安徽大学英语1-6单元教（学）案

./UnitOneTextAHowtoReadABookIntroductoryRemarks"Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested."FrancisBaconwarnedreadersseveralhundredyearsago.However,whatarethecriteriaforthosebookstobe"chewedanddigested?"Howtotellgoodliteraturefrombadliterature?Ontheseissues,peopledon’tseemtohavereachedanagreement. Inthearticle,NobellaureateJosephBrodskyfirststatesthatpeople’slifeisgenerallymuchshorterthanbooks,andthatitisimportantforpeopletoselectgoodbookstoread.Yet,theauthorfurtherarguesthatselectinggoodbooksfromtheoceanofliteraryworksisnoeasyjob;evenbookreviewerscan’thelpmuch.Intheend,theauthorsuggeststhatreadingpoetryisthewaytodevelopgoodtasteinliterature,becauseitisthesupremeformofhumanlocution,themostconcisewayofconveyingthehumanexperience,andoffersthehighestpossiblestandardsforanylinguisticoperation.Text-relatedInformation1.TheLastJudgmentThelastjudgment<sometimereferredtoasuniversaljudgment>isafirmlyheldbeliefofRomanCatholicism.Immediatelyupondeatheachsoulundergoesaparticularjudgment,and,dependinguponthestateofthatperson'ssoul,goestoheaven,purgatory,orhell.Thelastjudgmentwilloccuraftertheresurrectionofthedeadandthereunitingofaperson'ssoulwithhisorherownphysicalbody\o"".AtthetimeofthelastjudgmentChristwillcomeinhisglory,andalltheangelswithhim,andinhispresencethetruthofeachman'srelationshipwithGodwillbelaidbare,andeachpersonwhohaseverlivedwillbejudgedwithperfectjustice.Thosealreadyinheavenwillremaininheaven;thosealreadyinhellwillremaininhell;andthoseinpurgatorywillbereleasedintoheaven.TheRomanCatholicChurchholdsnodoctrinalpositiononthefateofthoseinLimbo.Followingthelastjudgment,theblissofheavenandthepainsofhellwillbeperfectedinthatthosepresentwillalsobecapableofphysicalbliss/pain.Afterthelastjudgmenttheuniverseitselfwillberenewedwithanewheavenandanewearth.2.Therhetoric"anticlimax"Inrhetoric,climaxisafigureofspeech,inwhichwords,phrases,orclausesarearrangedinorderofincreasingimportance.ClimaxcomesfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder".Examples:Therearethreethingsthatwillendure:faith,hope,andlove.Butthegreatestoftheseislove."Ithinkwe'vereachedapointofgreatdecision,notjustforournation,notonlyforallhumanity,butforlifeupontheearth."GeorgeWaldAGenerationinSearchofaFuture,March4,1969."...Lost,vaded,broken,deadwithinanhour.WilliamShakespeare,ThePassionatePilgrim,XIII."...theunalienablerightsoflife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness."MartinLutherKing,IHaveaDream.Similarlyananticlimaxisanabruptdeclension<eitherdeliberateorunintended>onthepartofaspeakerorwriterfromthedignityoftheideawhichheappearedtobeaimingat;asinthefollowingwell-knowndistich:"ThegreatDalhousie,he,thegodofwar,Lieutenant-coloneltotheearlofMar."Ananticlimaxcanbeintentionallyemployedonlyforajocularorsatiricpurpose.Itfrequentlypartakesofthenatureofantithesis,asin,"Dieandendowacollegeoracat."3.BelleslettresBellesletters<fromtheFrenchforliterature,literally"fineletters">referstoliteraturethatisappreciatedforthebeauty,artistry,andoriginalityofitsstyleandtoneratherthanforitsideasandinformationalcontent.Earlierthetermwassynonymouswithliterature,referringparticularlytofiction,poetry,drama,criticism,andessays.However,belletristicliteraturehascometomeanlight,artificialwritingandessaysextollingthebeautiesofliterature.LanguagePointsOnthewhole,booksarelesslimitedthanourselves.Oftentheysitontheshelvesabsorbingdustlongafterthewriterhasturnedintoahandfulofdustanditispreciselytheappetiteforthisposthumousdimensionthatsetsone’speninmotion.Onthewhole,bookshavelongerlivesthanthewriterswhowritethem.Longafterthewriterhasdied,hisorherbooksmayremainonbookshelvesabsorbingdust.Itisduetothedesiretoberememberedafterdeaththatmotivatestheauthortowritecontinuously.Soaswetossandturntheserectangularobjectsinourhandswewon’tbeterriblyamissifwesurmisethatwefondle,asitwere,theurnswithourreturningashes.Therefore,whenwetakeabookinourhands,itisnottotallywrongforustothinkthatweare,actually,handlingtheurncontainingourownashes.amissadj.:notfunctioningproperly; e.g.Afewwordsofintroductionmaynotcomeamiss. Isthereanythingamiss?surmisev:inferfromincompleteevidence; e.g.Wesurmisedthathemusthavehadanaccident. There’ssolittletogoon,wecanonlysurmisewhathappened. n.:amessageexpressinganopinionbasedonincompleteevidence e.g.Hissurmiseprovedcorrect. Yourfirstsurmisewasright.Whoeversaidthattophilosophizeisanexerciseindyingwasrightinmorewaysthanone,forbywritingabooknobodygetsyounger.Somepeoplesaythattothinkphilosophicallyistoexperiencetheprocessofdeath.Thatisrightinmanyaspects,asintheprocessofwritingabook,theauthoronlygetsolderandolder.philosophizev.:conductphilosophicalthinking;reasonphilosophically e.g.,Theyspendtheirtimephilosophizingaboutthemysteriesoflife. atendencytophilosophizeaboutracialharmonyTheparadox,however,liesinthefactthatinliterature"good"isdefinedbyitsdistinctionfrom"bad".But,whatseemscontradictoryisthatinliteraturegoodworksareidentifiedbyitsdistinctionfrombadworks,i.e.,apieceofworkisgoodbecauseitisnotbad.That’swhatmayconstitutebadliterature’sbestdefenseattheLastJudgment.Thatmaybethereasonwhythereexistsomanypiecesofbadliterature.Ofcourse,thereisnodenyingthepleasureofholdingupwithafat,slow-moving,mediocrenovel;butintheend,wereadnotforreading’ssakebuttolearn.Ofcourse,thereispleasureofsomekindinreadingathick,lengthyandordinarynovel;butintheend,wedonotreadjustforthesakeofreadingbutreadforlearningsomething.thereisnodenying:itcannotbedenied;onecannotdenythefactthat e.g.Thereisnodenyingtheenjoymentofavacationafterlongperiodofhardwork.. Thereisnodenyingthefactthatheisafaithfulhusband.Hencetheneedfortheworksthatbringthehumanpredicamentintoitssharpestpossiblefocus.Hence,too,theneedforsomecompassintheoceanofavailableprintedmatter.Therefore,weneedtoreadworksthatreflectthepuzzleofhumanbeings.Wealsoneedsomeguidanceinsearchofgoodworksamongallthebookseverprinted.bring…intofocus:makesomethingsharplyvisible;makesomethingclearandunderstandable e.g.IadjustedthebinocularsuntilIbroughtthebirdsharplyintofocus.Pleasetrytobringyourmajorpointintofocusearlierintheessay.