河北农业大学2021年博士研究生入学考试试题

1.[写作题]Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteasummaryofthefollowingpassageinnomorethan80words;youcaneitherusethesentencesfromthepassageorsummarizeinyourownwords.Yoursummaryshouldcontainthemainideaoftheoriginalpassage.（请写出下面文章的英文摘要，可以引用文章句子或自己总结，不超过80个单词）

Weeds,thefast-growingplantsthatcannotbeeatenanddonotbringflowers,areacommonproblemforgardeners.Someusechemicalstokillweeds.Otherspullthemupbyhandorwithheavymachinery.Luckily,thereareotherwaystolimittheirgrowth.

Atfirst,forstarters,therearemulcheswhichcanburyweeds.Mulchesaremadefromorganicmaterial,suchasleaves,grasscuttings,andsmallpiecesofwood,orinorganicmateriallikeplastic.Theyarespreadoverthegroundinagardentocontrolweeds.Organicmulchesbreakdownovertimesoyoumustaddmoretoyourgardenoften.Thatisnotabadthing,becausetheirdecompositioncreatesnutrientsforplantsandhumustokeepsoilswetandfulloffreshair.

Plasticmulchisanotherwaytostopweeds.Commonblackplasticiseasytolaydown.Italsoeffectivelyblocksweedsandhelpssoilwarmfasterinthespring.Recentexperimentswithothercoloredplastichaveshowneffectsonbothbugsandplantgrowth.Areflectiveplasticmulch,forexample,keepssomeplant-eatinginsectsaway.Butamajorproblemwithplasticisthatitbreaksapartovertime,soeventuallyitneedstobethrownaway.Italsoaddsnothingtothesoilasfarasnutrientsorhumus.Andplasticalsocanblockairfromreachingthesoil.

Onekindofmulchthatcombinessomeofthequalitiesofbothplasticandorganicmaterialispaper.Papermulchiseasytolaydownandeventuallydecomposes.However,paperaddslittletothesoilintermsofhumusornutrients.

Then,forlargergardenswheretheweedsaremainlygrasses,asomewhatunusualwaytocontrolthemisusingthebirdsknownasgeese.Younggeesewilleattheirweightinweedseveryday.Asmallgroupofgeesecanclearweedsinhalfahectareoflandandkeepeachothercompany.Allyouneedtoprovideiswater,protectionfromthesun,andsomeadditionalfeed.Youalsoneedbarrierstokeepthegeeseinandotheranimalsout.Onewarning,though,donotplantcornortheywilleatthat,too.

Finally,inadditiontodirectattacksonweeds,howyouplantyourgardencanindirectlyinfluenceweedgrowth.Forexample,closespacingofplantsinthegardenblockssunlightfromreachingthegroundandcanlimitweedgrowth.Andusingawateringmethodknownasdripirrigationwilldirectsmallamountsofwatertotherootsofyourplantsinsteadoftheweeds.Whetherornotyoudigupyoursoilalsoinfluencesweedgrowth.Lyinginsoilaremillionsofweedseedsjustwaitingtobeawakenedbylightandair.

