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HarlemRenaissance
&
AmericanMulticulturalism
AmericanDream
&
RacialDiscriminationHarlemRenaissanceHarlemRenaissance(1920s-1930s)TheHarlemRenaissancereferstothefloweringofAfricanAmericanculturalandintellectuallifeduringtheendofWorldWarIandthemiddleofthe1930sDepression.Knownasthe"NewNegroMovement"atthattime,itinvolvedwriting,musicandart.OriginMigrationfromSouthtoNorthafterWWIFinancialdepressionafterwarandtheraceriot
IntellectualatmosphereCharacteristicsThematerialswerefromthedepressedclass.NewimagesofAfricanAmericanswerecreated.“TheNewNegro”TheworksweredeeplyinfluencedbythedialectsofAfricanAmericans.WritersofthisperiodfocusedoninterpretingandspreadingthecultureofAfricanAmericans.OneoftheearliestinnovatorsofthenewliteraryartformjazzpoetryOneoftheforemostinterpretersofracialrelationshipsintheUnitedStatesAcknowledgedas“LaureateofHarlem”and“centralpersonofHarlemRenaissance”
LangstonHughes(1902–1967)HisworkshadagreatimpactupontheCivilRightMovementinwhichtheblacksstrivedforthefreedomandequality.TheWearyBlues(1926)FineClothestotheJew(1927)TheDreamKeeperandOtherPoemLetAmericaBeAmericaAgain(1938)ShakespeareinHarlem(1942)RepresentativesHarlem:ADreamDeferredWhathappenstoadreamdeferred?Doesitdryuplikearaisininthesun?Orfesterlikeasore—Andthenrun?
Doesitstinklikerottenmeat?Orcrustandsugarover—likeasyrupysweet?
Maybeitjustsagslikeaheavyload.
Ordoesitexplode?哈莱姆:一个被推迟的梦
一个被推迟的梦会如何?
它会枯竭
就像烈日下的一颗葡萄干?
还是像伤口一样化脓——
然后溃烂?
它如腐肉一般恶臭?
还是结出糖衣硬壳——
就像久放的糖浆?
也许它只是下一个下坠的重负。
又或者砰的一声炸为乌有?Hewantedtotellthestoriesofhispeopleinwaysthatreflectedtheiractualculture,includingboththeirsufferingandtheirloveofmusic,laughter,andlanguageitself.Throughhispoetry,hecondemnedracialismandinjusticeoftherulingwhites,whilesingingthepraisesofblacklifeandculture.
Inhiswork,heputsforthimagesofAfricanAmericans,jazzmusic,andmanytopicsthathavebeenapartofhislife.Healsousedhumor,lonelinessanddespairtoimitatethesoundofbluesandjazzmusicwithwords.CounteeCullen(1903–1946)
OneoftheleadingAfricanAmericanpoetsofHarlemRenaissance.HehelpedbringmoreHarlempoetstopublicnoticebyeditingCarolingDusk:AnAnthologyofVersebyNegroPoetsin1927.Color(1925)NearWhite(1925)FromtheDarkTower(1927)TheBlackChrist(1929)JamesWeldonJohnson(1871-1938)educator,lawyer,diplomat,songwriterleaderofthe
NationalAssociationofColoredPeople(NAACP)mentortomanyoftheyoungblackwriterswhoformedthecoreoftheHarlemgroup.
FiftyYearsandOtherPoems
(1917)God'sTrombones:SevenNegroSermonsinVerse
(1927)SaintPeterRelatesanIncident:SelectedPoems
(1935)
InfluenceItredefinedhowAmericaandtheworldviewedtheAfricanAmericanpopulation.ItprovidedavenueforAfricanAmericansofallbackgroundstoappreciatethevarietyofBlacklifeandculture.Aconsciousnessintheformofaunitedracialidentitysprungforth.Theprogressduringthisperiodbecameapointofreference.ItwasafoundationforthecommunitytobuilduponfortheCivilRightsstrugglesinthe1950sand1960s.DeclineTheGreatDepressionofAmericain1929causedtheHarlemgroupofwriterstoscatter.ManywereforcedtoleaveNewYorkortotakeotherjobstotidethemoverthehardtimes.Theycametoseethatculturewasaffectedbyeconomicandsocialrealities.AmericanMulticulturalismThreeStagesofAmericanCulture1.Thefirststage(—1950)AfreesocietywiththemainstreamvalueofChristianity.2.Thesecondstage(1950s—1960s)AfricanAmericansfoughtforracialequality.3.Thethirdstage(1980—)Thecoexistenceofdifferentreligions,moralitiesandculturevalues.ImplicationTheAmericanmulticulturalismismostly
reflectedin
ethnicdiversity.ContinuousmassimmigrationwasafeatureoftheUnitedStateseconomyandsocietysincethefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ThenicknameMeltingPotimpliedthateachindividualimmigrantassimilatedintoAmericansocietyattheirownpace.Multiculturalismisnotequaltoassimilationorintegration.
OriginofMulticulturalismAttheendofthe19thcenturyinEuropeandtheUnitedStates,multiculturalismbeganaspartofthepragmatismmovement.Attheturnofthe20th,itispartofthepoliticalandculturalpluralism.InresponsetoanewwaveofEuropeanimperialisminsub-SaharanAfricaandthemassiveimmigrationtotheUnitedStates.ReasonsforMulticulturalismInthewakeofthe
Holocaust,
racismandethniccleansingcaughtpeople’sattention.AscolonizednationsinAfricaandAsiasuccessfullyfoughtfortheirindependence,Europeancolonialsystemcollapsed.
