真题附参sat小帮手1021

ReadingTest

65MINUTES,52QUESTIONS

TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

DIRECTIONS

Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).

Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassages.

ThispassageisexcerptedfromGeorgeEliot,SILASMARNER.Originallypublishedin1861.©GeorgeEliot.SilasistheadoptivefatherofEppie.

Unlikethegoldwhichneedednothing,andmustbeworshippedinclose-lockedsolitude—whichwashiddenawayfromthedaylight,wasdeaftothesong

Lineofbirds,andstartedtonohumantones—Eppiewasa

5creatureofendlessclaimsandever-growingdesires,seekingandlovingsunshine,andlivingsounds,andlivingmovements;makingtrialofeverything,withtrustinnewjoy,andstirringthehumankindnessinalleyesthatlookedonher.Tegoldhadkepthisthoughts

10inanever-repeatedcircle,leadingtonothingbeyonditself;butEppiewasanobjectcompactedofchangesandhopesthatforcedhisthoughtsonward,andcarriedthemfarawayfromtheiroldeagerpacingtowardsthesameblanklimit—carriedthemawaytothenewthingsthat

15wouldcomewiththecomingyears,whenEppiewouldhavelearnedtounderstandhowherfatherSilascaredforher;andmadehimlookforimagesofthattimeinthetiesandcharitiesthatboundtogetherthefamiliesofhisneighbours.Tegoldhadaskedthatheshouldsit

20weavinglongerandlonger,deafenedandblindedmoreandmoretoallthingsexceptthemonotonyofhisloomandtherepetitionofhisweb;butEppiecalledhimawayfromhisweaving,andmadehimthinkallitspausesa

holiday,reawakeninghissenseswithherfreshlife,even

25totheoldwinter-fiesthatcamecrawlingforthintheearlyspringsunshine,andwarminghimintojoybecauseshehadjoy.

Andwhenthesunshinegrewstrongandlasting,sothatthebuttercupswerethickinthemeadows,Silasmightbe

30seeninthesunnymidday,orinthelateafernoonwhentheshadowswerelengtheningunderthehedgerows,strollingoutwithuncoveredheadtocarryEppiebeyondtheStone-pitstowherethefowersgrew,tilltheyreachedsomefavouritebankwherehecouldsitdown,while

35Eppietoddledtopluckthefowers,andmakeremarkstothewingedthingsthatmurmuredhappilyabovethe

brightpetals,calling"Dad-dad's"attentioncontinuallybybringinghimthefowers.Tenshewouldturnhereartosomesuddenbird-note,andSilaslearnedtopleaseherby

40makingsignsofhushedstillness,thattheymightlistenforthenotetocomeagain:sothatwhenitcame,shesetuphersmallbackandlaughedwithgurglingtriumph.

Sittingonthebanksinthisway,Silasbegantolookfortheoncefamiliarherbsagain;andastheleaves,withtheir

45unchangedoutlineandmarkings,layonhispalm,therewasasenseofcrowdingremembrancesfromwhichheturnedawaytimidly,takingrefugeinEppie'slittleworld,thatlaylightlyonhisenfeebledspirit.

Asthechild'smindwasgrowingintoknowledge,his

50mindwasgrowingintomemory:asherlifeunfolded,hissoul,longstupefedinacoldnarrowprison,wasunfoldingtoo,andtremblinggraduallyintofullconsciousness.

Itwasaninfuencewhichmustgatherforcewith

55everynewyear:thetonesthatstirredSilas'sheartgrewarticulate,andcalledformoredistinctanswers;shapesandsoundsgrewclearerforEppie'seyesandears,andtherewasmorethat"Dad-dad"wasimperativelyrequiredtonoticeandaccountfor.Also,bythetimeEppiewas

60threeyearsold,shedevelopedafnecapacityformischief,andfordevisingingeniouswaysofbeingtroublesome,whichfoundmuchexercise,notonlyforSilas'spatience,butforhiswatchfulnessandpenetration.SorelywaspoorSilaspuzzledonsuchoccasionsbytheincompatible

65demandsoflove.

