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IthasahigherenergycontentthanotheralternativeItsusewouldmakedesignimprovementsinindividualvehiclesItsusewouldsubstantiallyreduceozoneItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatavehiclespecificallydesignedtousemethanolforfuelbesomewhatlighterintotalbodyweightthanaconventionalvehiclefueledwithgasolinebemoreexpensivetooperatethanaconventionalvehiclefueledwithhavealargerandmorepowerfulenginethanaconventionalvehiclefueledwithgasolinehavealargerandheavierfueltankthana“gasolineclone”vehiclefueledwithmethanolaveragemoremilespergallonthana“gasolineclone”vehiclefueledwithItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagemostlikelyregardsthecriticismofmethanolinthelastparagraphasflawedbecauseoftheassumptionsonwhichitisinapplicablebecauseofaninconsistencyinthecritics’misguidedbecauseofitsexclusivelytechnologicalinaccuratebecauseitignoresconsumers’invalidbecauseitreflectsthepersonalbiasofthe长江水稻Sincethe1970s,archaeologicalsitesinChina'sYangtzeRiverregionhaveyieldedevidenceofsophisticatedrice-farmingsocietiesthatpredatesignsofricecultivationelsewhereinEastAsiabyathousandyears.Beforethisevidencewasdiscovered,ithadgenerallybeenassumedthatricefarmingbeganfarthertothesouth.Thisscenariowasbasedbothonthegeographicrangeofwildorfree-livingrice,whichwasnotthoughttoextendasfarnorthastheYangtze,andonarchaeologicalrecordsofveryearlydomesticricefromSoutheastAsiaandIndia(nowknowntobenotsooldasfirstreported).Proponentsofthesouthern-origintheorypointoutthatearlyrice-farmingsocietiesalongtheYangtzewerealreadyhighlydevelopedandthatevidenceforthefirststageofricecultivationismissing.Theyarguethatthefirsthunter-gathererstodevelopriceagriculturemusthavedonesointhissouthernzone,withintheapparentpresent-daygeographicrangeofwildrice.Yetwhilemoststrandsofwildricereportedina1984surveywereconcentratedtothesouthoftheYangtzedrainage,twonorthernoutlierpopulationswerealsodiscoveredinprovincesalongthemiddleandlowerYangtze,evidencethattheYangtzewetlandsmayfallwithinboththepresent-dayandthehistoricalgeographicrangesofrice'swildancestor.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostclearlyunderminetheconclusionthattheauthormakesbasedonthe1984survey?AreassouthoftheYangtzebasincurrentlyhavelesswild-ricehabitatthantheyonceSurveyssince1984haveshownwildricepopulationsalongtheupperYangtzeaswellasalongthemiddleandlowerYangtze.ThepopulationsofwildricealongtheYangtzerepresentstrainsofwildricethatmigratedtothenorthrelativelyrecently.Earlyrice-farmingsocietiesalongtheYangtzewerenotashighlydevelopedasarchaeologistsonceInEastAsia,thehistoricalgeographicrangeofwildricewasmoreextensivethanthepresent-daygeographicrangeis.Basedonthepassage,skepticsoftheideathatricecultivationbeganintheYangtzeRiverregioncanpointtowhichofthefollowingforsupport?Lackofevidencesupportingtheexistenceofrice-farmingsocietiesalongtheYangtzeatanearlyLackofevidenceregardingtheinitialstagesofricecultivationintheYangtzeRecentdiscoveriespertainingtothehistoricalgeographicrangeofrice'swildNewinformationregardingthedatesofveryearlydomesticricefromSoutheastNewtheoriespertainingtohowhunter-gatherersfirstdevelopedriceagricultureinEast3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthe“southern-originThetheoryisbasedonanunconventionalunderstandingofhowhunter-gatherersfirstdevelopedriceagriculture.Thetheoryfailstotakeintoaccounttheapparentfactthatevidenceforthefirststageofricecultivationinthenorthismissing.Thetheorywasdevelopedprimarilyinresponsetoa1984surveyofwildrice'sgeographicReassessmentofthedatesofsomearchaeologicalevidencehasunderminedsupportfortheEvidenceofsophisticatedrice-farmingsocietiesintheYangtzeregionprovidessupportfortheTheColor 