…hecanhavestrongpredilectionsforacertainkindofwritingorsimplybeonthetakewiththepublishingindustry…hemayhavehisownpreferenceforacertainkindofwritingorhemaygainsomeprofitfromthepublishinghouses<byrecommendingbookspublishedbythosepublishinghouses>.onthetake:takingorseekingtotakebribesorillegalincome;e.g.Therewerepolicemenonthetake. Themayorisreportedtohavebeenonthetakewiththerealestateenterprise.Thealternative,therefore,wouldbetodevelopyourowntaste,tobuildyourowncompass,tofamiliarizeyourself,asitwere,withparticularstarsandconstellationsdimorbrightbutalwaysremote.Therefore,whatyoucandoisdevelopyourownjudgment,establishyourowncriteriaforguidance,familiarizeyourselfwithparticularauthorsorwriterswhomayserveasguiders.Theseartistsmaybewellorlittleknown,butregardlesstheyarealwayssetapart.This,however,takesahellofalotoftimeandyoumayeasilyfindyourselfoldandgrey,headingfortheexitwithalousyvolumeunderyourarm.However,thiswilltakeyoualotoftime,somuchsothatwhenyouareoldandcomingtotheendofyourlife,youstillcannotfindtheguidanceforselectinggoodbooksandendupreadingtheordinaryones.headingfortheexit:comingtotheendofone’slifelousyadj.:verybad;mean;contemptible; e.g.Thefoodwaslousyandtherewasnotenoughofit. Hewroteonlylousypoems.Thesourceofthesuggestiontocomebelongstothecategoryofpeopleforwhomliteraturehasalwaysbeenamatterofsomehundrednames;tothepeoplewhofeelawkwardatlargegatherings,donotdanceatparties,tendtofindmetaphysicalexcusesforadultery,andarefinickyaboutdiscussingpolitics;thepeoplewhodislikethemselvesfarmorethantheirdetractorsdo;whostillpreferalcoholandtobaccotoheroinormarijuana.Thesourceofthefollowingsuggestionbelongstothosepeopleforwhomliteraturehasalwaysbeenjustalistofsomehundredauthors;tothosepeoplewhofeelillateaseatlargegatherings,donotdanceatparties,tendtofindphilosophicalexcusesforadultery,andarefussyaboutdiscussingpolitics;tothosepeoplewhodislikethemselvesevenmorethanthosewhobelittlethemdo;tothosepeoplewhostillpreferalcoholandtobaccotodrugs."onewillnotfindonthebarricadesandwhonevershootthemselvesortheirlover"."thosewhowon’tbefoundtoparticipateinstreetdemonstrationsandwhoneverkillthemselvesortheirlovers".Ifsuchpeopleoccasionallyfindthemselvesswimmingintheirbloodonthefloorofprisoncellsorspeakingfromaplatform,itisbecausetheyobjectnottosomeparticularinjusticebuttheorderofthewholeworldasawhole.Ifthosepeoplearefoundtobekilledinaprisonoraremakingapublicspeechonaplatform,that’snotbecausetheyobjecttoanyspecificinjusticebutbecausetheyareagainstthegeneralorderofthewholeworld.Theyhavenoillusionsabouttheobjectivityoftheirviews;onthecontrary,theyinsistontheirunpardonablesubjectivity.Theyareveryclearthattheirviewsarenotobjective,andtheysticktotheirsubjectiveviewseventhoughitisinexcusabletodoso.