Whichchoicebestdescribesamajorthemeofthepassage?

Thecorruptinginfluenceofamaterialisticsociety.

Themoralpurityofyoungchildren.

Thebittersweetbrevityofchildhoodnaiveté.

Therestorativepowerofparentallove.

AscomparedwithSilas’sgold,Eppieisportrayedashavingmore

vitality.

durability.

protection.

Self-sufficiency.

WhichstatementbestdescribesatechniquethatnarratorusestorepresentSilas’scharacterbeforeheadoptedEppie?

ThenarratoremphasizesSila’sformerobsessionwithwealthbydepictinghisgoldasrequiringcertainbehaviorsonhispart.

ThenarratorunderscoresSila’sformergreedbydescribinghisgoldasseemingtoreproduceonitsown.

ThenarratorhintsatSila’sformerantitheticalattitudebycontrastinghispresentbehaviortowardhisneighborswithhispastbehaviortowardthem.

ThenarratordemonstratesSila’sformerlackofself-awarenessbyimplyingthatheisunabletorecalllifebeforeEppie.

Tenarratorusesthephrase“makingtrialofeverything”(line7)topresentEppieas

friendly.

curious.

disobedient.

judgmental.

Accordingtothenarrator,oneconsequenceofSilasadoptingEppieisthathe

hasrenouncedalldesireformoney

betterunderstandshisplaceinnature.

seemsmoreacceptingofhelpfromothers.

looksforwardtoadifferentkindoffuture.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

lines9-11(“The...itself”)

lines11-15(“but...years”)

lines38-40(“Then...stillness,”)

lines56-59(“shapes...for”)

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

lines1-9(“Unlike...her.”)

lines28-35(“And...fowers”)

lines43-44(“Sitting...again”)

lines49-53(“As...consciousness”)

10

Whatfunctiondoesthesecondparagraph(lines28-48)serveinthepassageasawhole?

ItpresentstheparticularmomentatwhichSilasrecalledthatEppiewaschanginghim.

IthighlightsSilas’sloveforEppiebydepictingthesacrificesthathemakesforher.

ItillustratestheeffectthatEppiehaveonSilasbydescribingtheinteractionbetweenthem.

ItrevealsasignificantalterationintherelationshipbetweenSilasandEppie.

IndescribingtherelationshipbetweenEppieandSilas,thenarratordrawsaconnectionbetweenEppie’s

physicalvulnerabilityandSilas’semotionalfragility.

expandingawarenessandSilas’sincreasingengagementwithlife.

boundlessenergyandSilas’sinsatiabledesireforwealth.

physicalgrowthandSilas’spainfulperceptionofhisownmortality.

Asusedinline60,“fine”mostnearlymeans

acceptable.

delicate.

ornate.

keen.

Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowingpassages.

ThispassageisadaptedfromDavidRotman,“HowTechnologyisDestroyingJobs.”©2013byMITTechnologyReview.

MITbusinessscholarsErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeehavearguedthatimpressiveadvancesincomputertechnology—fromimprovedindustrial

Lineroboticstoautomatedtranslationservices—arelargely

5behindthesluggishemploymentgrowthofthelast10to15years.Evenmoreominousforworkers,theyforeseedismalprospectsformanytypesofjobsasthesepowerfulnewtechnologiesareincreasinglyadoptednotonlyinmanufacturing,clerical,andretailworkbutinprofessions

10suchaslaw,fnancialservices,education,andmedicine.

Tatrobots,automation,andsofwarecanreplacepeoplemightseemobvioustoanyonewho’sworkedinautomotivemanufacturingorasatravelagent.ButBrynjolfssonandMcAfee’sclaimismoretroublingand

15controversial.Teybelievethatrapidtechnologicalchangehasbeendestroyingjobsfasterthanitiscreatingthem,contributingtothestagnationofmedianincomeandthegrowthofinequalityintheUnitedStates.And,theysuspect,somethingsimilarishappeninginother

20technologicallyadvancedcountries.

