14Commercial-Law-法律英语配套课件

LessonFourteenCommercialLaw2023/10/51法律英语BackgroundCommercialLaw

：Allthelawwhichappliestotherights,relationsandconductofpersonsandbusinessesengagedincommerce,merchandising,tradeandsales.InrecentyearsthisbodyoflawhasbeencodifiedintheUniformCommercialCode,whichhasbeenalmostuniversallyadoptedbythestates.(/)2023/10/52法律英语CommerciallawStatelawTheNationalConferenceofCommissionersonUniformStateLaws

统一各州法律全国代表大会TheUniformCommercialCode2023/10/53法律英语PartoneArticle1,Section8oftheConstitution(commercialclause)TheCongressshallhavepowerto“regulatecommercewithforeignnations,andamongtheseveralstates,andwiththeIndiantribes”国会有权“规制与外国的商业活动，州际商业活动，以及与印第安部落的商业活动。”2023/10/56法律英语ThebrevityofthisclausebeliesthefactItsinterpretationhasplayedasignificantroleinshapingtheconceptsoffederalismandthepermissible

usesofnationalpowerthroughoutourhistory.这一条款的简短性误导了一个事实，即:这一条款的解释在历史上联邦主义概念的形成和国家权力的运用方面起了重要作用。2023/10/57法律英语ThefederalgovernmentWasgrantedneitherageneralpolicepowernortheinherentrighttoactonanysubjectmatterinordertopromotethehealth,safetyorwelfareofthepeoplethroughoutthenation.联邦政府既没有被赋予一般公共权力，也没有被赋予改善全国人民健康、安全或社会福利方面的天生的行为权利。TheframerdidgrantCongressapowertoregulatecommerce.宪法制定者们确实赋予了国会规制商务活动的权力。2023/10/58法律英语FederalismThepowerovercommercemight…includethepowertopromotetheeconomicwelfareofthecitizensthroughoutthecountry.增加经济福利2023/10/59法律英语ThegrantofpoweralsomaybeviewedascommittingthissubjectmattertoCongressandremovingsomeofthepowersofthestatestodealwithlocalmatters……给予国会权力也可以被看成是将这些事项交给国会，并取消州管理地方事务的某些权力。2023/10/510法律英语ItcanbeenseenthatAbsentsomefurtherrestrictionuponthepower,itmightindeedbethefunctionalequivalentofageneralized“policepower”becausemuchoftheactivitywhichtakesplacewithinthecountry,andevenwithinasinglestate,mightbesaidtorelatetoeconomicissuesandproblems.人们可以发现，缺少对国会权力的进一步限制，这种权力可能就相当于一般化的“公共权力”，因为许多发生在美国甚至于某个州内的行为都可能与经济问题有关。2023/10/511法律英语Abroadreadingoftheclausewouldnotonlygrantasweepingpowertothefederalgovernmentbutitwouldalsorestricttheabilityofindividualstatestoadoptlawswhichburdentheformsofcommercewhichwerecommittedtothecontrolofthefederalgovernment.对该条款的广义解释，不仅赋予了联邦政府广泛的权力，而且限制了各州采用涉及到由联邦政府控制的商务形式的法律的能力。2023/10/512法律英语Thehistoryofthecommerceclauseadjudication