3.Theriseofthe
CivilRightsMovement,whichcriticizedidealsofassimilation
TheRelationshipbetweenHarlemRenaissanceandAmericanMulticulturalism1.ThechangeofAmericanmainstreamcultureisthebackgroundofHarlemRenaissance
2.HarlemRenaissancepromotesAmericanMulticulturalism1.ThechangeofAmericanmainstreamcultureisthebackgroundofHarlemRenaissanceThesocietywiththemainstreamvalueofChristianityPilgrimsembedliberalismintheChristianityThedisappointmentaboutthedisillusionedEuropeancivilizationandthedoubtabouttheEuropeancapitalismResult:Americanwhitepeoplebegantopayattentiontoindigenousblackculture,suchastheblackliterature,jazzmusic,dramainHarlemRenaissance.HarlemRenaissanceAmericanMulticulturalismBlackCultureCivilRightsMovement
①Directinfluence②indirectinfluence2.HarlemRenaissancepromotesAmericanMulticulturalismAmericanDreamAmericanDreamThegenericdefinitionoftheterm"AmericanDream"appearsinahistorybookbyJamesTruslowAdamsentitledTheEpicofAmerican(1931).Mayflower:thebeginningofthedreamGoldendream:JamesW.MarshallfoundgoldinCalifornia.Wavesofimmigrants:300,000men,women,andchildrenwiththeirdreamscametoCalifornia.GreatDepression:getsuccess,fameandwealththroughthriftandhardworkDevelopmentWhatIsAmericanDream?
Theso-calledAmericandreamisabelief
thataslongastheUnitedStatesafterahardstrugglewillbeabletoachievetheidealofabetterlife.
Thatis,peoplehavetoworkthroughtheirownhardwork,courage,creativityanddeterminationtomovetowardsprosperity,ratherthanrelyonspecificsocialclassesandotherassistance.
TheAmericandreamillustratesthatthebasicAmericandesirefor
“life,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness”isaliveandwell.
SixBasicBeliefsindividualfreedomself-relianceequalityofopportunitycompetitionmaterialwealthhardworkBeingconfident,believethatnothingisimpossible.Hardwork,frugalityandself-sacrifice.Beingindependent.Greathopesmakegreatman.ConclusionLimitation:notattainableforallethepursuitofmaterialprosperitybeyondthegraspoftheworkingpoorThesuccessfulexamplesofAmericandream:1.BenjaminFranklin-thefounderofAmerica,theforefather.2.AbrahamLincoln-the16thPresident.3.Rockefeller-thepetroltycoon.4.AndrewCarnegie-thesteeltycoon.AmericandreamsinliteratureForrestGump
阿甘正传SisterCarrier
嘉莉妹妹GreatGatsby
了不起的盖茨比DeathofaSalesman
一个推销员之死AmericanRacialDiscriminationThehistoryofAmericanracism:16thcentury:colorbiases---blackslavery1865:theabolitionofslavery---segregation1954:schooldesegregation1955:busdesegregation1963:MartinLutherKingIHaveaDream1964:theCivilRightsActof1964
InvisibleracialdiscriminationDuringtheVietnamwar,blacksoldiersandwhitesoldiersweredivided,andalmostblacksoldierswerefightinginthefront.Inthe90s,millionsofblacksparadedinWashington,whichenhancedthesolidarityofblacks.In2003,awhitepeoplewhohatetheblackpeoplebroughtweapontokillfiveblackpeoplethenkilledhimself.In2015.4.4AnAmericanwhitepolicemanfired8gunsatanunarmedblackmanwhowastryingtoescape.ThecausesofAmericanracialdiscrimination:1.TheinfluenceofAmericanhistory
populationdiversity:Immigrants;differentracialandethnicgroups;diversificationofthepopulation.
ethnicconflict2.TherootsofAmericanculture
differentnationsUSAiscomposedofpeopleofdifferentnationalities.
differentcultureEverynationalityhasitreligion,belief,lifestyleandvalues,andthesebelongtothecategoryofculture.
whitepeopledominatedoverthecountryAmericanpolitical,economic,military,culturalandotherfieldsofpowerareinthehandsofthewhitehands.3.TheAmericansocialstructure
thebiasissubconscious:laws,customs,existinglanguage,faithetc.
institutionaldiscriminationisdifficulttoeliminate4.ReasonsonBlackPeopleThemselves
poor:lesseducated,poorlivingcondition,lazy(liveonrelieffundnotbyworking)...
viciouscircleMoviesCrash撞车AmericanHistoryX美国X档案TheHelp相助AmericanDream
&
RacialDiscriminationThePastAfterthemid1870’s.violenceagainstBlackwaswidespread.ThosewhowereinCongressandfavoredequalityforallcitizensbegantochangetheirproactiveattitudetowardsracialjustice.Between1884to1914,therewereatleast3600lynching.ProcessInpasthundredsofyears,thereweresomanymarvelouspeoplewhomadegreatcontributionintheprocessofabolishingracism.Forexample,weknewverywellaboutMartinLutherKingwhoproposedhisAmericandream.Theracialdiscriminationenvironmentdilutedalotwiththegreateffortwithabettersociety.NowNowada
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