Asevidence,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeepointtoachartthatonlyaneconomistcouldlove.Ineconomics,productivity—theamountofeconomicvaluecreatedforagivenunitofinput,suchasanhouroflabor—

25isacrucialindicatorofgrowthandwealthcreation.

Itisameasureofprogress.OnthechartBrynjolfssonlikestoshow,separatelinesrepresentproductivityandtotalemploymentintheUnitedStates.ForyearsaferWorldWarII,thetwolinescloselytrackedeachother,

30withincreasesinjobscorrespondingtoincreasesinproductivity.Tepatternisclear:asbusinessesgeneratedmorevaluefromtheirworkers,thecountryasawholebecamericher,whichfueledmoreeconomicactivityandcreatedevenmorejobs.Ten,beginningin2000,the

35linesdiverge;productivitycontinuestoriserobustly,butemploymentsuddenlywilts.By2011,asignifcantgapappearsbetweenthetwolines,showingeconomicgrowthwithnoparallelincreaseinjobcreation.BrynjolfssonandMcAfeecallitthe“greatdecoupling.”AndBrynjolfsson

40saysheisconfdentthattechnologyisbehindboththehealthygrowthinproductivityandtheweakgrowthinjobs.

It’sastartlingassertionbecauseitthreatensthefaiththatmanyeconomistsplaceintechnologicalprogress.

45BrynjolfssonandMcAfeestillbelievethattechnologyboostsproductivityandmakessocietieswealthier,buttheythinkthatitcanalsohaveadarkside:technologicalprogressiseliminatingtheneedformanytypesofjobsandleavingthetypicalworkerworseofthanbefore.

50Brynjolfssoncanpointtoasecondchartindicatingthatmedianincomeisfailingtoriseevenasthegrossdomesticproductsoars.“It’sthegreatparadoxofourera,”hesays.“Productivityisatrecordlevels,innovationhasneverbeenfaster,andyetatthesametime,wehave

55afallingmedianincomeandwehavefewerjobs.Peoplearefallingbehindbecausetechnologyisadvancingsofastandourskillsandorganizationsaren’tkeepingup.”

Whilesuchtechnologicalchangescanbepainfulforworkerswhoseskillsnolongermatchtheneedsof

60employers,LawrenceKatz,aHarvardeconomist,saysthatnohistoricalpatternshowstheseshifsleadingtoanetdecreaseinjobsoveranextendedperiod.Katzhasdoneextensiveresearchonhowtechnologicaladvanceshaveafectedjobsoverthelastfewcenturies—describing,

65forexample,howhighlyskilledartisansinthemid-19thcenturyweredisplacedbylower-skilledworkersinfactories.Whileitcantakedecadesforworkerstoacquiretheexpertiseneededfornewtypesofemployment,hesays,“weneverhaverunoutofjobs.Tereisnolong-

70termtrendofeliminatingworkforpeople.Overthelongterm,employmentratesarefairlystable.Peoplehavealwaysbeenabletocreatenewjobs.Peoplecomeupwithnewthingstodo.”

Still,Katzdoesn’tdismissthenotionthatthereis

75somethingdiferentabouttoday’sdigitaltechnologies—somethingthatcouldafectanevenbroaderrangeofwork.Tequestion,hesays,iswhethereconomichistorywillserveasausefulguide.Willthejobdisruptionscausedbytechnologybetemporaryastheworkforce

80adapts,orwillweseeascience-fctionscenarioinwhichautomatedprocessesandrobotswithsuperhumanskillstakeoverabroadswathofhumantasks?ToughKatzexpectsthehistoricalpatterntohold,itis“genuinelyaquestion,”hesays.“Iftechnologydisruptsenough,who

85knowswhatwillhappen?”

Figure1

UnitedSatesProductivityandEmployment

Percentageof1947levels

500

400

300

200

100

1947 1957 1967 1977 1987

I,xiaobanshou,drewthis!I'mproundofmyself.