相关文章：LSAT22SECTIONThepublicationofTheColorPurpletransformedAliceWalkerfromanindubitablyseriousblackwriterwhosefictionbelongedtoatraditionofgritty,ifoccasionally"magical,"realismintoapopularnovelistwithalltheperquisitesanddrawbacksattendantonthatpositionUnlikeeitherTheThirdLifeofGrangeCopland(1970)orMeridian(1976),TheColorPurplegainedimmediateandwidespreadpublicacceptance,winningboththePulitzerPrizeandtheAmericanBookAwardfor1982-83.Atthesametime,however,itgeneratedimmediateandwidespreadcriticaluneaseoverwhatappearedtobemanifestflawsinitscomposition.RobertTowers,writingintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,concludedthatontheevidenceofTheColorPurple"AliceWalkerstillhasalottolearnaboutplottingandstructuringwhatisclearlyintendedtobearealisticnovel."Hisopinionwassharedbymanyreviewerswhopointedoutvariouslythatinthelastthirdofthebookthenarrator-protagonistCelieandherfriendsarepropelledtowardafairytalehappyendingwithmorevelocitythancredibility;thatthelettersfromNettie,withtheirdisconcertinglyliteratedepictionsoflifeinanAfricanvillage,intrudeintothemiddleofthemainactionwithlittleapparentmotivationorwarrant;andthatthedeviceoftheletterstoGodisespeciallyunrealisticinasmuchasitforegoestheconcretizingdetailsthattraditionallyhavegiventheepistolatory书信体的formitspeculiarverisimilitude:thesecretwriting-place,thecache,therusestoenablepostingletters,andespeciallythelettersreceivedin英国女演员ActressInthepast,onlymencouldbecomeactorsinsomesocieties.IntheancientGreeceandRomeandthemedievalworld,itwasconsidereddisgracefulforawomantogoonthestage,andthisbeliefpersisteduntilthe17thcentury,wheninVeniceitwasbroken.InthetimeofWilliamShakespeare,women'srolesweregenerallyplayedbymenorboys.Whenaneighteen-yearPuritanprohibitionofdramawasliftedaftertheEnglishRestorationof1660,womenbegantoappearonstageinEngland.MargaretHughesiscreditedbysomeasthefirstprofessionalactressontheEnglishstage.ThisprohibitionendedduringthereignofCharlesIIinpartduetothefactthatheenjoyedwatchingactressesonstage.Thefirstoccurrenceofthetermactresswasin1700accordingtotheOEDandisascribedtoDryden.InJapan,men(onnagata)tookoverthefemalerolesinkabukitheatrewhenwomenwerebannedfromperformingonstageduringtheEdoperiod.Thisconventionhascontinuedtothepresent.However,someformsofChinesedramahavewomenplayingalltheInmoderntimes,womensometimesplaytherolesofprepubescentboys.ThestageroleofPeterPan,forexample,istraditionallyplayedbyawoman,asaremostprincipalboysinBritishpantomime.Operahasseveral"breechesroles"traditionallysungbywomen,usuallymezzo-sopranos.ExamplesareHanselinHänselundGretel,CherubinoinTheMarriageofFigaroandOctavianinDerWomeninmalerolesareuncommoninfilmwiththenotableexceptionsofthefilmsTheYearofLivingDangerouslyandI'mNotThere.IntheformerfilmLindaHuntplayedthepivotalroleofBillyKwan,forwhichshereceivedtheAcademyAwardforBestSupportingActress.InthelatterfilmCateBlanchettportrayedJudeQuinn,arepresentationofBobDylaninthesixties,forwhichshewasnominatedfortheAcademyAwardforBestSupportingActress.Womenplayingmeninlivetheatreisparticularlycommoninpresentationsofolderplays,suchasthoseofShakespeare,thathavelargenumbersofmalecharactersinroleswherethegendernolongermattersinmoderntimes.Havinganactordressastheoppositesexforcomiceffectisalsoalong-standingtraditionincomictheatreandfilm.MostofShakespeare'scomediesincludeinstancesofovertcross-dressing,suchasFrancisFluteinAMidsummerNight'sDream.ThemovieAFunnyThingHappenedontheWaytotheForumstarsJackGilforddressingasayoungbride.TonyCurtisandJackLemmonfamouslyposedaswomentoescapegangstersintheBillyWilderfilmSomeLikeItHot.Cross-dressingforcomiceffectwasafrequentlyuseddeviceinmostofthethirtyCarryOnfilms.DustinHoffmanandRobinWilliamshaveeachappearedinahitcomedyfilm(TootsieandMrs.Doubtfire,respectively)inwhichtheyplayedmostscenesdressedasawoman.Occasionally,theissueisfurthercomplicated,forexample,byawomanplayingawomanactingasamanpretendingtobeawoman,likeJulieAndrewsinVictor/Victoria,orGwynethPaltrowinShakespeareinLove.InIt'sPat:TheMovie,filmwatchersneverlearnthegenderoftheandrogynousmaincharactersPatandChris(playedbyJuliaSweeneyandDaveFoley).Afewrolesinmodernfilms,playsandmusicalsareplayedbyamemberoftheoppositesex(ratherthanacharactercross-dressing),suchasthecharacterEdnaTurnbladinHairspray—playedbyDivineintheoriginalfilm,HarveyFiersteinintheBroadwaymusical,andJohnTravoltainthe2007moviemusical.LindaHuntwonanAcademyAwardforBestSupportingActressforplayingBillyKwaninTheYearofLivingDangerously.FelicityHuffmanwasnominatedforanAcademyAwardforBestActressforplayingBreeOsbourne(amale-to-femaletranssexual)inTransamerica.美洲人起源RecentdiscoveriesinNewWorldarchaeologyalongwithnewscientificmethodsforanalyzingdatahaveledtonewideasregardingtheoriginofthefirstpeoplesoftheAmericasandtheirtimeofThetraditionaltheoryheldthatthefirstAmericanscrossedthelandbridgefromSiberiatoAlaskaaround11,500yearsagoandfollowedan"ice-freecorridor"betweentwolargeCanadianicesheets(theLaurentideandCordilleran)toreachunglaciatedlandstothesouth.Thesefirstinhabitants,whosearchaeologicalsitesarescatteredacrossNorthandSouthAmerica,werecalledtheClovispeople,namedafterthetowninNewMexicowheretheirflutedspearpointsusedforhuntingmammothwerefirstfoundin1932.ThereisnowconvincingevidenceofhumanhabitationsitesthatdateearlierthantheCloviscultureincludingsiteslocatedinSouthAmerica.MonteVerde,awell-studiedsitelocatedalongarivernearsoutherncentralChile,dates12,500yearsago.Thissitecontainstheburiedremnantsofdwellings,stonetoolsincludinglargebifacialprojectilepoints,andpreservedmedicinalandedibleplants.Howdidpeoplemanagetosettlethisfarsouthatsuchanearlydate?Acoastalmigrationrouteisnowgainingmoreacceptance,ratherthantheolderviewofsmallbandsmovingonfootacrossthemiddleofthelandbridgebetweenSiberiaandAlaskaandintothecontinents.EmergingevidencesuggeststhatpeoplewithboatsmovedalongthePacificcoastintoAlaskaandnorthwesternCanadaandeventuallysouthtoPeruandChileby12,500yearsago—andperhapsmuchearlier.ArchaeologicalevidenceinAustralia,Melanesia,andJapanindicateboatswereinuseasfarbackas25,000to40,000yearsago.Searouteswouldhaveprovidedabundantfoodresourcesandeasierandfastermovementthanlandroutes.Manycoastalareaswereunglaciatedatthistime,providingopportunitiesforlandfallalongtheway.SeveralearlysitesalongthecoastofCanada,California,Peru,Ecuador,andChiledatebetween10,000and12,000yearsago.Manypotentialcoastalsitesarenowsubmerged,makinginvestigationHoneybeefungalIngestionoffoodcontainingsporesofthepathogenAscosphaeraapiscausesafatalfungaldiseaseknownaschalkbroodinhoneybeelarvae.However,larvaemustbechilledtoabout30°C(normalbrood-combtemperatureis33-36°C)forthediseasetodevelop.Accordingly,chalkbroodismostcommoninspringandinsmallcolonies.Arecentstudyrevealedthathoneybeesresponsibleforhive-temperaturemaintenancepurposelyraisedthehives’temperaturewhencolonieswereinoculatedwithA.apisthis“fever,”orup-regulationoftemperature,occurredbeforeanylarvaedied,suggestingthattheresponseispreventativeandthateitherhoneybeeworkersdetecttheinfectionbeforesymptomsarevisibleorlarvaecommunicatetheingestionofthepathogen.Temperaturereturnedtonormalbytheendofthestudy,suggestingthatincreasedtemperatureisnotoptimalwhenbroodsarenotinfected,aswellasthatthefeverdoesnotresultmerelyfromnormalcolonygrowth(i.e.,anincreaseinthenumberofworkersavailablefortemperaturemaintenance).TheprimarypurposeofthepassageisdiscussthefindingsandimplicationsofaparticularillustrateaprocessthatformerlyhadbeenoutlinethemethodsusedtoinvestigateaAccordingtothepassage,researchersconcludedthatfeverinhoneybeecoloniesispreventativebecausetheirstudyshowedthatsuchfeverdoesnotoccurwhenhivetemperaturesarewithinnormalprotestsadultbeesfromcontractingchalkbroodoccurspriortothedeathofanyismorelikelytooccurinspringthanindoesnothaveaneffectonuninfectedThepassageimpliesthatifhivetemperaturehadnotreturnedtonormalbytheendofthestudyinquestion,aprobableconclusionoftheresearcherswouldhavebeenthathoneybeesareincapableofpurposelyraisinghivehoneybeelarvaehaveamechanismtoalertadulthoneybeestothepresenceofA.honeybeelarvaemaybenefitfromincreasedhivetemperatureevenwhenthereisnoA.apisAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofchalkbroodinfectionamonghoneybeelarvae？Larvaeinsmallcoloniesaremorelikelytopasstheinfectiontoadulthoneybeesthanarelarvaeinlargeones.Infectionwithchalkbroodinduceslarvaetoraisetheirhive’sTheinfectionismorelikelytoaffectlarvaeinwinterthaninLarvaefailtodevelopsymptomsofthediseasewhentheirbrood–combtemperatureremainswithinthenormalrange.Infectedlarvaeexhibitvisiblesymptomsofdiseaseforasignificanttimebefore十四修正案199410月BTheFourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,ratifiedin1868,prohibitsstategovernmentsfromdenyingcitizensthe“equalprotectionofthelaws.”Althoughpreciselywhattheframersoftheamendmentmeantbythisequalprotectionclauseremainsunclear,allinterpretersagreethattheframers’immediateobjectivewastoprovideaconstitutionalwarrantfortheCivilRightsActof1866,whichguaranteedthecitizenshipofallpersonsbornintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttoUnitedStatesjurisdiction.Thisdeclaration,whichwasechoedinthetextoftheFourteenthAmendment,wasdesignedprimarilytocountertheSupremeCourt’srulinginDredScottv.SandfordthatBlackpeopleintheUnitedStatescouldbedeniedcitizenship.TheactwasvetoedbyPresidentAndrewJohnson,whoarguedthattheThirteenthAmendment,whichabolishedslavery,didnotprovideCongresswiththeauthoritytoextendcitizenshipandequalprotectiontothefreedslaves.AlthoughCongresspromptlyoverrodeJohnson’sveto,supportersoftheactsoughttoensureitsconstitutionalfoundationswiththepassageoftheFourteenthAmendment.ThebroadlanguageoftheamendmentstronglysuggeststhatitsframerswereproposingtowriteintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrightsbutaprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatforbidsorganizedsocietyfromtreatinganyindividualasamemberofaninferiorclass.Yetforthefirsteightdecadesoftheamendment’sexistence,theSupremeCourt’sinterpretationoftheamendmentbetrayedthisidealofequality.IntheCivilRightsCasesof1883,forexample,theCourtinventedthe“stateaction”limitation,whichassertsthat“private”decisionsbyownersofpublicaccommodationsandothercommercialbusinessestosegregatetheirfacilitiesareinsulatedfromthereachoftheFourteenthAmendment’sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.AftertheSecondWorldWar,ajudicialclimatemorehospitabletoequalprotectionclaimsculminatedintheSupremeCourt’srulinginBrownv.BoardofEducationthatraciallysegregatedschoolsviolatedtheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.TwodoctrinesembracedbytheSupremeCourtduringthisperiodextendedtheamendment’sreach.First,theCourtrequiredespeciallystrictscrutinyoflegislationthatemployeda“suspectclassification,”meaningdiscriminationagainstagroupongroundsthatcouldbeconstruedasracial.ThisdoctrinehasbroadenedtheapplicationoftheFourteenthAmendmenttoother,nonracialformsofdiscrimination,forwhilesomejusticeshaverefusedtofindanylegislativeclassificationotherthanracetobeconstitutionallydisfavored,mosthavebeenreceptivetoargumentsthatatleastsomenonracialdiscriminations,sexualdiscriminationinparticular,are“suspect”anddeservethisheightenedscrutinybythecourts.Second,theCourtrelaxedthestateactionlimitationontheFourteenthAmendment,bringingnewformsofprivateconductwithintheamendment’sreach.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaoftheBypresentingalistofspecificrights,framersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereattemptingtoprovideaconstitutionalbasisforbroadjudicialprotectionoftheprincipleofequalcitizenship.OnlyaftertheSupremeCourtadoptedthesuspectclassificationapproachtoreviewingpotentiallydiscriminatorylegislationwastheapplicabilityoftheFourteenthAmendmentextendedtoincludesexualdiscrimination.NotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWardidtheSupremeCourtbegintointerprettheFourteenthAmendmentinamannerconsistentwiththeprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatitexpresses.InterpretersoftheFourteenthAmendmenthaveyettoreachconsensuswithregardtowhatitsframersmeantbytheequalprotectionclause.AlthoughthereluctanceofjudgestoextendthereachoftheFourteenthAmendmenttononracialdiscriminationhasbetrayedtheprincipleofequalcitizenship,theSupremeCourt’suseofthestateactionlimitationtoinsulateprivateactivityfromtheamendment’sreachhasbeenmoreharmful.ThepassagesuggeststhattheprincipaleffectofthestateactionlimitationwasallowsomediscriminatorypracticestocontinueunimpededbytheFourteenthinfluencetheSupremeCourt’srulinginBrownv,BoardofprohibitstatesfromenactinglawsthatviolatedtheintentoftheCivilRightsActofshifttostategovernmentstheresponsibilityforenforcementoflawsprohibitingdiscriminatoryTheauthor’spositionregardingtheintentoftheframersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwouldbemostseriouslyunderminedifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?TheframershadanticipatedstateactionlimitationsastheyaredescribedintheTheframershadmerelysoughttopreventdiscriminatoryactsbyfederalTheframerswereconcernedthattheCivilRightsActof1866wouldbeoverturnedbytheSupremeTheframerswereawarethatthephrase“equalprotectionofthelaws”hadbroadTheframersbelievedthatracialaswellasnon-racialformsofdiscriminationwereAccordingtothepassage,theoriginalproponentsoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereprimarilyconcernedwithdetailingtherightsaffordedbytheprincipleofequalprovidingsupportintheConstitutionforequalprotectionforallcitizensoftheUnitedclosingaloopholethatcouldbeusedtodenyindividualstherighttosueforenforcementoftheircivilrightsassertingthatthecivilrightsprotectedbytheConstitutionincludednonracialdiscriminationaswellasracialdiscriminationgrantingstategovernmentsbroaderdiscretionininterpretingtheCivilRightsActofTheauthorimpliesthattheFourteenthAmendmentmightnothavebeenenactedCongress’authoritywithregardtolegislatingcivilrightshadnotbeentheframershadanticipatedtheSupremeCourt’srulinginBrownv.Boardoftheframershadbelievedthatitwouldbeusedindecidingcasesofdiscriminationinvolvingnon-racialgroupsmoststategovernmentshadbeenwillingtoprotectcitizens’civilitsessentialelementshadnotbeenimplicitintheThirteenthAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelyindicatesthesequenceoftheeventslistedbelow?CivilRightsActofDredScottv.VetobyPresidentI,II,III,I,IV,II,I,IV,III,II,I,IV,III,II,I,Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthesecondofthetwodoctrinesreferredtoinlines39-41ofthepassage?ItcausedsomejusticestorulethatalltypesofdiscriminationareprohibitedbytheItshiftedthefocusoftheSupremeCourtfromracialtononracialItnarrowedtheconcernoftheSupremeCourttolegislationthatemployedasuspectItcausedlegislatorswhowerewritingnewlegislationtorejectlanguagethatcouldbeconstruedaspermittingracialdiscrimination.ItmadeitmoredifficultforcommercialbusinessestopracticeracialTounderstandtheancientMayanpeoplewholivedintheareathatistodaysouthernMexicoandCentralAmericaandtheecologicaldifficultiestheyfaced,onemustfirstconsidertheirenvironment,whichwethinkofas“jungle"or'tropicalrainforest."Thisviewisinaccurate,andthereasonprovestobeimportant.Properlyspeaking,tropicalrainforestsgrowinhigh-rainfallequatorialareasthatremainwetorhumidallyearround.ButtheMayahomelandliesmorethansixteenhundredkilometersfromtheequator,atlatitudes17to22degreesnorth,inahabitattermeda“seasonaltropicalforest."Thatis,whiletheredoestendtobearainyseasonfromMaytoOctober,thereisalsoadryseasonfromJanuarythroughApril.Ifonefocusesonthewetmonths,onecallstheMayahomelanda"seasonaltropicalforest";ifonefocusesonthedrymonths,onecouldinsteaddescribeitasa"seasonaldesert.”FromnorthtosouthintheYucatanPeninsula,wheretheMayalived,rainfallrangesfrom18to100inches(457to2,540millimeters)peryear,andthesoilsbecomethicker,sothatthesouthernpeninsulawasagriculturallymoreproductiveandsupporteddenserpopulations.ButrainfallintheMayahomelandisunpredictablyvariablebetweenyears;somerecentyearshavehadthreeorfourtimesmorerainthanotheryears.Asaresult,modernfarmersattemptingtogrowcornintheancientMayahomelandshavefacedfrequentcropfailures,especiallyinthenorth.TheancientMayawerepresumablymoreexperiencedanddidbetter,butneverthelesstheytoomusthavefacedrisksofcropfailuresfromdroughtsandhurricanes.AlthoughsouthemMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthannorthernareas,problemsofwaterwereparadoxicallymoresevereinthewetsouth.WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthesouth,ithasalsomadethingshardformodemarchaeologistswhohavedifficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth.ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.InthenorthernpeninsulatheelevationissufficientlylowthattheancientMayawereabletoreachthewatertableatdeepsinkholescalledcenotes,oratdeepcaves.Inlow-elevationnorthcoastalareaswithoutsinkholes,theMayawouldhavebeenabletogetdowntothewatertablebydiggingwellsupto75feet(22meters)deep.Butmuchofthesouthliestoohighabovethewatertableforcenotesorwellstoreachdowntoit.Makingmattersworse,mostoftheYucatanPeninsulaconsistsofkarst,aporoussponge-likelimestoneterrainwhererainrunsstraightintothegroundandwherelittleornosurfacewaterremainsavailable.HowdidthosedensesouthernMayapopulationsdealwiththeresultingwaterproblem?Itinitiallysurprisesusthatmanyoftheircitieswerenotbuiltnexttotheriversbutinsteadonhighterraininrollinguplands.TheexplanationisthattheMayaexcavateddepressions,ormodifiednaturaldepressions,andthenpluggedupleaksinthekarstbyplasteringthebottomsofthedepressionsinordertocreatereservoirs,whichcollectedrainfromlargeplasteredcatchmentbasinsandstoreditforuseinthedryseason.Forexample,reservoirsattheMayacityofTikalheldenoughwatertomeetthedrinkingwaterneedsofabout10,000peopleforaperiodof18months.AtthecityofCobatheMayabuiltdikesaroundalakeinordertoraiseitslevelandmaketheirwatersupplymorereliable.ButtheinhabitantsofTikalandothercitiesdependentonreservoirsfordrinkingwaterwouldstillhavebeenindeeptroubleif18monthspassedwithoutraininaprolongeddrought.Ashorterdroughtinwhichtheyexhaustedtheirstoredfoodsuppliesmightalreadyhavegottenthemindeeptrouble,becausegrowingcropsrequiredrainratherthanreservoirs.