…theyconsidervulnerabilitytheprimarytraitoflivingmatter.…theythinkthatsusceptibilitytoinjuryorattackistheattributeofalllivingthings.Thishaslesstodowithmasochistictendenciesthanwiththeirinstinctiveknowledgethatextremesubjectivity,prejudice,andindeedidiosyncrasyarewhathelparttoavoidcliché.Thisisnotbecausetheyhavethetendencytoderivepleasurefrombeingabused,butbecausetheyinstinctivelybelievethatextremesubjectivity,prejudiceandidiosyncrasyarethebestwaysforarttoavoidbeingordinary.Iamnounionman.Idonotbelongtoanyliteraryassociation.Thepointisthatbeingthesupremeformofhumanlocution,poetryisnotonlythemostconcisewayofconveyingthehumanexperience;italsooffersthehighestpossiblestandardsforanylinguisticoperationespeciallyoneonpaper.Thepointisthat,asthemostadvancedformofhumanlanguage,poetryisnotonlythemostconcisewayofexpressingthehumanexperience,butitalsosetsupthehigheststandardsforallotherlanguageforms,especiallyforthewrittenlanguage.Achildofepitaphandepigram,poetryisagreatdisciplinariantoprose.Derivedfromepitaphandepigram,poetrysetsthestandardsforprose.Itteachesthelatternotonlythevalueofeachwordbutalsothemercurialmentalpatternsofthespecies,alternativestolinearcomposition,theknackofomittingtheself-evident,emphasisondetail,thetechniqueofanticlimax.Itteachesprosenotonlythevalueofeachwordbutalsothinkingpatternsoutsidethelinearcomposition,techniquesofomittingself-evidentparts,ofemphasizingthedetails,andoftheuseofanticlimax.mercurialadj.:changeable;varying e.g.amercurialnature Shehasamercurialturnofconversation.InRomanmythology,Mercurywasamessenger,andagodoftrade,profitandcommerce.Mercuryhasinfluencedthenameofanumberofthingsinavarietyofscientificfields,suchastheplanetMercury,andtheelementmercury.Thewordmercurialiscommonlyusedtorefertosomethingorsomeoneerratic,volatileorunstable,derivedfromMercury'sswiftflightsfromplacetoplace.knackn.:aspecialskill,talent,orability; e.g.aknackformakingclothes He’sgottheknackofgettingpeopletolisten.anticlimaxn:adisappointingdeclineafterapreviousrise e.g.Itwassadthathisinternationalcareershouldendsoanticlimactically.Aboveall,poetrydevelopsinprosethatappetiteformetaphysicswhichdistinguishesaworkofartfrommerebellesletters.Mostimportantofall,poetrydirectsprosetowardthemetaphysicalforms,anditisinthispursuitthatgoodliteraturebecomesdistinguishedfrombadliterature.AllIamtryingtodoistobepracticalandspareyoureyesightandbraincellsalotofuselessprintedmatter.AllIamtryingtodoistobeofsomepracticalusetoyouandhelpyouavoidthoseuselessbooks.sparev.:refrainfromharming;saveorrelievefromanexperienceoraction e.g.Ican'tsparehimtodayweneedeverybodyhere.Thehotelstaffsparednopainstoensurethatourstaywasasenjoyableaspossible. ItwasahorribleaccidentI'llspareyouthedetails.Allyouhavetodoistoarmyourselveswiththeworksofpoetsinyourmothertongue,preferablyfromthefirsthalfofthiscentury,andyouwillbeingreatshape.Allyouhavetodoistoreadtheworksofpoetsinyourmothertongue,especiallythepoetsfromthefirsthalfofthiscentury,andyouwillgainthemostfromreading.beinshape:beingoodhealth;strongandhealthy;fit.e.g.Bobexercisesfrequently,sohe'singoodcondition.IfIwereinshape,Icouldrunfasterandfarther.I'mreallyoverweight.Ihavetotrytogetintoshape.If,aftergoingthroughtheworksofanyofthese,youdropabookofprosepickedfromtheshelf,itwon’tbeyourfault.Afteryouhavereadtheworksofanyofthesepoets,ifyoucannotkeeponreadingabookofprosetakenrandomlyfromthebookshelf,itwon’tbeyourfault.<Here,theauthorimpliesthattheprosedoesnotmeasureuptothestandardsoftheworksofthosepoets.>Ifyoucontinuetoreadit,thatwillbetotheauthor’scredit:thatwillmeanthatthisauthorhassomethingtoaddtothetruthaboutourexistence.Ifyoucangoonwiththereading,theauthor,then,isworthreading,anditalsomeansthatthisauthorhasprovideduswithsometruthaboutourlives.tosb.’scredit:worthyofpraise;inone’snamee.g.Itisgreatlytoyourcreditthatyougavebackthemoneyyoufound;yourhonestydoesyoucredit. Itistomycredittohelpthoseinwant.KeytoExercisesI.Comprehension1.Oftenbookssitontheshelvesabsorbingdustlongafterthewriterhasturnedintoahandfulofdust./Booksremainontheshelvesabsorbingdustlongafterthewriterhasdied.2.Because,accordingtotheauthor,goodliteratureisdefinedbyitsdistinctionfrombadliterature.Thatistosay,goodliteratureisgoodbecauseitisnotbad,andbadliteratureisbadbecauseitisnotgood.Thisisratherparadoxical.3.Sinceweareallmoribund,andsincereadingbooksistime-consuming,weneedacompassintheoceanofbooks.Ifwedonothavesuchacompass,itisdifficultforustofindtherightbookstoread.4.a.hecanbeahack,asignorantasourselves;b.hecanhavestrongpreferenceforacertainkindofwritingorsimplytakebriberyfromthepublishinghouse;c.hemightturnhisreviewwritingintoanindependentartform.5.Ifhehadbeenapublisher,hewouldbeputtingonthebooks’coversnotonlytheirauthors’namesbutalsotheexactageatwhichtheycomposedthisorthatwork.Bysodoing,hewouldenablereaderstodecidewhethertheycaretoconsidertheviewsofabookwrittenbyapersonsomuchyoungerorsomucholderthanthemselves.6.Thisgroupofpeoplearespecialbecauseliteraturehasalwaysbeenamatterofsomehundrednamestothem,becausetheyfeelawkwardatlargegatherings,donotdanceatparties,tendtofindmetaphysicalexcusesforadultery,andarefinickyaboutdiscussingpolitics;becausetheydislikethemselvesfarmorethantheirdetractorsdo;becausetheystillpreferalcoholandtobaccotodrugs.Thesepeoplewon’tparticipateindemonstrations,andtheywon’tshootthemselvesortheirlovers.7.Thesepeopleareunpardonablysubjectiveintheirviews.8.Theauthorsuggeststhatthebestwaytodevelopgoodtasteinliteratureistoreadpoetry.Intheauthorspointofview,poetryisagreatdisciplinariantoproseandteachesthelatternotonlythevalueofeachwordbutalsothemercurialmentalpatternsofthespecies,alternativestolinearcomposition,theknackofomittingtheself-evident,emphasisondetail,andthetechniqueofanticlimax.9.Ifyoubelieveinwhattheauthorsays,allyouhavetodoistoreadtheworksofpoetsinyourmothertongue,preferablyfromthefirsthalfofthiscentury.10.Itmeansthatthebook,whichhasaddedsomethingtothetruthaboutourexistence,isworthreading.Itwouldalsomean,atthesametime,thatyouhavedevelopedanincurableaddictiontoreadingwhichisgoodforyourlife.II.Vocabulary1.dimension 