1997 2007 2013

Figure2

OutputperEmployedPersoninManufacturingasFactoriesHaveBecomeMoreAutomated

GermanyJapan

200

Outputperworker

(2002values=100)

150

100

50

0

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2011

11

14

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

examinetheroleoftechnologyinworker’slivesduringthelastcentury.

advocateforbettertechnologytoenhanceworkplaceconditions.

argueforchangesinhowtechnologyisdeployedintheworkplace.

assesstheimpactofadvancementsintechnologyonoveralljobgrowth.

12

AccordingtoBrynjolfssonandMcAfee,advancementsintechnologysinceapproximatelytheyear2000haveresultedin

lowjobgrowthintheUnitedStates.

globalworkplacechanges.

moreskilledlaborersintheUnitedStates.

noglobalcreationofnewjobs.

13

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

lines1-6(“MIT...years”)

lines11-13(“That...agent”)

lines18-20(“And,...countries”)

lines31-34(“as...jobs”)

Teprimarypurposeoflines23-24(“theamount...labor”)isto

describeaprocess.

highlightadilemma.

clarifyaclaim.

explainaterm,

15

Asusedinlines31,“clear”mostnearlymeans

pure.

keen.

untroubled.

unmistakable.

16

WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesKatz’sattitudetoward“today’sdigitaltechnologies”(lines75)?

Heisalarmedaboutcountries’increasingrelianceonthem.

Heisunconcernedabouttheireffectontheeconomy.

Heisuncertainhowtheymightaffectjobgrowth.

Heisoptimisticthattheywillspotjobcreationtoadegreenotseensincethemid-nineteenthcentury.

17

20

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

lines62-67(“Katz...factories”)

lines67-69(“While...jobs.”)

lines72-73(“People...do”)

lines84-85(“If...happen”)

18

Asusedinline76,“range”mostnearlymeans

region.

scope.

distance.

position.

Accordingtofgure1,whichofthefollowingyearsshowedthewidestgapbetweenpercentagesofproductivityandemployment?

1987

1997

2007

2013

Whichstatementissupportedbyfigure2?

Thecountrywiththegreatestgrowthinoutputpermanufacturingworkerfrom1960to1990wasGermany.

Japanexperienceditssmallestincreaseinoutputpermanufacturingworkerfrom2000to2011.

Eachofthethreecountriesexperiencedanincreaseinitsoutputpermanufacturingworkerfrom1960to2011.

Ofthethreecountries,theUnitedStateshadthegreatestoutputpermanufacturingworkerforeachoftheyearsshown.

21

Whichadditionalinformation,ifpresentedinfigure2,wouldbemostusefulinevaluatingthestatementinlines53-55(“Productivity...jobs”)?

Themedianincomeofemployeesasitcomparesacrossallthreecountriesinasingleyear.

Thenumberofpeopleemployedinfactoriesfrom1960to2011.

Thetypeoforganizationsatwhichoutputofemployedpersonswasmeasured.

Thekindsofmanufacturingtasksmostfrequentlytakenoverbymachines.

Questions22-33arebasedonthefollowingpassages.

ThispassageisadaptedfromPatriciaWaldron,“WhyBirdsFlyinaVFormation.”©2014byAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience

AnyonewatchingtheautumnskyknowsthatmigratingbirdsfyinaVformation,butscientistshavelongdebatedwhy.Anewstudyofibisesfndsthatthesebig-

Linewingedbirdscarefullypositiontheirwingtipsandsync

5theirfapping,presumablytocatchtheprecedingbird’supdraf—andsaveenergyduringfight.

TerearetworeasonsbirdsmightfyinaVformation:Itmaymakefighteasier,orthey’resimplyfollowingtheleader.Squadronsofplanescansavefuelbyfyingina

10Vformation,andmanyscientistssuspectthatmigratingbirdsdothesame.Modelsthattreatedfappingbirdslikefxed-wingairplanesestimatethattheysaveenergybydrafingofeachother,butcurrentscreatedbyairplanesarefarmorestablethantheoscillatingeddiescomingof

15ofabird.“Airgetsprettydarnwiggybehindafappingwing,”saysJamesUsherwood,alocomotorbiomechanistattheRoyalVeterinaryCollegeattheUniversityofLondoninHatfeld,wheretheresearchtookplace.

