣未受良好训练的工人效果是不会好的。

Itisnotefficienttohirepoorlytrainedworkers.Conquestn.conquering,defeatEg.HitlerbadlymiscalculatedwhenheassumedtheconquestoftheRussiawouldbesimple.Eg.1939年德国征服了波兰。

Theyear1939hadwitnessedtheconquestofPolandbyGermany.Retreat

v.

movebackorwithdrawwhenfacedwithdangerordifficultyEg.Afterafiercebattle,thetroopsretreatedsouthward.Eg.我们采取如下策略：敌进我退，敌退我追。

Weadoptedthefollowingstrategies:Whentheenemyadvances,weretreat;whentheyretreat,wepursue.NB:retreat的反义词是advance

toadvanceagainst(on,to,toward)朝……前进toretreatfrom

从…撤退toretreatto

撤退到Engagevt.1)beginfightingwithsb.

Eg.Thecommanderorderedthesoldierstoengagetheenemyimmediately.

2)drawinto;involve

Eg.Wetriedtoengagehiminourconversation,butinvain.3)attractsb.’sinterest

Eg.Wefailedtoengageanyactivesupportforourproject.Eg.他善良的性情吸引每个人。

Hisgoodnatureengageseveryone.4)occupyEg.Studyingengagesmostofaseriousstudent’stime.

Pattern：

engage(sb.)insth.:(causeto)takepartinsth.

Eg.Theyarecurrentlyengagedinlengthytradenegotiations.

Eg.Theteachertriedtoengagetheshyboyinconversation.Collocation:

beengagedtosb.与…订婚

engagein从事;使参加

beengagedwith忙于…，与…啮合befacedwith:havetodealwithEg.Thelibrarianswerefacedwiththehugetaskoflistingallthebooks.Eg.Wewerefacedwithanexceptionallydifficultsituation.takeagamble:takeariskIthinkshe’stakingagambleinvestingallhermoneyinstocks.presson/ahead:continuedoingsth.inadeterminedwaypresson/ahead(withsth.)Eg.Ourschoolauthoritiesarekeentopressonwitheducationalreform.Eg.Organizersofthestrikearedeterminedtopresson.bideone’stime:waitpatientlyforachanceEg.Hispoliticalrivalsarebidingtheirtimeforanattackonhispolicies.Eg.HebidedhistimeuntilHarvardUniversityofferedhimaprofessorship.Minusprep.belowzero;madelessby;slightlylowerthanthemarkstatedEg.Tomorrow’stemperaturewillbeaslowasminustendegreesCelsius.Eg.20minus10is10.NB:1)minus的反义词是plus。Eg.3plus6is9.2)minusadj.“负的;减去的”Eg.aminusquantity负数；minuselectricity负电。dragon:moveslowlyandwitheffort;continueendlesslyandtediouslyEg.Thesecompensationcaseshavealreadydraggedonforoneyear.Eg.这个会议还要拖多久？

Howmuchlongeristhemeetinggoingtodragon?atthecostof:withthelossofEg.Thelocalgovernmentdevelopeditseconomybutatthecostofenvironment.Collocation:atanycost不惜任何代价atallcosts不惜一切代价atnocost不需花代价limp1.vi.walkwithdifficulty,esp.whenonefootorlegishurtEg.Iinjuredmyankleandhadtolimp.

Eg.他一瘸一拐地走出足球场。

Helimpedoffthefootballfield.2.adj.weakorspiritlessalimphandshake

无力的握手

limpopposition

微弱的反抗catchsb.offguard:

takesb.bysurpriseEg.Theinvitationtohisweddingcaughtmeoffguard.Eg.Themanagerdidn’tknowwhattosay.Itwasclearthatmyquestionhadcaughthimoffguard.Instructvt.1)giveordersordirectionsto(sb.)Eg.Theprofessorinstructedusthatwehadonemonthtoconducttheproject.

Eg.我奉命在这里等老师来。

I’vebeeninstructedtowaithereuntiltheteacherarrives.

Pattern:instructsb.todosth.;instructsb.that;

2)teach(sb.)

Eg.Heinstructedfamilymembersinnursingtechniques.Eg.他们教给了我做这项工作的最好办法。

Theyinstructedmeinthebestwaysofdoingthejob.Pattern:instructsb.in/onsth.CF:instruct,direct&order

“吩咐，命令”instruct指向人下命令或指示，指导等。Eg.HewasinstructedtorepresenttheGovernment.他奉命代表政府。direct一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等。Eg.Theofficerdirectedthemtoadvance.军官命令他们前进。order是普通用语，往往带有强制性，语气较强。Eg.Heorderedtheenemytolaydowntheirarms.他命令敌人放下武器。。render:vt.cause(sb./sth.)tobeinaspecifiedcondition(sameasmake)Eg.Thedrugwillrenderthetigerharmlessforuptotwohours.Eg.地震导致成百上千的人无家可归。Hundredsofpeoplewererenderedhomelessbytheearthquake.Collocation:renderinto 译成(某种语言)renderup 做(祷告);放弃,交出renderblowforblow 以牙还牙rendergoodforevil 以德报怨casualty:n.apersonwhoiskilledorinjuredinwarorinanaccidentEg.Firstreportsofthetrafficaccidenttellofmorethan50casualties.Eg.Theprecisenumberofcasualtiesinyesterday’sbombexplosionisnotknown.bringtoahalt:stopcompletelyEg.AirtrafficinPolandhadbeenbroughttoahaltbyanairtrafficcontrollers’strike.Eg.我们的旅行因风暴而终止。

Ourjourneywasbroughttoahaltbyastorm.Offensive1.n.aggressiveaction,attack

Eg.红军发动全面的军事攻击。

TheRedArmyledamassivemilitaryoffensive.Collocation:

launch/mountanoffensive 发动进攻

carryout/undertakeanoffensive 进攻

ontheoffensive

处于攻势assume/goon/goover/taketheoffensive进攻，采取攻势2.adj.oforaboutattack;causingoffense;unpleasantEg.这支进攻的军队很快地赢得了阵地。

Theoffensivetroopsgainedgroundquickly.Eg.Myneighborisreallyanoffensiveperson.Healwaysplaysthepianodeepintothenight.thanksto:becauseofEg.Thankstoherfinancialsupport,thetwochildrenintheremotevillagecouldgotoschool.Eg.Thankstotheirtirelessefforts,theperformancewasagreatsuccess.reckon:v.count;consider;thinkEg.TheexistenceoftheU.S.isreckonedfromtheDeclarationofIndependence.Eg.许多人认为他是一位伟大的篮球运动员。

Manypeoplereckonhimtobeagreatbasketballplayer.bereckonedwith:betakenintoconsideratio