2.idiosyncratic 3.reckon 4.stance 5.lousy6.paradox 7.debunk 8.disciplinary 9.semblance 10.vulnerableIII.Phrases1.onthetake 2.headedfor 3.tohiscredit 4.putting…on;puttingon 5.mightaswell 6.armedwith 7.inmorewaysthanone 8.actinIV.Errordetectionandcorrection1.thegreatestproblems2.inwhich改成which3.credited改成creditedwith4.Greatlyhigh改成High5.stood改成standing6.anyotherstudent7.asmuch改成asmany8.Thoughremembered9.toconsider10.thattheygot改成didtheyget V.Cloze1.shaped 2.desperate 3.objectivity 4.hierarchies 5.expected6.chiefly 7.driven 8.unimpeachable 9.evaluate 10.perspective11.industrial12.affiliation 13.sponsors 14.support 15.acknowledgementTextA的参考译文论读书〔亚莉译总的来说,书本的寿命要比我们自己长。常常是写书的人早已化为了一堆黄土而其著作却依旧立在书架上积聚尘土,但恰恰是死后占有这一席之地的欲望促使人们笔耕不坠。所以,当我们手中摆弄和翻动这些方块形物体的时候,设想我们手里抚弄的不是具体的书本,而是盛着我们自己回归的骨灰的瓮,那也没什么不对。毕竟,写一本书投入进去的,说到底是一个人只有一次的生命。有人说过进行哲学思考就是一步步趋向死亡。不管是谁说的,这种说法从几种意义来说都是有道理的,因为一个人绝不会因为写一本书而变年轻。同样读一本书也不会使人更年轻。既然如此,我们自然倾向于读好书。然而,困难在于文学中的"好"是通过区别"坏"来鉴定的。此外,要写出一本好书,一个作家必须阅读大量平庸读物,否则他是没法找到必要的写作标准的。这可能就会为坏文学作品在最后审判日为自己辩护的最佳理由。既然我们精力不济,既然读书很耗费时间,我们就必须找出一个能让我们至少表面上省时省力的方法来。当然不可否认长时间读一本厚厚的、情节发展缓慢的平庸小说所带来的乐趣,但我们最终目的毕竟不是为读书而读书,而是为了学到点什么。因此,我们需要一些最大限度地浓缩人生矛盾困境的作品,需要一些在浩如烟海的书籍中类似指南针一样的作品。当然,这个指南针的职责是由文学评论及评论家们来担当的。不幸的是,指南针的针摆动得太没谱了。对某些人来说它指北,而对另一些人来说却是指南。评论家的问题有三：第一,他可能是个作品低劣的平庸文人,而且就和我们自己一样无知；第二,他可能对某一类作品特别偏爱或者干脆从得到好处；第三,如果他是一个有才华的作家的话,他会将他的评论写成一篇独立于原作的文学作品,在这一点上乔治·路易斯·博尔赫斯就是一个典型例子。结果,你可能会只读他的评论而不去管他评论的那本书了。无论何种情况,你都会发现自己漂流在海洋中,紧紧抓住一只你不知道它能漂浮多久的木筏。因此,你如另谋他途就只好培养你自己的品味,制造自己的指南针,亲自去熟悉那些特殊的星星及星座,无论它们是暗淡的还是明亮的,但总是那么遥远的。不过,这样做要耗费大量的时间,以至于你很快就发现自己老了,头发白了,胳肢窝里夹着一本一无是处的书,正在走向人生的终点。那么这样漂浮究竟在哪儿着陆呢,哪怕仅仅只是一个荒无人烟的小岛也好？我们的那个好人"星期五"又在哪儿呢？在我提出我的建议之前,我想先就这一解决方法的提出者也就是鄙人说几句,这不是出自我的个人虚荣,而是因为我相信一种意见的价值是与它提出的背景密切相关的。确实,如果我是个出版商的话,我必将在每本书的封面上不仅印上作者名字,还要把他们创作这部或那部作品的确切年龄都印上,让读者自己决定是否愿意考虑这个比他们年轻得多或者老得多的作者作品里的观点。这个即将提出的建议出自这样一类人,在他们看来,文学只不过是几百个人的名字而已；他们在大型聚会上感到别扭,在晚会上不跳舞,喜欢为通奸找玄学上的借口,谈论政治小题大作吹毛求疵；这类人比诽谤者更不喜欢他们自己；喜爱喝酒抽雪茄胜于吸海洛因或大麻――用ＷＨ奥登的话说,就是那种"你在街垒旁看不到,也绝不会朝自己或情人开枪的人。"如果这样的人偶尔发现自己满身是血倒在监牢地板上,或是在讲坛上发表演讲的话,这是因为他们反对的不是某种特殊的非正义行为而是反对整个世界秩序。他们对于自己观点的客观性不抱任何幻想；相反,他们坚持认为自己有不可宽恕的主观性。然而,他们这么做并非是为了掩护自己免受可能的攻击。他们采取与达尔文相反的态度,认为脆弱是一切生物的主要特征。这与其说是对自己不利处境感到满足,不如说他们本能地认识到极端的主观性、偏见,而且还有个人古怪行为可以帮助艺术避免成为腐的东西。而对腐的抵制恰好是使艺术有别于生活的地方。现在你们知道了我要说的话的背景,我还是直说了好：培养良好文学情趣的方法就是读诗。如果你认为我这么说是因为我自己干的这一行而有偏爱,你就错了。因为我不属于任何一个行业组织。我想说的是,诗是人类语言的最高形式,不仅用最简洁的方式表述人类经验,而且还为任何语言活动尤其是书面语言提供最高的标准。一个人诗读得越多,就越不能容忍任何形式得赘述和罗嗦。诗是从墓志铭及格言警句脱胎而出的,它对散文起很大的规作用。它不仅教会后者每个词的价值而且教给它此种文体各种变换的思维模式,线性写作之外的多种选择,省略不言自明的东西的诀窍,强调细节以及运用突降法的技巧。最重要的是,诗在散文中培养起那种对形而上学的追求――那种把一部艺术作品与只具文学形式的作品区别开来的追求。请不要误解我：我并不是要贬低散文。真实情况是文学开始于诗歌,游牧民族的歌要早于定居者写下来的东西。我要做的就是务实,避免使你的视力及脑细胞浪费在毫无用处的文字材料上。可以说,诗歌就是为这个目的而发明出来的。