Testudy,publishedinNature,tookadvantageofan20existingprojecttoreintroduceendangerednorthernbaldibises(Geronticuseremita)toEurope.Scientistsusedamicrolightplanetoshowhand-raisedbirdstheirancestralmigrationroutefromAustriatoItaly.Afock

of14juvenilescarrieddataloggersspeciallybuiltby

25Usherwoodandhislab.Tedevice’sGPSdeterminedeachbird’sfightpositiontowithin30cm,andanaccelerometershowedthetimingofthewingfaps.

Justasaerodynamicestimateswouldpredict,thebirdspositionedthemselvestofyjustbehindandtotheside

30ofthebirdinfront,timingtheirwingbeatstocatchtheuplifingeddies.Whenabirdfewdirectlybehindanother,thetimingofthefappingreversedsothatitcouldminimizetheefectsofthedowndrafcomingofthebackofthebird’sbody.“Wedidn’tthinkthiswas

35possible,”Usherwoodsays,consideringthatthefeatrequirescarefulfightandincredibleawarenessofone’sneighbors.“PerhapsthesebigVformationbirdscanbethoughtofquitelikeanairplanewithwingsthatgoupanddown.”

40 Tefndingslikelyapplytootherlong-wingedbirds,suchaspelicans,storks,andgeese,Usherwoodsays.Smallerbirdscreatemorecomplexwakesthatwouldmakedrafingtoodifcult.Teresearchersdidnotattempttocalculatethebird’senergysavingsbecause

45thenecessaryphysiologicalmeasurementswouldbetooinvasiveforanendangeredspecies.Previousstudiesestimatethatbirdscanuse20%to30%lessenergywhilefyinginaV.

“Fromabehavioralperspectiveit’sreallya

50breakthrough,”saysDavidLentink,amechanicalengineeratStanfordUniversityinPaloAlto,California,whowasnotinvolvedinthework.“Showingthatbirdscareaboutsyncingtheirwingbeatsisdefnitelyanimportantinsightthatwedidn’thavebefore.”To

55defnitivelysaythatthebirdsaredrafingofeachother,however,theexactlocationoftheeddiesandtheareasofdowndrafwouldneedtobemeasuredonibises,whichwouldrequirefyingtheminawindtunnel—afarmoreintrusiveprocessthansimplycarryingadatalogger.

60 Scientistsdonotknowhowthebirdsfndthataerodynamicsweetspot,buttheysuspectthattheanimalsalignthemselveseitherbysightorbysensingaircurrentsthroughtheirfeathers.Alternatively,theymaymovearounduntiltheyfndthelocationwiththeleast

65resistance.Infuturestudies,theresearcherswillswitchtomorecommonbirds,suchaspigeonsorgeese.Teyplantoinvestigatehowtheanimalsdecidewhosetsthecourseandthepace,andwhetheramistakemadebytheleadercanripplethroughtherestofthefocktocausetrafc

70jams.

“It’saprettyimpressivepieceofworkasitis,butitdoessuggestthatthere’salotmoretolearn,”saysTyHedrick,abiologistattheUniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,whostudiesfightaerodynamicsinbirdsandinsects.

75Howevertheydoit,hesays,“birdsareawfullygoodhang-gliderpilots.”

22

25

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

describehowsquadronsofplanescansavefuelbyflyinginaVformation.

discusstheeffectsofdowndraftsonbirdsandairplanes.

explainresearchconductedtostudywhysomebirdsflyinaVformation.

Illustratehowbirdssensecurrentsthroughtheirfeathers.

23

Theauthorincludesthequotation“Airgetsprettyunpredictablebehindaflappingwing”(lines15-16)to

explainthatthecurrentcreatedbyabirddiffersfromthatofanairplane.

stresstheamountofcontrolexertedbybirdsflyinginaVformation.

indicatethatwindmovementiscontinuouslychanging.

emphasizethattheflappingofabird’swingsispowerful.