鹿背上的WhichoffollowingmostlogicallycompletestheThelastmembersofanow-extinctspeciesofaEuropeanwilddeercalledthegiantdearlivedinIrelandabout16,000yearsago.PrehistoriccavepaintingsinFrancedepictthisanimalashavingalargehumponitsback.Fossilsofthisanimal,however,donotshowanyhump.Nevertheless,thereisnoreasontoconcludethatthecavepaintingsarethereforeinaccurateinthisregard,since AsomeprehistoriccavepaintingsinFrancealsodepictotheranimalsashavingaBfossilsofthegiantdeeraremuchmorecommoninIrelandthaninCanimalhumpsarecomposedoffattytissue,whichdosenotDthecavepaintingsofthegiantdeerwerepaintedwellbefore16,000yearsEonlyonecurrentlyexistingspeciesofdeerhasanyanatomicalfeaturethatevenremotelyresemblesaMysteryoftheAsthetouristspreparetodepartSpruceTreeHouse,oneasksQumawunuthequestionthat'soneveryone'smind:Why,afterhavinginvestedsomuchworkinthisplace,didtheancestralPueblopeopleleaveitallbehind?Theparkranger'sanswersoundswell-rehearsed:"Wecancomeupwithsomanythoughtsaboutwhytheymovedinandwhytheymovedout.Butnoonereallyknowsforsure."Butit'samysterythatisfinallybeginningtoButwhileCrowCanyonhasbroughtprofessionalarchaeologytothemasses,ithasyettodismantlethebiggestmisconceptionaboutMesaVerde'sprehistory:thattheancestralPueblopeoplesimplyvanished."Idon'tthinkwereallyeverthoughtthattheyjustvanishedintothinair,"saysKuckelman."IthinktherealenigmaoftheancestralPueblopeopleintheMesaVerderegionis,ŒWhydidtheyTheancestralPueblopeopledidn'thaveawrittenlanguage;nooneleftbehindadetailedaccountoftheirlastdaysintheMesaVerderegion.ButKuckelmanbelievesthatifshelookshardenoughatplaceslikeGoodmanPointPueblo,shecanfindthisstorywrittenonthewalls--andonthefloorsandinthetrashheaps.There'sapartiallyexcavatedkiva,asubterraneandwellingnearthenorthwestcorner,thatcouldholdpartofthestory.Standingoverit,Kuckelmanliftstheplywoodcoveringthatwillprotecttheundergroundchamberoverthewinterandpeersintothedarkness.Whenthiskivawasfirstexcavatedlastsummer,workersdiscoveredprehistoricashinthehearthandarabbitskeletonnearby.Kuckelmanthinksthosefindingsmaybetheremainsofoneofthelastmealsevereateninthevillage.Shebelievesthatwhenresearchersdissolvetheashinliquidandanalyzewhatremains,they'llfindmarkedlylittleevidenceofmaize,comparedtotheamountofmaizerefuseinrubbishpitsaroundthevillage.Thisisn'tawildguess.Kuckelmanandherco-workersnoticedthepatternwhentheyransimilartestsatanearbycontemporaryruin,SandCanyonPueblo.ThesefindingshelpedKuckelmanpiecetogetheranewtheoryabouttheancestralPueblo'sdeparture,atheoryshehopestobolsterwithevidencefromGoodmanPointPuebloandotherexcavations.KuckelmanbelievesthatasmoreandmorepeoplesettledintheMesaVerderegioninthethirteenthcentury,theyoverwhelmedwildfoodsourcesinthearea,suchasdeerandwildplants.Asaresult,theybecameincreasinglydependentonmaizecrops--notjustforfood,butforfeedfordomesticatedturkeys--asevidencedbytheubiquityofmaizeinrefusepits,essentiallytimecapsulesofthevillagers'eatinghabitsandcustoms.Butthensomethingwipedouttheirabilitytocultivatetheircrops,asindicatedbythelimitedmaizeremainsinhearths.Therabbitskeletonmayalsobeaclue,suggestingthatturkeypopulationsmayhavediedoutandforcedthesepeopletofallbackonsmallwildgame.ThiscouldmeanthatKuckelmanhasfoundmore