Usinganyorallofthemethodswillnotpermanentlystopweedgrowth.Instead,yourgoalissimplytolimittheirgrowthinthegarden.【答案】2.[翻译题]Formanyofus,therelationshipwehavewithsugarisloveatfirsttaste,andthatloveusuallylastsalifetime.Butwhatpricedowehavetopayforthistrulyaddictive,sugarylove?Rottenteeth?Heavierbodies?Raisedbloodsugarlevels?Oreventype2diabetes?Timetoquitperhaps?Easiersaidthandone.What’sthealternative?Manywouldsuggestusingsweetenersasasubstitute.Butaresweetenershealthierthansugar?Sweetenersareusuallylow-calorieorcalorie-freesubstancesthathaveasimilartastetosugar.ItisestimatedthatmorethanaquarterofBritishhouseholdsbuyartificialsweetenerstohelpcuttheirsugarintake.TheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority(EFSA)hasapprovedsomeofthehealthclaimsfoodmanufacturershavemadeaboutsweeteners.Theseincludepreventingtoothdecayandcontrollingbloodsugarlevels.Butmanyhaveconcernsoverthelong-termeffectscausedbyusingsweeteners.Theybelieve,organizationslikeEFSAonlyrequirestudieswhichtestifsomethingwillpoisonapersoninashortperiodoftime,otherwiseknownasacutetoxicitystudies.Butwestilldon’tknowwhatthelong-termeffectsare.【答案】对我们许多人来说，我们与糖的关系是一见钟情，挚爱一生。但是，我们要为这种令人上瘾、甜蜜的所爱之物付出什么代价呢？牙齿腐烂？身体发胖？血糖升高？或者2型糖尿病？也许是时候戒掉了吗？说起来容易做起来难。另一种方法是什么呢？许多人建议用甜味剂作为替代品。但是甜味剂就比糖更健康吗？甜味剂通常是低热量或无热量的物质，与糖的味道相似。据估计，超过四分之一的英国家庭购买人工甜味剂来减少糖的摄入量。欧洲食品安全局已经批准了一些食品制造商关于甜味剂的健康声明。其中包括防蛀牙和控制血糖水平。但许多人担心使用甜味剂会带来长期影响。他们认为，像欧洲食品安全署这样的机构只要求进行测试某物是否会在短时间内毒死人的研究，也就是所谓的急性毒性研究。但我们仍然不知道有什么长期影响。3.[翻译题]根据最近的一项科学研究，进行剧烈运动的人和根本不运动的人死亡率同样大。丹麦科学家对1000多名慢跑者和非慢跑者进行了12年的研究。样本组的死亡率表明，每周以中等速度慢跑两到三次，总时间不超过两个半小时的人死亡率最小。慢跑的最佳速度约为每小时5英里。研究表明，每周慢跑三次以上或速度超过每小时7英里的人的死亡率与不慢跑的人相同。科学家们认为这是因为剧烈运动会导致心脏和动脉的结构性变化。随着时间的推移，这可能会导致严重的伤害。【答案】Accordingtoarecentscientificstudy,peoplewhoexercisevigorouslyarejustaslikelytodieasthosewhodon’texerciseatall.Danishscientistsstudiedmorethan1,000joggersandnon-joggersfor12years.Mortalityratesinthesamplegroupshowedthatthosewhojoggedtwotothreetimesaweekatamoderatepacefornomorethantwoandahalfhourshadthelowestmortalityrates.Thebestjoggingspeedisabout5milesperhour.Thestudyshowedthatpeoplewhojoggedmorethanthreetimesaweekorataspeedofmorethansevenmilesperhourhadthesamedeathrateasnon-joggers.Scientistsbelievethisisbecausestrenuousexercisecausesstructuralchangesintheheartandarteries.Overtime,thiscanleadtoseriousinjuries.4.[写作题]Directions:Accordingtoasurvey,atpresent,manypeoplearesufferingfromdepression.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedontheoutlinegivenbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

1.Sufferingfromdepressionisacommonproblem.

2.Thereasonsleadingtodepression.

3.Howtodealwiththisproblem.【答案】【写作思路】

开头段：指出抑郁症已成为现代社会中一个普遍问题。

主体段：分析导致抑郁症的原因：环境因素、心理因素。

结尾段：总结全文，提出缓解抑郁症的方法。

【参考范文】

Nowadays,people’slivesarebecomingmoreandmorestressfulandmanypeoplesufferfromdepression.Theproblemofdepressionisveryprominentamongallagegroups.Theelderly,adolescents,pregnantwomen,andthoseworkinginhigh-pressureoccupationsarethekeygroupswithahighincidenceofdepression.Depressionisthereforenotanindividualproblem,butapublichealthissuethatneedstobeaddressedbysocietyasawhole.

Depressionistheresultofacombinationofmanyfactors.Firstly,unfavorablesocialandenvironmentalfactorshaveasignificantimpactonthedevelopmentofdepression.Forexample,workstress,financialhardship,andinterpersonaltensionscanallcontributetodepression.Secondly,thepsychologicalfactorsthatpeopleexperiencewhencopingwithadverseincidentsarealsoanimportantcause.Somepeoplearepessimisticaboutincidentsandpronetobeanxiousandimpulsive,whichcaninterferewithanindividual’sprocessingofeventsandpredisposethemtodepression.

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