24

WhatcanreasonablybeinferredaboutthereasonUsherwoodusednorthernbaldibisesasthesubjectsofhisstudy?

Theibiseswerewellacquaintedwiththeirmigrationroute.

Usherwoodknewtheibiseswerefamiliarwithcarryingdataloggersduringmigration.

Theibiseshaveabodydesignthatissimilartothatofamodernairplane.

TheibiseswereeasilyaccessibleforUsherwoodandhisteamtotrackandobserve.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

lines3-6(“A...fight”)

lines9-11(“Squadrons...same”)

lines19-21(“Te...Europe”)

lines25-27(“Te...faps”)

26

Whatisthemostlikelyreasonthattheauthormentions30cmmeasurementinline…?

Todemonstratetheaccuracywithwhichthedataloggerscollectedthedata.

Topresentrecordeddataabouthowanibisfliesbetweensuccessiveflaps.

Toprovidethewingspanlengthofajuvenile.

Toshowhowfarbehindthemicrolightfromwhicheachibisflew.

27

30

Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutpelicans,storks,andgeeseflyinginaVformation?

Theycommunicatewitheachotherinthesamewayasdoibises.

Theyhavethesamemigrationroutesastheibises.

Theycreateasimilarwaketothatofibises.

Theyexpendmoreenergythandoibises.

Teauthorusesthephrase“aerodynamicsweetspot”inline61mostlikelyto

describehowtheproperstructuraldesignofanairplanehelpstosavefuel.

showthatfyingcanbeanexhilaratingexperience.

describethebirds’synchronizedwingmovement.

suggestthatacertainpositioninaVformationfacestheleastamountofresistance.

28

31

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe

answertothepreviousquestion?

lines31-34(“When...body”)

lines42-43(“Smaller...difcult”)

lines46-48(“Previous...V”)

lines63-65(“Alternatively,...resistance”)

Asusedinline69,“ripple”mostnearlymeans

fluctuate.

spread.

wave.

undulate.

29

Whatisamainideaoftheseventhparagraph(lines60-70)?

Differenttypesofhierarchiesexistineachflockofbirds.

Mistakescanhappenwhenlong-wingedbirdscreateaVformation.

FutureresearchwillhelpscientiststobetterunderstandVformation.

Long-wingedbirdswatchtheleadbirdcloselykeepaVformationintact.

Line

5

10

15

20

25

30

Questions32-42arebasedonthefollowingpassages.

ThispassageisadaptedfromAlexisdeTocqueville,DemocracyinAmerica,Volume2.Originallypublishedin1840.Passage2isadaptedfromHarrietTaylorMill,

“EnfranchisementofWomen.”Originallypublishedin1851.AsUnitedStatesandEuropeansocietiesgrewincreasinglydemocraticduringthenineteenthcentury,debatesaroseaboutwhetherfreedomsenjoyedbymenshouldbeextendedtowomenaswell.

Passage1

IHaveshownhowdemocracydestroysormodifesthediferentinequalitieswhichoriginateinsociety;butisthisall?ordoesitnotultimatelyafectthatgreatinequalityofmanandwomanwhichhasseemed,uptothepresentday,tobeeternallybasedinhumannature?Ibelievethatthesocialchangeswhichbringnearertothesamelevelthefatherandson,themasterandservant,andsuperiorsandinferiorsgenerallyspeaking,willraisewomanandmakehermoreandmoretheequalofman.Buthere,morethanever,Ifeelthenecessityofmakingmyselfclearlyunderstood;forthereisnosubjectonwhichthecoarseandlawlessfanciesofouragehavetakenafreerrange.