你须做的是：读用你母语写的诗,以此来武装自己,最好是从本世纪前半叶的诗读起,那么你的状况会非常好。如果你的母语是英语,我可以推荐你读下列诗人的作品：罗伯特弗罗斯特,托马斯哈代,叶芝,艾略特,奥登,玛丽安莫尔以及伊丽莎白毕晓普。如果在读完了上面提到的任何一个诗人的作品后,你把从书架上拿的一本散文书弃之一旁,这不能怪你,要是你能继续往下读这本散文,这个作者就值得称赞；它意味着这个作者为我们生活的真理增添了某种有价值的东西。如果不是这样,那可能意味着阅读让你上了瘾,欲罢不能无法可想,单就这种隐而言,它并不是最坏的。TextBCriticalReadingtowardCriticalWritingKeytoExerciseInordertowriteyourownanalysisofthesubject,youwillneedtodocarefulcriticalreadingofsourcesandtousethemcriticallytomakeyourownargument.Criticalreadingisoneinwhichyoumakejudgmentsabouthowatextisargued.Itisahighlyreflectiveskillrequiringyouto"standback"andgainsomedistancefromthetextyouarereading.Youneedtoavoidextractingandcompilinglistsofevidence,listsoffactsandexamples.Thefivetechniquestheauthormentionsare:Firstdeterminethecentralclaimsofpurposeofthetext<itsthesis>;Begintomakesomejudgmentsaboutcontext;Distinguishthekindsofreasoningthetextemploys;Examinetheevidence<thesupportingfacts,examples,etc.>thetextemploys;Criticalreadingmayinvolveevaluation.Whenyouhighlightargument,youneedtopayattentiontothoseareasinatextwhereanauthorexplainsheranalyticalmoves,theconceptssheuses,howsheusesthem,howshearrivesatconclusions.Itmeansthatyoushouldnotsubstitutethequotationforyourownarticulationofapoint.参考译文批评性阅读与批评性写作德保拉-诺特多伦多大学〔峤译批评性写作必须以批评性阅读为基础。我们写的大多数文章都涉及对已有文章的研究与反思,因为这些文章对你的研究课题已经做出种种思考与探索。要对自己的研究课题进行深入的分析,必须对已有材料进行批评性研读与甄别,并在此基础上提出严谨的论点。你对已读材料的评判与解读是迈向明确阐述自己研究方法的第一步。批评性阅读究竟是指什么呢？它是指对一篇文章的立论做出评价和判断。这是一个需要思考的高难度的技能。你必须"退一步",从远距离看这篇文章。〔也许在深入细致地批评性研读之前你得浏览全文。关键是：不要只为或主要为获取信息而阅读。阅读时留心寻找研究本课题的思考方式。阅读或做重点标识以及做笔记时,避免对文中的例证事实做摘录或编排。阅读时不要问："我能从文章中获取什么样的信息？"而要问："本文的论述如何？它又是如何展开论述的？其中的证据〔事实,例子等是如何安排和解释的？最终的结论又是如何得出的？"怎样在阅读中寻找研究的思考方式呢？首先要找准文章的主旨〔即主题。批评性阅读就是要辩析并评论文中的主要论点是如何一步步被推导论证的。对文章的写作背景做出评判。如文章的目标读者是谁？它在与谁进行对话式讨论？〔比如对方很可能是持相反观点的学者或作者。文章是什么样的历史背景下完成的？所有这些背景因素都会对评判全文有很大帮助。对文章运用的推理方式进行判别。文章给哪些概念下了定义,又使用了哪些概念？本文是否支持一种或几种理论？是否展示了某种特定的方法论？如果本文显示了对某一特定概念,理论或方法的偏爱,那么这种概念,理论或方法又是如何被用来归纳解释数据的呢？你也可以考察一下文章的布局结构。作者如何分析〔或驳斥这些材料的？注意不同学科〔如历史学,社会学,哲学,生物学会运用不同的论证方法。对文中运用的证据〔如支持论点的事实,例子等进行检验。支持性的论据对论点是至关重要的。经过前三个步骤,你现在的任务就是要抓住这些论据是如何被运用来推动支持论点以及其它主要观点理念的。前三个步骤是让你在上下文大背景下看这些论据。接下来请仔细考虑本文运用了哪些类型的论据。在此论点中本论据的重要性是什么？该论据是数据性的,文学性的,还是历史性的？诸如此类的问题。还有论据源于何处？这些出处是原始一手的还是间接二手的？批评性阅读涉及评价与判断。如果你在阅读一篇文章时对其立论做出阐释或一系列评判,你的阅读就是批评性的阅读。然而有的文章可能需要你对论点的优缺点分别做出评价。如果文章立论有力,是什么原因？如果以其它方法来论证,是否效果更好？文中立论是否有遗漏或不一致之处？分析方法是否值得推敲？文中列出的论据还有其它解释么？这些论据能确保必然得出这些结论吗？其对立的论点又可能是什么呢？一些实用性建议：批评性阅读常发生在阅读的预备阶段。开始阅读时要快速略读全文。尤其是引言和结论部分,以便找准需要细读的重要部分。在标出文中容或摘录笔记时,要学会突出文章的论点：诸如作者在何处解释阐明她的分析步骤,她所运用的概念,以及如何运用这些概念。最后她又是如何得出结论的？不管文中的事实多么有趣,千万不要过分突出或孤立看待它们。首先要找到那些赋予实例目的,使命和意义的大框架。而每段的开头句很可能对此有所帮助。在你开始考虑如何把文中部分论点用在自己的论文中时,要充分了解此部分在原文论点中是如何与其上下文和谐统一的。充分注意上下文是至关重要的判断的步骤。如果你的引用直接摘自原文,要谨慎运用此引言。也就是说你不能直接把引用部分当自己的话说出来。相反,在介绍引言时要说明你对它的评价以及选用它的原因。引言之后常付有进一步的分析说明。批评性阅读技巧也是批评性地听取的技巧。在课堂上不仅要听取具体信息,也要注意其思考方式。老师往往对与某一学科相宜的思考方式予以详细的讲解和例示。Keytotranslationexercises:1.为什么有些人强词夺理,专横跋扈,而另一些人却羞羞答答,优柔寡断？……为什么有些人贪婪自私,玩世不恭,而另一些人却平易近人？2.从发展中国家的观点来看,下一个十年应有一个大力加速科学技术合作的纲领,旨在广泛传播技术以满足人们诸如营养、住宅、交通、卫生保健之类的基本需要。