商务条款裁决的历史Thedevelopmentofdoctrinessupportingaspecificfederalpower

特殊联邦权力原则的发展史Thehistoryoftheconceptsoffederalism

联邦制度概念的发展史2023/10/513法律英语TodaytheCourtwillupholdthedecisionsofCongressSolongasthereissomerationalargumentforfindingthattheitemsthattheCongressregulatesfallwithinthecommercepower.只要有合理的证据证明，国会管理的事项在商务权力的范围之内，最高法院将支持国会的决定。2023/10/514法律英语PartTwoTheSupremeCourttodayinterpretsthecommerceclauseasacompletegrantofpower.现在，联邦最高法院将商务条款解释为一种完全的授权。2023/10/515法律英语TheTenthAmendmentisnolongerviewedasareservationofcertainsubjectsforstateregulation.宪法第10修正案不再被看作是对州就某些事项进行管制的保留。2023/10/516法律英语AmendmentXThepowersnotdelegatedtotheUnitedStatesbytheConstitution,norprohibitedbyittothestates,arereservedtothestatesrespectively,ortothepeople.宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行使的权力，由各州各自保留，或由人民保留。X2023/10/517法律英语OncethejusticesbegantodefinethecommercepowerasanindependentgrantofpowerratherthanintermsoftheTenthAmendment,theproduction-commerceanddirect-indirect

distinctions

soonpassedaway.一旦大法官们将商务权力界定为独立授权而不是第10修正案中的授权，生产-商业和直接-间接的区分很快就失去了意义。2023/10/518法律英语TheCourtnowwilldefertothelegislature’schoiceofeconomicrationale;thepossible

economicimpactofanactivityoncommerceamongthestateswillbringitwithinthispower.最高法院将遵从立法机关对经济原理的选择；联邦政府一项行为对州际商务可能产生的经济影响，将使该行为在联邦政府的权力范围之内。2023/10/519法律英语Theoldconceptsofphysicalconnectiontocommerceandthe“currentofcommerce”theories

havebeendiscardedasinappropriatejudicialrestrictionsonthecommercepower.与商业有实质联系的概念“商业流”理论对商务权力形成不恰当的限制

被抛弃2023/10/520法律英语TheCourthasfinallyreturnedtoMarshall’sdefinitionofcommerceamongthestatesasthatwhichconcernsmorestatesthanone.最高法院最终采纳了马歇尔的州际商业活动定义，即涉及到一个以上州的商务活动是州际商务活动。JohnMarshall(1755-1835)2023/10/521法律英语ThejusticeswilldefertothelegislativechoicesinthisareaandupholdlawsifthereisarationalbasisuponwhichCongresscouldfindarelationbetweenitsregulationandcommerce.如果国会有根据，能够找出其法规与商业之间的关系，那么法官将遵从立法机关的选择，并支持该法律。2023/10/522法律英语ModernCommercePowerTests

现代商务权力检验标准TheModernDelegationofPowerDoctrine

现代授权原则Motive

动机2023/10/523法律英语ModernCommercePowerTests1.国会能够就允许州际旅游和航运制定法律、条件和限制，……；2.国会可以规制任何与商业有紧密或实质联系的行为，……；3.如果“必须且合适”，国会可以规制对商业本无影响的单一州的活动。2023/10/524法律英语TheModernDelegationofPowerDoctrine—“Delegation”toStatesortheExecutiveBranch向州政府或行政部门的授权Congressmaypasslawsthatallowstatestoindependentlyregulateinterstatecommerce国会可以通过法律允许州独立规制州际商务。2023/10/525法律英语Suchlawsinvolveafederaladoptionofvaryingstructuresforcommerceratherthananyunconstitutionaldelegationofthecommercepowertothestates.

这些法律涉及联邦采用各种贸易结构，而没有任何违反宪法地将商务权力授予各州的行为。2023/10/526法律英语ThepoliticalprocessinmoderntimesHasresultedinfederalcontrolofwidevarietyofintrastateandmultistatecommercialmatters;ithasbecomeimpossiblefortheCongresstodefinewithprecision

thescopeandmeaningofitscommercialstatutes.现代政治进程使得联邦控制了广泛的州内和州际事务，国会已无法准确定义商务法规的内涵和外延。2023/10/527法律英语ThepasthalfcenturyhaswitnessedIncreasedcongressionaluseoffederalexecutiveagenciestoadministerfederalstatutesandtopromulgateregulationswhicheffectuatelegislativepolicies.半个世纪以来，国会越来越多地运用联邦行政机构，由它们管理联邦法律、颁布履行立法政策的行政法规。2023/10/528法律英语TheCongressmaydelegatebothrulemakingandadministrativefunctionstotheexecutivebranchoragenciesitestablishes.国会可以授权它所建立的行政部门或机构制定行政法规和进行行政管理。2023/10/529法律英语TheSupremeCourtwillallowCongresstoshareitslegislativepowerwiththeexecutivebranchbydelegatingaspectsofthatpowertoexecutiveagencies.最高法院允许国会通过授权行政机构将立法权分配给行政部门。2023/10/530法律英语Suchlegislativedelegationswillbeupheld