TerearepeopleinEuropewho,confoundingtogetherthediferentcharacteristicsofthesexes,wouldmakeofmanandwomanbeingsnotonlyequalbutalike.Teywouldgivetoboththesamefunctions,imposeonboththesameduties,andgranttoboththesamerights;theywouldmixtheminallthings—theiroccupations,theirpleasures,theirbusiness.Itmayreadilybeconceived,thatbythusattemptingtomakeonesexequaltotheother,botharedegraded;andfromsopreposterousamedleyoftheworksofnaturenothingcouldeverresultbutweakmenanddisorderlywomen.ItisnotthusthattheAmericansunderstandthatspeciesofdemocraticequalitywhichmaybeestablishedbetweenthesexes.

Teyadmit,thatasnaturehasappointedsuchwidediferencesbetweenthephysicalandmoralconstitutionofmanandwoman,hermanifestdesignwastogiveadistinctemploymenttotheirvariousfaculties;andtheyholdthatimprovementdoesnotconsistinmakingbeingssodissimilardoprettynearlythesamethings,butingettingeachofthemtofulfltheirrespectivetasksinthebestpossiblemanner.TeAmericanshaveappliedto

35thesexesthegreatprincipleofpoliticaleconomywhichgovernsthemanufacturesofourage,bycarefullydividingthedutiesofmanfromthoseofwoman,inorderthatthegreatworkofsocietymaybethebettercarriedon.

Passage2

Associetywasconstituteduntilthelastfew

40generations,inequalitywasitsverybasis;associationgroundedonequalrightsscarcelyexisted;tobeequalswastobeenemies;twopersonscouldhardlycooperateinanything,ormeetinanyamicablerelation,withoutthelaw'sappointingthatoneofthemshouldbethesuperior

45oftheother.Mankindhaveoutgrownthisstate,andallthingsnowtendtosubstitute,asthegeneralprincipleofhumanrelations,ajustequality,insteadofthedominionofthestrongest.Butofallrelations,thatbetweenmenandwomenbeingthenearestandmostintimate,and

50connectedwiththegreatestnumberofstrongemotions,wassuretobethelasttothrowoftheoldruleandreceivethenew;forinproportiontothestrengthofafeeling,isthetenacitywithwhichitclingstotheformsandcircumstanceswithwhichithasevenaccidentally

55becomeassociated.

…Tepropersphereforallhumanbeingsisthelargestandhighestwhichtheyareabletoattainto.Whatthisis,cannotbeascertained,withoutcompletelibertyofchoice…Leteveryoccupationbeopentoall,without

60favourordiscouragementtoany,andemploymentswillfallintothehandsofthosemenorwomenwhoarefoundbyexperiencetobemostcapableofworthilyexercisingthem.Tereneedbenofearthatwomenwilltakeoutofthehandsofmenanyoccupationwhichmenperform

65betterthanthey.Eachindividualwillprovehisorhercapacities,intheonlywayinwhichcapacitiescanbeproved--bytrial;andtheworldwillhavethebeneftofthebestfacultiesofallitsinhabitants.Buttointerferebeforehandbyanarbitrarylimit,anddeclarethat

70whateverbethegenius,talent,energy,orforceofmindofanindividualofacertainsexorclass,thosefacultiesshallnobeexerted,orshallbeexertedonlyinsomefewofthemanymodesinwhichothersarepermittedtousetheirs,isnotonlyaninjusticetotheindividual,andadetriment

75tosociety,whichloseswhatitcanillspare,butisalsothemostefectualmodeofprovidingthat,inthesexorclasssofettered,thequalitieswhicharenotpermittedtobeexercisedshallnotexist.

32

35

Asusedinline8,“raise”mostnearlymeans

increase.

cultivate.

nurture.

elevate.

33

InPassage1,Tocquevilleimpliesthattreatmentofmenandwomenasidenticalinnaturewouldhavewhichconsequence?

Neithersexwouldfeeloppressed.

Bothsexeswouldbegreatlyharmed.

Menwouldtrytoreclaimtheirlostauthority.

Menandwomenwouldhaveprivilegestheydonotneed.

Asusedinline47,“dominion”mostnearlymeans

omnipotence

supremacy

ownership

territo