3.尽管律师的见解和反应可能会提升新闻报道的质量,但记者最好凭借自己对该新闻意义的理解做出自己的判断。4.达尔文在自传中谦虚地指出,他经常很难清晰而简洁地表达自己的思想,但他认为可能正因为有了这个困难,他才不得不对自己要说的每一句话进行长时间的认真思考,从而发现自己在推理和观察中的错误,结果这反而成了他的优点。5.Presently,aneducationalreformisunderwaythatcentersoncurriculumsandteachingmaterials.Asourmaingoal,wewilltrytoreformtheeducationalsystemsothatitfocusesontheenhancementofthestudents’abilitiesinsteadoftrainingthemmerelytopassexams.Weusedtohaveonlyonesetoftextbooksinlinewithasinglesyllabusforeachcourse.Withthereformdeepening,wearebeginningtohavemorethanoneseriesoftextbooksunderthesamesyllabusor,insomecases,evenmorethanonesyllabusforthesamecourse.Inordertoenhancestudents’abilitiesandstrengtheneducationaladministrationforthevarietyofsyllabusesandteachingmaterialsavailable,itisnecessaryforustoformulateteachingtargetssuitedtoChina’ssituationandparticularsubjects.Formulationofsuchtargetsisadifficultscientificprojectthatmustbeorganizedandcoordinatedbytheappropriatestateeducationauthorities.UnitTwoTextARecession-proofingyourcareerByBarbaraMosesI.Introduction1.Warm-upactivities:a.Areyouemployable?Why?b.Discussthepositivesandnegativesofearningadoctoratedegreeforyourcareer’sdevelopment.<Reference>Aquestionnaireaboutyourpotentialemployability:1.Howdoesthesubjectyouchoosetostudyrelatetoyourinterests,attibutesandabilities?2.Ifyouareworkingwhileyouarestudying,whatskillsandknowledgedoesthisgiveyouanopportunitytodevelop?3.Whatextra-curricularactivitiesareyouparticipatingin?Howdothesereflectyourinterestsandabilities?4.Whatareyourachievementsinlifesofar?Whatdoestheysayaboutyourstrengthsandweaknesses?5.Ifyouarelivingindependently,howhasthischallengedyou?Whathaveyoulearnedfromtheexperience?6.Describeyourpersonality.Analyzewhatstrengthsitprovidesandwhatchallengesitcreates?7.Whatfivethingsdoyouwanttoachievefromyouruniversitycareer?8.Whatareyourlife/careergoalsatthisstageandexplainhowtheyarelinkedwithwhatyouknowaboutyourself?9.HowshouldIpresentmyselfinaninterview?WhatevidenceshouldIgivetobackupmyclaims?2.IntroductoryremarksInthetext,Dr.BarbaraMosesdescribesanewcareerdevelopmentparadigmfortoday’semployees,thatis,guaranteedjobshavealreadybecomehistoryandit’shightimetoengageinalifelong,self-monitoredprocesswhichcanhelptopromoteandprepareoneselfforachange,esp.duringperiodsofrecession.Shethensuggestssomeskillswhichareindispensablewhenrespondingtonewworktrends.Sherecommendsdiscoveringbothyourovertandcoverttalents,makingsureawiderangeofpositionsareavailabletoyou,andnevercommittingtoany"hotjob"whichexceedseitheryourinterestortalent.Moreover,beingskilledorqualifiedisnottheonlycriteria.Youmustbeableto"market"yourself,toconvincetheemployerthatyouarethemostsuitablecandidateforthejob,forwhichpurposeyouhavetoestablishasocialnetworkthatcanhelpyoumakeyourcareerdecisions"bothinsideandoutsideofyourprofessions."Alwaysfollowworktrends.Finally,psychologicalelementsarealsoimportant,soneverletyourselfdownandfindabalance