unlessCongressabdicatesoneofitspowerstotheexecutiveagencyorfailsto

givelegislativedefinitionofthescopeoftheagency’spower.

这种立法性授权将得到最高法院的支持，除非国会将某项权力放弃给行政机关，或者没有就该行政机关的权力范围给出立法性界定。2023/10/531法律英语IfCongressweretograntaprivategroup

thepowertocontrolitscompetitors,如果国会想授予一个私人集团控制其竞争者的权力，Theremightbeaproceduralproblemregardingwhetherthepersonsregulatedweredeprivedofdueprocessbybeingsubjecttothewillofentitieswithinterestscontrarytotheirs.就会出现程序问题，涉及到那些被规制的人是否因为必须服从于与其利益对立的实体的意志而被剥夺了正当程序（权利）。2023/10/532法律英语MotiveIfCongressisregulatinganactivitythatmaybedeemedtocomeunderthethree-parttestforthecommercepower,themotiveoftheCongressinpassingtheregulationisirrelevant.如果国会管制的行为被认为是符合商务权力的三个标准，那么国会制定该法规的动机是无关紧要的。2023/10/533法律英语MotiveCongressmayexerciseitscommercepowerforclearlynoncommercialreasons.国会可以出于非商业理由行使其商务权力。健康法规刑法民权法2023/10/534法律英语IfThereisarationalbasisforfindingasufficientrelationshipbetweentheregulationandcommerce…,theactiswithinthecommercepower.如果有根据发现法规与商务活动之间存在足够联系，那么该法规就在商务权力范围之内。regulationcommerce…Thelawmustbeupheld2023/10/535法律英语PartThreeThelegalprofession,undertheleadershipoftheAmericanLawInstitute,hassuggestedcomprehensivecodesoflawstobeadoptedbythestates.法律界人士在美国法学会的领导下，建议各州采纳综合的法典。2023/10/536法律英语UniformCommercialCode统一各州法律全国代表大会美国法学会发起、并指导统一商法典的准备2023/10/537法律英语In1942,theUniform

Commercial

Code(UCC)wasdesignedasajointprojectbetweentheAmericanLawInstituteandtheNationalConferenceofCommissioners.Ittooktenyearsfortheappointededitorialboardanddraftingcommitteestoproduceanofficialtext.2023/10/538法律英语AllfiftystatesandtheDistrictofColumbiaandtheVirginIslandshaveadoptedtheUCCinwholeorinpart.LouisianahasadoptedonlyArticles1,3,4and5.Louisiana2023/10/539法律英语GeneralProvision总则Sales买卖CommercialPaper商业票据BankDepositandCollections银行存款和收款

LettersofCredit信用证

BulkTransfers大宗转让

DocumentsofTitle所有权凭证

InvestmentSecurities投资证券SecuredTransactions担保交易EffectiveDateandRepealer生效日期和废止2023/10/540法律英语UCCExpandsandcodifiesthelawmerchantandcommonlawinordertomodernize,clarify,standardize,andliberalizetherules.扩大商业习惯法和普通法，并将其编撰成法典，以促进其现代化，并阐述其法规，使之标准化、自由化。2023/10/541法律英语ThecodesAlsohelpstoclarifythelegalrelationshipofthepartiesinmoderncommercialtransactions.统一商法典还有助于明确现代商务交易中当事人间的法律关系。2023/10/542法律英语UCCHelpdeterminetheintentio